This Week in History
HISTORY, 9 Feb 2015
Satoshi Ashikaga – TRANSCEND Media Service
February 9–15
Quote of the Week
“Dad, how do soldiers killing each other solve the world’s problems?” – Bill Watterson (Source: http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/peace ) For Bill Watterson, visit http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/13778.Bill_Watterson
February 9
2012 The U.S. Department of Defense produces new guidelines that remove restrictions on the use of women in combat. Visit, for instance, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/10/us/pentagon-to-loosen-restrictions-on-women-in-combat.html ; http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2012-02-08/war-women-pentagon/53017764/1 ; and/or http://militaryfamily.com/2012/02/15/new-rules-for-women-in-combat/ . For the issue on women in combat in general, visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_combat .
1996 The Provisional Irish Republican Army declares the end to its 18-month cea, sefire and explodes a large bomb in London’s Canary Wharf.
1991 Voters in Lithuania vote for independence.
1965 Vietnam War: The first United States troops with a combat mission, a Marine Corps Hawk air defense missile battalion, are sent to South Vietnam.
1962 Jamaica signs agreement to become independent. “The Jamaican Delegation and the United Kingdom signed an agreement which will make Jamaica an Independent Nation as from August 6, 1962.” (http://www.nlj.gov.jm/Ja50/News.htm ) For Jamaica’s independence, visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Jamaica . For Jamaica Independence Act, visit http://moj.gov.jm/sites/default/files/laws/Jamaica%20Independence%20Act,%201962.pdf .
1962 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1951 Korean War: Geochang massacre.
1950 Second Red Scare: Senator Joseph McCarthy accuses the United States Department of State of being filled with Communists.
1942 Year-round Daylight saving time is re-instated in the United States as a wartime measure to help conserve energy resources.
1941 Nazi collaborators destroy pro-Jewish café Alcazar Amsterdam (Alcazar refused to hang “No Entry for Jews” signs in front of cafe). See the photograph, http://www.14words.net/2012/02/on-this-day-february-9th-dutch-nazis.html.
1934 The Balkan Entente is formed.
1929 USSR, Estonia, Latvia, Poland & Romania sign Litvinov Pact. For the Litvinov’s Pact, visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litvinov%27s_Pact.
1920 Under the terms of the Svalbard Treaty, international diplomacy recognizes Norwegian sovereignty over Arctic archipelago Svalbard, and designates it as demilitarized.
1904 Russo-Japanese War: Battle of Port Arthur concludes.
1849 New Roman Republic established
1822 Haiti invades the newly founded Dominican Republic. For the history of the relationship between these two countries, visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Haiti_relations ; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitians_in_the_Dominican_Republic ; http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1953959,00.html ; and/or http://www.adn.com/article/haiti-and-dominican-republic-brief-history-long-strained-relationship.
1788 The Habsburg Empire joins the Russo-Turkish War in the Russian camp.
February 10
2003 France and Belgium break the NATO procedure of silent approval concerning the timing of protective measures for Turkey in case of a possible war with Iraq.
1998 Voters in Maine repeal a gay rights law passed in 1997 becoming the first U.S. state to abandon such a law.
1989 U.S. performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1972 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.
1962 Captured American U2 spy-plane pilot Gary Powers is exchanged for captured Soviet spy Rudolf Abel.
1954 President Dwight Eisenhower warns against United States intervention in Vietnam. For Eisenhower’s policy on Vietnam, visit http://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrBT9VsrNNU.lwArSJXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEzZ3NlMjVvBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDNARjb2xvA2JmMQR2dGlkA1ZJUDI4Ml8x/RV=2/RE=1423187180/RO=10/RU=http%3a%2f%2fdtic.mil%2fcgi-bin%2fGetTRDoc%3fAD%3dADA328884/RK=0/RS=sTD.jXvKrUjPW51Z34eUTOosmew-. For the United States’ involvement with Vietnam and Eisenhower’s warning, visit http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/vietnam/causes.htm ; http://www.rationalrevolution.net/war/american_involvement_in_vietnam.htm ; and/or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War.
1943 World War II: Attempting to completely lift the Siege of Leningrad, the Soviet Red Army engages German troops and Spanish volunteers in the Battle of Krasny Bor.
1940 The Soviet Union begins mass deportations of Polish citizens from occupied eastern Poland to Siberia.
1939 Spanish Civil War: The Nationalists conclude their conquest of Catalonia and seal the border with France.
1936 Second Italo-Abyssinian War: Italian troops launched the Battle of Amba Aradam against Ethiopian defenders.
1930 Yên Bái mutiny in French Indochina.
1906 HMS Dreadnought, the first of a revolutionary new breed of battleships is christened and launched by King Edward VII.
1862 American Civil War: A Union naval flotilla destroys the bulk of the Confederate Mosquito Fleet in the Battle of Elizabeth City on the Pasquotank River in North Carolina.
1846 First Anglo-Sikh War: Battle of Sobraon – British defeat Sikhs in final battle of the war.
1814 Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Champaubert ends in French victory over the Russians and the Prussians.
1763 French and Indian War: The 1763 Treaty of Paris ends the war and France cedes Quebec to Great Britain.
February 11
2014 After restricting its ties with Cuba since 1996, the European Union agrees to launch negotiations; the talks aim to increase the dialogue on human rights and increase trade and investment between Cuba and the EU.
2013 Pope Benedict XVI announces his resignation from the papacy, the first pontiff to resign in more than half a millennium.
2011 The first wave of the Egyptian revolution culminates in the resignation of Hosni Mubarak and the transfer of power to the Supreme Military Council after 18 days of protests.
1990 Nelson Mandela is released from Victor Verster Prison outside Cape Town, South Africa after 27 years as a political prisoner.
1979 The Iranian Revolution establishes an Islamic theocracy under the leadership of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
1978 Censorship: China lifts a ban on works by Aristotle, William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens.
1973 Vietnam War: First release of American prisoners of war from Vietnam takes place.
1971 Eighty-seven countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union, sign the Seabed Arms Control Treaty outlawing nuclear weapons on the ocean floor in international waters.
1968 The Memphis Sanitation Strike begins.
1968 Israeli–Jordanian border clashes rage.
1964 Greeks and Turks begin fighting in Limassol, Cyprus.
1959 The Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, which will later become South Yemen, is created as a protectorate of the United Kingdom.
1953 The Soviet Union breaks off diplomatic relations with Israel.
1953 U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower refuses a clemency appeal for Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.
1942 World War II: The Battle of Bukit Timah is fought in Singapore.
1929 Kingdom of Italy and the Vatican sign the Lateran Treaty.
1918 US President Wilson makes another speech before Congress and announces ‘the Four Principles’ – freedom of navigation, and end to secret diplomacy, and similar items – that supplement his Fourteen Points. Visit, for instance, http://www.directessays.com/viewpaper/76686.html . For Woodrow Wilson, visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson.
1889 Meiji Constitution of Japan is adopted; the first National Diet convenes in 1890.
1861 American Civil War: United States House of Representatives unanimously passes a resolution guaranteeing noninterference with slavery in any state.
1858 Bernadette Soubirous‘s first vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Lourdes, France.
1856 The Kingdom of Awadh is annexed by the British East India Company and Wajid Ali Shah, the king of Awadh, is imprisoned and later exiled to Calcutta.
1826 Swaminarayan writes the Shikshapatri, an important text within Swaminarayan Hinduism.
February 12
2002 The trial of Slobodan Milošević, the former President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, begins at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands. He dies four years later before its conclusion.
1992 The current Constitution of Mongolia comes into effect.
1983 100 women protest in Lahore, Pakistan against military dictator Zia-ul-Haq’s proposed Law of Evidence. The women were tear-gassed, baton-charged and thrown into lock-up. The women were successful in repealing the law.
1982 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1976 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1973 1st US POWs in N Vietnam released; 116 of 456 flown to Philippine. Visit, for instance, http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0212.html . For more information on relevant issues on US POWs in Viet Nam War, visit, for instance, http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/02/11/40-years-after-release-hanoi-hilton-pows-reflect.html ; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue ; http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/treatment-american-pows-north-vietnam ; http://www.axpow.org/southeastasiapowtreat.pdf ; and/or http://www.nampows.org/nampowslist.html.
1968 Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre.
1965 Nuclear test at Pacific Ocean by the United States.
– For this nuclear test, see Alpaca (= the name of the bomb) in the list of Operation Whetstone, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Whetstone.
– For history of nuclear weapon testing, visit, for instance, http://www.ctbto.org/nuclear-testing/history-of-nuclear-testing/world-overview/.
– For Nuclear Detonation Timeline “1945 – 1998”, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9lquok4Pdk and/or Nuclear Testing Timeline http://www.theatomproject.org/en/about/nuclear-weapons-testing-timeline/.
– For relevant documents, visit http://www.ggram.com/doc/pacific-ocean-nuclear.html#.VMfnvS586po ; and/or http://www.researchgate.net/publication/14020549_A_compilation_of_nuclear_weapons_test_detonation_data_for_U.S._Pacific_ocean_tests.
– For relevant US military projects, visit, for instance, http://mysteriesunsolvedstory.blogspot.com/2011/06/10-secret-us-military-intelligence.html.
– For the Pacific Proving Grounds, visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Proving_Grounds.
1946 African American United States Army veteran Isaac Woodard is severely beaten by a South Carolina police officer to the point where he loses his vision in both eyes. The incident later galvanizes the Civil Rights Movement and partially inspires Orson Welles‘ film Touch of Evil.
1934 In Spain the national council of Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista decides to merge the movement with the Falange Española.
1934 The Austrian Civil War begins.
1909 New Zealand’s worst maritime disaster of the 20th century happens when the SS Penguin, an inter-island ferry, sinks and explodes at the entrance to Wellington Harbour.
1909 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded.
1894 Anarchist Émile Henry hurls a bomb into the Cafe Terminus in Paris, France, killing one and wounding 20.
1832 Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands.
1825 The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government by the Treaty of Indian Springs, and migrate west.
1818 Bernardo O’Higgins formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence near Concepción, Chile.
1817 An Argentine/Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeats Spanish troops on the Battle of Chacabuco.
1814 Battle of Château-Thierry (1814).
February 13
2011 For the first time in more than 100 years the Umatilla, an American Indian tribe, are able to hunt and harvest a bison just outside Yellowstone National Park, restoring a centuries-old tradition guaranteed by a treaty signed in 1855.
Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd makes a historic apology to the Indigenous Australians and the Stolen Generations.
2001 An earthquake measuring 6.6 on the Richter Scale hits El Salvador, killing at least 400.
1991 Gulf War: Two laser-guided “smart bombs” destroy the Amiriyah shelter in Baghdad. Allied forces said the bunker was being used as a military communications outpost, but over 400 Iraqi civilians inside were killed.
1990 German reunification: An agreement is reached on a two-stage plan to reunite Germany.
1984 Konstantin Chernenko succeeds the late Yuri Andropov as general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
1982 The Río Negro massacre takes place in Guatemala. More than 440 Maya Achi were killed in the village of Río Negro alone, and the string of extrajudicial killings that claimed up to 5,000 lives between 1980 and 1982 became known as the Río Negro Massacres.
1978 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1974 Dissident Nobel writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn expelled from USSR. Visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn and/or http://gawker.com/5032535/alexander-solzhenitsyn-writer-dissident.
1971 Vietnam War: Backed by American air and artillery support, South Vietnamese troops invade Laos.
1968 U.S. sends 10,500 additional soldiers to Vietnam.
1967 American researchers discover the Madrid Codices by Leonardo da Vinci in the National Library of Spain.
1966 USSR performs nuclear test at Semipalitinsk, Eastern Kazakhstan U.S.S.R.
1960 Black college students stage the first of the Nashville sit-ins at three lunch counters in Nashville, Tennessee.
1960 With the success of a nuclear test codenamed “Gerboise Bleue“, France becomes the fourth country to possess nuclear weapons.
1955 Israel obtains four of the seven Dead Sea scrolls.
1951 Korean War: Battle of Chipyong-ni, which represented the “high-water mark” of the Chinese incursion into South Korea, commences.
1945 World War II: Royal Air Force bombers are dispatched to Dresden, Germany to attack the city with a massive aerial bombardment.
1945 World War II: The siege of Budapest concludes with the unconditional surrender of German and Hungarian forces to the Red Army.
1942 Hitler’s Operation Seelowe (invasion of England) cancelled. Visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion.
1941 Nazi leaders attack Dutch Jewish Council. For this issue, visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judenrat ; http://www.holocaust-lestweforget.com/jewishcouncil.html ; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Amsterdam ; and/or http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/occamsterdam.html.
1935 A jury in Flemington, New Jersey finds Bruno Hauptmann guilty of the 1932 kidnapping and murder of the Lindbergh baby, the son of Charles Lindbergh.
1931 New Delhi becomes the capital of India.
1920 League of Nations recognizes perpetual neutrality of Switzerland. For this issue, visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_neutrality_%28international_relations%29 ; http://www.currentconcerns.ch/index.php?id=994 ; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281815%29 ; and/or http://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0LEVyw7KMlUkXEAW7hXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTBzYmdoaTM1BHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMjcEY29sbwNiZjEEdnRpZAM-/RV=2/RE=1422497980/RO=10/RU=http%3a%2f%2fmercury.ethz.ch%2fserviceengine%2fFiles%2fISN%2f114843%2fichaptersection_singledocument%2f5ac9cad8-acb1-43d1-818d-a22e64312807%2fen%2fChap12.pdf/RK=0/RS=ZEvlHRUOQPW3kdJLPE17STEmyVk-.
1920 The Negro National League is formed.
– For segregated baseball and baseball color line, visit, for instance, http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/history/mlb_negro_leagues_story.jsp?story=kaleidoscopic ; http://segregationinbaseball.weebly.com/ ; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_color_line ; http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/baseball/teachers/lesson2.html ; and/or http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2783769?uid=2&uid=4&sid=21105725773203.
– For race and sports and/or discrimination in sports, visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_sports ; http://www.studymode.com/essays/Segregation-In-Sports-1456559.html ; https://www.questia.com/library/sociology-and-anthropology/leisure-and-recreation/discrimination-in-sports and/or http://www.esquire.com/the-side/feature/segregation-in-sports-022310#slide-1.
1914 Copyright: In New York City the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers is established to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members.
1881 The feminist newspaper La Citoyenne is first published in Paris by the activist Hubertine Auclert.
1861 In Gaeta the capitulation of the fortress decreeing the end of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies is signed.
1861 Abraham Lincoln declared president in Washington DC.
1849 The delegation headed by Metropolitan bishop Andrei Şaguna hands out to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria the General Petition of Romanian leaders in Transylvania, Banat and Bukovina, which demands that the Romanian nation be recognized.
1739 Battle of Karnal: The army of Iranian ruler Nadir Shah defeats the forces of the Mughal emperor of India, Muhammad Shah.
1692 Massacre of Glencoe: About 78 Macdonalds at Glen Coe, Scotland are killed early in the morning for not promptly pledging allegiance to the new king, William of Orange.
1668 Spain recognizes Portugal as an independent nation.
February 14
2005 Seven people are killed and 151 wounded in a series of bombings by suspected al-Qaeda-linked militants that hit the Philippines‘ Makati financial district in Metro Manila, Davao City, and General Santos City.
2005 Lebanese self-made billionaire and business tycoon Rafik Hariri is killed, along with 21 others, when explosives, equivalent of around 1,000 kg of TNT, are detonated as his motorcade drove near the St. George Hotel in Beirut.
2002 The Budapest Open Access Initiative, one of the cornerstones of the Open access movement, was released to the public.
1989 Iranian leader Ruhollah Khomeini issues a fatwa encouraging Muslims to kill Salman Rushdie, author of The Satanic Verses.
1989 Union Carbide agrees to pay $470 million to the Indian government for damages it caused in the 1984 Bhopal disaster. For environmental disasters in India or relevant issues, visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_disasters_in_India ; http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/10/08/7-major-industrial-environmental-disasters-indian-country-151661 ; http://www.umich.edu/~snre492/Jones/narmada.html ; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1142333/ ; http://www.maryscullyreports.com/tag/indian-tannery-contamination-environmental-disaster-in-india/ ; http://www.ehjournal.net/content/4/1/6 ;http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/essay/environment-essay/environmental-hazards-and-disaster-management-in-india/39728/ ; and/or http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/28/india-floods-man-made-disaster.
1988 U.S. performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1979 U.S. performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1979 In Kabul, Setami Milli militants kidnap the American ambassador to Afghanistan, Adolph Dubs who is later killed during a gunfight between his kidnappers and police.
1966 Australian currency is decimalised.
1961 Discovery of the chemical elements: Element 103, Lawrencium, is first synthesized at the University of California.
1956 The XX Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union begins in Moscow. On the last night of the meeting, Premier Nikita Khrushchev condemns Joseph Stalin‘s crimes in a secret speech.
1950 USSR and China sign peace treaty. Visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Alliance_and_Mutual_Assistance.
1950 Chinese Civil War: The National Revolutionary Army instigates the unsuccessful Battle of Tianquan against the People’s Liberation Army.
1949 The Asbestos Strike begins in Canada. The strike marks the beginning of the Quiet Revolution in Quebec.
1949 The Knesset (Israeli parliament) convenes for the first time.
1946 The Bank of England is nationalized.
1945 President Franklin D. Roosevelt meets with King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia aboard the USS Quincy, officially beginning U.S.-Saudi diplomatic relations.
1945 World War II: Mostar is liberated by Yugoslav partisans.
1945 World War II: On the first day of the bombing of Dresden, the British Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Forces begin fire-bombing Dresden, the capital of the German state of Saxony.
1944 World War II: Anti-Japanese revolt on Java.
1943 World War II: Tunisia Campaign – General Hans-Jürgen von Arnim‘s Fifth Panzer Army launches a concerted attack against Allied positions in Tunisia.
1943 World War II: Rostov-on-Don, Russia is liberated.
1942 Battle of Pasir Panjang contributes to the fall of Singapore.
1929 Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre: Seven people, six of them gangster rivals of Al Capone‘s gang, are murdered in Chicago, Illinois.
1920 The League of Women Voters is founded in Chicago. The website of the League of Women Voters today, http://lwv.org/ and that of Chicago, http://www.lwvchicago.org/.
1919 The Polish–Soviet War begins.
1918 The Soviet Union adopts the Gregorian calendar (on 1 February according to the Julian calendar). The Soviet Union adopts the Gregorian calendar (on 1 February according to the Julian calendar).
1900 Second Boer War: In South Africa, 20,000 British troops invade the Orange Free State.
1899 Voting machines are approved by the U.S. Congress for use in federal elections. For voting machines, the assurance of democratic procedure, and relevant arguments, visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_votinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_voting ; http://homepage.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/congress.html ; http://www.wtsp.com/news/article/280630/36/Voting-machine-problems-raise-questions ; and http://www.wral.com/voting-machine-problems-do-not-change-election-outcome/14219607/.
1879 The War of the Pacific breaks out when Chilean armed forces occupy the Bolivian port city of Antofagasta.
1852 Great Ormond St Hospital for Sick Children, the first hospital in England to provide in-patient beds specifically for children (The National Children’s Hospital in Dublin was founded over 30 years previously in 1821), is founded in London.
1835 The original Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, in the Latter Day Saint movement, is formed in Kirtland, Ohio.
1831 Ras Marye of Yejju marches into Tigray and defeats and kills Dejazmach Sabagadis in the Battle of Debre Abbay.
1804 Karadjordje leads the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire.
1797 French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Cape St. Vincent – John Jervis, (later 1st Earl of St Vincent) and Horatio Nelson (later 1st Viscount Nelson) lead the British Royal Navy to victory over a Spanish fleet in action near Gibraltar.
1779 James Cook is killed by Native Hawaiians near Kealakekua on the Island of Hawaii.
February 15
2003 Protests against the Iraq war take place in over 600 cities worldwide. It is estimated that between 8 million to 30 million people participate, making this the largest peace demonstration in history.
2001 First draft of the complete human genome is published in Nature.
1991 The Visegrád Agreement, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems, is signed by the leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland.
1989 Soviet war in Afghanistan: The Soviet Union officially announces that all of its troops have left Afghanistan.
1976 The 1976 Constitution of Cuba is adopted by national referendum.
1972 José María Velasco Ibarra, serving as President of Ecuador for the fifth time, is overthrown by the military for the fourth time.
1971 The decimalisation of British coinage is completed on Decimal Day.
1953 Parliamentary elections held in Liechtenstein.
1942 World War II: Fall of Singapore. Following an assault by Japanese forces, the British General Arthur Percival surrenders. About 80,000 Indian, United Kingdom and Australian soldiers become prisoners of war, the largest surrender of British-led military personnel in history.
1936 Hitler announce building of Volkswagens (starting slug-bug game). For Hitler and Volkswagen, visit, for instance, http://sadekjake.hubpages.com/hub/Volkswagen-and-Hitler–The-Untold-Story ; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen ; and/or http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20130830-the-nazi-car-we-came-to-love ; http://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/11/world/volkswagen-to-create-12-million-fund-for-nazi-era-laborers.html ; and/or http://www.religioustolerance.org/fin_nazi.htm.
1923 Greece becomes the last European country to adopt the Gregorian calendar.
1921 Kingdom of Romania establishes its legation in Helsinki.
1898 The battleship USS Maine explodes and sinks in Havana harbor in Cuba, killing 274. This event leads the United States to declare war on Spain.
1879 Women’s rights: American President Rutherford B. Hayes signs a bill allowing female attorneys to argue cases before the Supreme Court of the United States.
1835 The first constitutional law in modern Serbia is adopted.
1804 The Serbian revolution begins.
1798 The Roman Republic is proclaimed after Louis Alexandre Berthier, a general of Napoleon, had invaded the city of Rome five days earlier.
1763 Austria, Prussia & Saxony sign Treaty of Hubertusburg, marking the end of the French and Indian War and of the Seven Years War. For the Seven Year’s War, visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War ; http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/536559/Seven-Years-War ; and/or http://www.quazoo.com/q/Treaty_of_Hubertusburg.
1690 Constantin Cantemir, Prince of Moldavia and the Holy Roman Empire sign a secret treaty in Sibiu, stipulating that Moldavia would support the actions led by the House of Habsburg against the Ottoman Empire.
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(Sources and references: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_9 to February_15 ; http://www.brainyhistory.com/days/february_9.html to February_15 ; http://www.historyorb.com/events/february/9 to February/15 ; and other relevant websites and documents, mentioned above.)
Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, originally from Japan.
This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 9 Feb 2015.
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