This Week in History
HISTORY, 2 Mar 2015
Satoshi Ashikaga – TRANSCEND Media Service
March 2–8
Quote of the Week:
“The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen, even touched. They must be felt with the heart.” — Helen Keller
MARCH 2
2004 War in Iraq: Al-Qaeda carries out the Ashoura Massacre in Iraq, killing 170 and wounding over 500. Also visit, for instance, http://911myths.com/index.php/Al_Qaeda_does_not_exist ; _ http://undergrounddocumentaries.com/al-qaeda-does-not-exist-bbc-special-documentary-full-version/ ;_ http://coupmedia.org/terror-threats-0401 ; _ http://www.spiked-online.com/Printable/00000006DFED.htm ; _ and/or _ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ek7ZHenQnu4.
2002 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan: Operation Anaconda begins, (ending on March 19 after killing 500 Taliban and al Qaeda fighters, with 11 Western troop fatalities).
1995 Researchers at Fermilab announce the discovery of the top quark.
1992 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, San Marino, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan join the United Nations.
1991 Battle at Rumaila Oil Field brings an end to the 1991 Gulf War.
1990 Nelson Mandela is elected deputy President of the African National Congress.
1989 Twelve European Community nations agree to ban the production of all chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by the end of the century.
1983 Compact Discs and players are released for the first time in the United States and other markets. They had previously been available only in Japan.
1970 Rhodesia declares itself a republic, breaking its last links with the British crown.
1969 Soviet and Chinese forces clash at a border outpost on the Ussuri River.
1969 In Toulouse, France, the first test flight of the Anglo-French Concorde is conducted.
1967 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1966 The US announces that US Forces in Vietnam now number 215,000 with another 20,000 enroute. Visit http://bodhimandala1.blogspot.com/2012/04/vietnam-war-timeline-1966.html.
– For the timeline of the Vietnam War between 1965 – 1968, visit http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1965.html.
– For the Vietnam War, visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War ;_ http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war;_ and _ http://history1900s.about.com/od/vietnamwar/a/vietnamwar.htm.
1965 The US and South Vietnamese Air Force begin Operation Rolling Thunder, a sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam.
1962 In Burma, the army led by General Ne Win seizes power in a coup d’état.
1956 Morocco gains its independence from France.
1955 King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia abdicates the throne in favor of his father, King Norodom Suramarit.
1946 Ho Chi Minh is elected the President of North Vietnam.
1943 World War II: Battle of the Bismarck Sea – United States and Australian forces sink Japanese convoy ships.
1941 World War II: First German military units enter Bulgaria after it joins the Axis Pact.
1901 The U.S. Congress passes the Platt Amendment limiting the autonomy of Cuba, as a condition of the withdrawal of American troops.
1885 Sino-French War: French victory in the Battle of Hoa Moc near Tuyen Quang, northern Vietnam.
1865 East Cape War: The Volkner Incident in New Zealand.
1836 Texas Revolution: Declaration of independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico.
1815 Signing of the Kandyan Convention treaty by British invaders and the King of Sri Lanka.
1811 Argentine War of Independence: A royalist fleet defeats a small flotilla of revolutionary ships in the Battle of San Nicolás on the River Plate.
1807 The U.S. Congress passes the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, disallowing the importation of new slaves into the country.
1797 The Bank of England issues the first one-pound and two-pound banknotes.
1776 American Revolutionary War: Patriot militia units arrest the Royal Governor of Georgia James Wright and attempt to prevent capture of supply ships in the Battle of the Rice Boats.
1484 The College of Arms is formally incorporated by Royal Charter signed by King Richard III of England.
1476 Burgundian Wars: The Old Swiss Confederacy hands Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, a major defeat in the Battle of Grandson in Canton of Neuchâtel.
MARCH 3
2013 A bomb blast in Karachi, Pakistan, kills at least 45 people and injured 180 others in a predominately Shia Muslim area.
1991 In concurrent referenda, 74% of the population of Latvia votes for independence from the Soviet Union, and 83% in Estonia.
1985 Arthur Scargill declares that the National Union of Mineworkers national executive voted to end the longest-running industrial dispute in Great Britain without any peace deal over pit closures.
1967 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1965 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.
1965 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1962 British Antarctic Territory forms. Visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory;_and _ http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Br_Ant_Terr.html.
1958 Nuri as-Said becomes the prime minister of Iraq for the eighth time.
1945 World War II: A former Armia Krajowa unit massacres at least 150 Ukrainian civilians in Pawłokoma, Poland.
1945 World War II: American and Filipino troops recapture Manila in the Philippines.
1942 World War II: Ten Japanese warplanes raid the town of Broome, Western Australia, killing more than 100 people.
1939 In Mumbai, Mohandas Gandhi begins to fast in protest at the autocratic rule in India.
1938 Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia.
1924 The Free State of Fiume is annexed by Kingdom of Italy.
1924 The thirteen-century-old Islamic caliphate is abolished when Caliph Abdul Mejid II of the Ottoman Empire is deposed. The last remnant of the old regime gives way to the reformed Turkey of Kemal Atatürk.
1918 Germany, Austria and Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ending Russia’s involvement in World War I, and leading to the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.
1913 Thousands of women march in a suffrage parade in Washington, D.C.
1905 Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agrees to create an elected assembly, the Duma.
1878 The Russo-Turkish War ends as Bulgaria regains its independence from Ottoman Empire according to the Treaty of San Stefano; shortly after Congress of Berlin stripped its status to an autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire.
1865 Opening of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, the founding member of the HSBC Group.
1861 Alexander II of Russia signs the Emancipation Manifesto, freeing serfs.
1857 Second Opium War: France and the United Kingdom declare war on China.
1799 The Russo-Ottoman siege of Corfu ends with the surrender of the French garrison.
MARCH 4
2009 The International Criminal Court (ICC) issues an arrest warrant for Sudanese President Omar Hassan al-Bashir for war crimes and crimes against humanity in Darfur. Al-Bashir is the first sitting head of state to be indicted by the ICC since its establishment in 2002.
2001 4 March 2001 BBC bombing: a massive car bomb explodes in front of the BBC Television Centre in London, seriously injuring one person. The attack was attributed to the Real IRA.
1998 Gay rights: Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that federal laws banning on-the-job sexual harassment also apply when both parties are the same sex.
1991 Sheikh Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, the Prime Minister of Kuwait, returns to his country for the first time since Iraq‘s invasion.
1983 Bertha Wilson is appointed the first woman to sit on the Supreme Court of Canada. For relevant issues on women’s rights and/or gender equality in Canada, visit, for instance, http://www.international.gc.ca/rights-droits/women-femmes/equality-egalite.aspx?lang=eng;_ http://www.wikigender.org/index.php/Gender_Equality_in_Canada;_ http://phys.org/news/2015-02-high-equality-muslim-women-canada.html;_ http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2010/02/23/canadian_womens_rights_in_decline_report_says.html ;_ and/or_ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Women%27s_rights_in_Canada.
1980 Nationalist leader Robert Mugabe wins a sweeping election victory to become Zimbabwe‘s first black prime minister.
1976 The Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention is formally dissolved in Northern Ireland resulting in direct rule of Northern Ireland from London by the British parliament.
1972 Libya and USSR signs cooperation treaty. For foreign relations of Libya, visit, for instance, http://www.somalipress.com/libya-overview/international-relations-libya-1081.html ;_ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya ;_ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi ; _and/or _ http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8263.html. For foreign relations of USSR, visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union ;_ and/or _ http://articles.latimes.com/keyword/libya-foreign-relations-ussr.
1969 “MIT and 30 other universities called for a national research stoppage to alert the public to how the “misuse of science and technology knowledge presents a major threat to the existence of mankind.” Concerns not only about nuclear weapons, radioactive and chemical toxic leaks from U.S. military and civilian nuclear production and bombmaking sites but also about Agent Orange, and biological/chemical WMDs led scientists and academics to sign on to this pledge. (Source: Oliver Stone and Peter Kuznick. “The Untold History of the United States.” New York: Gallery Books, 2012.)” Quoted from http://www.wagingpeace.org/march-this-month-in-nuclear-threat-history/.
1966 North Sea Gas was 1st pumped ashore by BP. For more information on North Sea gas (and oil), visit, for instance, http://dukeswoodoilmuseum.co.uk/offshore%20history.htm ;_ and _ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_oil.
1945 Lapland War: Finland declares war on Nazi Germany.
1943 World War II: The Battle of the Bismarck Sea in the South West Pacific comes to an end.
1941 World War II: The United Kingdom launches Operation Claymore on the Lofoten Islands; the first large scale British Commando raid.
1933 The Parliament of Austria is suspended because of a quibble over procedure – Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss initiates an authoritarian rule by decree.
1933 Frances Perkins becomes United States Secretary of Labor, the first female member of the United States Cabinet.
1917 Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first female member of the United States House of Representatives.
1913 First Balkan War: The Greek army engages the Turks at Bizani, resulting in victory two days later.
1843 Carlo Alberto di Savoia signs the Statuto Albertino that will later represent the first constitution of the Regno d’Italia.
1814 Americans defeat British forces at the Battle of Longwoods between London, Ontario and Thamesville, near present-day Wardsville, Ontario.
1804 Castle Hill Rebellion: Irish convicts rebel against British colonial authority in the Colony of New South Wales.
MARCH 5
2012 Invisible Children launches the Stop Kony campaign with the release of Kony 2012.
2003 In Haifa, 17 Israeli civilians are killed by a Hamas suicide bomb in the Haifa bus 37 massacre.
1974 Yom Kippur War: Israeli forces withdraw from the west bank of the Suez Canal.
1970 The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty goes into effect after ratification by 43 nations.
1965 March Intifada: A Leftist uprising erupts in Bahrain against British colonial presence.
1946 Hungarian Communists and Social Democrats co-found the Left Bloc.
1944 World War II: The Red Army begins the Uman–Botoşani Offensive in the western Ukrainian SSR.
1943 First flight of Gloster Meteor jet aircraft in the United Kingdom.
1940 Six high-ranking members of Soviet politburo, including General Secretary Joseph Stalin, sign an order for the execution of 25,700 Polish intelligentsia, including 14,700 Polish POWs, in what will become known as the Katyn massacre.
1936 First flight of Supermarine Spitfire advanced monoplane fighter aircraft in the United Kingdom.
1933 Adolf Hitler‘s Nazi Party receives 43.9% at the Reichstag elections. This later allows the Nazis to pass the Enabling Act and establish a dictatorship.
1933 Great Depression: President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares a “bank holiday“, closing all U.S. banks and freezing all financial transactions.
1931 The British Viceroy of India, Governor-General Edward Frederick Lindley Wood and Mohandas Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) sign an agreement envisaging the release of political prisoners and allowing salt to be freely used by the poorest members of the population.
1912 Italo-Turkish War: Italian forces are the first to use airships for military purposes, employing them for reconnaissance behind Turkish lines.
1906 Moro Rebellion: United States Army troops bring overwhelming force against the native Moros in the First Battle of Bud Dajo, leaving only six survivors.
1897 American Negro Academy forms. Visit http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-2831200032/american-negro-academy.html ; _ http://afroamhistory.about.com/od/biographies/a/American-Negro-Academy-Promoting-The-Talented-Tenth.htm;_ http://www.blackpast.org/aah/american-negro-academy-1897-1924;_ http://www.webdubois.org/dbConsrvOfRaces.html;_and/or_ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/africana/#186.
1868 Mefistofele, an opera by Arrigo Boito receives its première performance at La Scala. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AyGJyXfgFw;_ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vd1XL9-lBpY;_or_ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7EAXPKdYYZk.
1860 Parma, Tuscany, Modena and Romagna vote in referendums to join the Kingdom of Sardinia.
1850 The Britannia Bridge across the Menai Strait between the Isle of Anglesey and the mainland of Wales is opened.
1824 First Anglo-Burmese War: The British officially declare war on Burma.
1811 Peninsular War: A French force under the command of Marshal Victor is routed while trying to prevent an Anglo-Spanish-Portuguese army from lifting the Siege of Cádiz in the Battle of Barrosa.
1770 Boston Massacre: Five Americans, including Crispus Attucks, are fatally shot by British troops in an event that would contribute to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War (also known as the American War of Independence) five years later.
1616 Nicolaus Copernicus‘s book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium is banned by the Catholic Church.
– For more information on relevant issues relating to the relationship between religion and science, visit, for instance, http://www.religioustolerance.org/sci_rel.htm;_ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science ; http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/religion-science/;_ http://www.religioustolerance.org/scirel_ov1.htm;_ http://raffleshistorynotes.weebly.com/conflict-between-science-and-religion.html;_ http://atheism.about.com/od/einsteingodreligion/a/GodConflict.htm;_ http://www.commongroundgroup.net/2011/09/07/science-religion-and-myth-3-did-the-medieval-church-suppress-scientific-thought/;_ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_v_p98r5J8E;_ and/or_ http://www.carolmswain.net/2011/09/vanderbilt-universitys-dangerous-flirtation-with-religious-suppression/.
– For the pope and Galileo, visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_affair;_ http://www.galilean-library.org/site/index.php/topic/269-the-pope-and-the-galileo-affair/;_ http://thekindlyones.org/2010/10/16/the-pope-and-the-galileo-affair/; _and/or_ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/karl-giberson-phd/pope-benedict-science_b_2679021.html.
– For Islam and science, visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_science;_ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world;_ http://www.islamicity.com/science/?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 ;_ http://islam-science.net/;_ and/or_ http://www.quranandscience.com/.
MARCH 6
2008 A suicide bomber kills 68 people (including first responders) in Baghdad on the same day that a gunman kills eight students in Jerusalem.
1988 Three Provisional Irish Republican Army volunteers are killed by Special Air Service on the territory of Gibraltar in the conclusion of Operation Flavius.
1975 Algiers Accord: Iran and Iraq announce a settlement of their border dispute.
1968 Three black males are executed by Rhodesia, the first executions since UDI, prompting international condemnation.
1967 Joseph Stalin‘s daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva defects to the United States.
1962 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1957 Ghana becomes the first Sub-Saharan country to gain independence from the British. Visit, for instance, http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/gold-coast-ghana-gains-independence;_ http://www.travel-to-discover-ghana.com/ghana-independence.html;_ http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March-April-08/On-this-Day–Ghana-Achieves-Independence-from-Britain.html ; _ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ghana;_ and/or_ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjBcRMjOWzg.
1953 Georgy Malenkov succeeds Joseph Stalin as Premier of the Soviet Union and First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
1951 The trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg begins. For more information on the Rosenberg case, visit, for instance, http://www.thenation.com/article/rosenberg-case# ;_ http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/ROSENB.HTM ;_ http://www.rfc.org/therosenbergcase;_ and/or_ http://www.coldwar.org/articles/50s/TheRosenbergTrial.asp.
1946 Ho Chi Minh signs an agreement with France which recognizes Vietnam as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union. Ho Chi Minh signs an agreement with France which recognizes Vietnam as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union.
1945 World War II: Cologne is captured by American Troops.
1943 Norman Rockwell published Freedom from Want in the The Saturday Evening Post with a matching essay by Carlos Bulosan as part of the Four Freedoms series.
1930 International Unemployment Day demonstrations globally initiated by the Comintern.
1921 Portuguese Communist Party is founded as the Portuguese Section of the Communist International.
1912 Italian forces became the first to use airships in war, as two dirigibles dropped bombs on Turkish troops encamped at Janzur, from an altitude of 6,000 feet.
1882 The Serbian kingdom is re-founded.
MARCH 7
2009 The Real Irish Republican Army kills two British soldiers and two civilians, the first British military deaths in Northern Ireland since the end of The Troubles.
2006 The terrorist organisation Lashkar-e-Taiba coordinates a series of bombings in Varanasi, India.
1994 US Navy issues 1st permanent order assigning women on combat ship.
1989 Iran and the United Kingdom break diplomatic relations after a row over Salman Rushdie and his controversial novel, The Satanic Verses.
1985 The song “We Are the World“, a song and charity single, receives its international release. See this YouTube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SGFcYLO0jg.
1976 Morocco & Mauretania break diplomatic relations with Algeria. Visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Morocco_relations;_ http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_Mauritania;_ and/or_http://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1331-1976-05-KS-a-BXC.pdf
1975 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1971 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman delivers his historic speech at Suhrawardy Udyan.
1969 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk, USSR.
1968 Vietnam War: The United States and South Vietnamese military begin Operation Truong Cong Dinh to root out Viet Cong forces from the area surrounding Mỹ Tho.
1966 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1965 Bloody Sunday: a group of 600 civil rights marchers is brutally attacked by state and local police in Selma, Alabama.
1951 Korean War: Operation Ripper – United Nations troops led by General Matthew Ridgeway begin an assault against Chinese forces.
1950 Cold War: The Soviet Union issues a statement denying that Klaus Fuchs served as a Soviet spy.
1945 World War II: American troops seize the Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine River at Remagen.
1945 Yugoslavia government of Tito forms. Visit, for instance, http://www.arhivyu.gov.rs/active/en/home/glavna_navigacija/leksikon_jugoslavije/konstitutivni_akti_jugoslavije/beogradski_sporazum_tito_subasic.html;_ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito;_ https://ssua.wordpress.com/2008/12/06/tito-founder-of-modern-yugoslavia/;_ and/or _ https://pediaview.com/openpedia/Josip_Broz_Tito.
1936 Prelude to World War II: In violation of the Locarno Pact and the Treaty of Versailles, Germany reoccupies the Rhineland.
1925 American Negro Congress organizes. Visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Negro_Labor_Congress;_ http://famousdaily.com/history/american-negro-congress-organizes.html;_ http://www.workers.org/2011/us/african_americans_0224/;_ and/or_ http://www.cyclopaedia.fr/wiki/The_American_Negro_Labor_Congress.
1914 Prince William of Wied arrives in Albania to begin his reign.
1912 Roald Amundsen announces that his expedition had reached the South Pole on December 14, 1911.
1902 Second Boer War: In the Battle of Tweebosch, a Boer commando led by Koos de la Rey inflicts the biggest defeat upon the British since the beginning of the war.
1900 The German liner SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse becomes the first ship to send wireless signals to shore.
1876 Alexander Graham Bell is granted a patent for an invention he calls the “telephone“.
1850 Senator Daniel Webster gives his “Seventh of March” speech endorsing the Compromise of 1850 in order to prevent a possible civil war.
1827 Brazilian marines unsuccessfully attack the temporary naval base of Carmen de Patagones, Argentina.
1814 Emperor Napoleon I of France wins the Battle of Craonne.
1799 Napoleon Bonaparte captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives.
MARCH 8
2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappears over the Gulf of Thailand en route to Beijing from Kuala Lumpur. The aircraft is believed to have crashed into the Indian Ocean off the coast of Australia with all 239 people on board dead.
2004 A new constitution is signed by Iraq‘s Governing Council.
1991 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1985 A supposed failed assassination attempt on Islamic cleric Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah in Beirut, Lebanon, kills at least 45 and injures 175 others.
1983 While addressing a convention of Evangelicals, U.S. President Ronald Reagan labels the Soviet Union an “evil empire“.
1980 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1979 Philips demonstrates the Compact Disc publicly for the first time.
1974 Charles de Gaulle Airport opens in Paris, France.
1973 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1966 A bomb planted by Irish Republican Army militants destroys Nelson’s Pillar in Dublin.
1965 1st US combat forces arrive in Vietnam (3,500 Marines).
1964 Malcolm X resigns from the Nation of Islam. For the Nation of Islam, visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Islam.
1963 The Ba’ath Party comes to power in Syria in a coup d’état by a clique of quasi-leftist Syrian Army officers calling themselves the National Council of the Revolutionary Command.
1962 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1957 USSR performs atmospheric nuclear test.
1957 Egypt re-opens the Suez Canal after the Suez Crisis.
1957 Ghana joins the United Nations. Ghana achieved its independence on 6 March 1957. This means that two days after its independence, Ghana became a member-country of the UN. As to Ghana, one of the most prominent Ghanaians is Kofi Annan (seventh Secretary-General of the UN and Nobel Peace Laureate in 2001). When Ghana was admitted to the UN on 8 March 1957, Annan was one month before to be 19 years old. See http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2001/annan-bio.html; _and/or _ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan.
1949 President of France Vincent Auriol and ex-emperor Bảo Đại sign the Élysée Accords, giving Vietnam greater independence from France and creating the State of Vietnam to oppose Viet Minh-led Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
1949 Mildred Gillars (“Axis Sally”) is condemned to prison for treason.
1947 Thirteen thousand troops of the Republic of China Army 21st Reorganized Infantry Division and the Republic of China Military Police 4th Military Police Regiment of the Republic of China Armed Forces sent by the Kuomintang government arrive in Taiwan after the 228 Incident and launch crackdowns which kill thousands of people, including many elites. This turns into a major root of the Taiwan independence movement.
1942 World War II: Dutch forces surrender to Japanese forces on Java.
1937 Spanish Civil War: The Battle of Guadalajara begins.
1921 Spanish Premier Eduardo Dato Iradier is assassinated while exiting the parliament building in Madrid.
1920 The Arab Kingdom of Syria, the first modern Arab state to come into existence, is established.
1917 International Women’s Day protests in St. Petersburg mark the beginning of the February Revolution (so named because it was February on the Julian calendar). 1916 World War I: A British force unsuccessfully attempts to relieve the siege of Kut (present-day Iraq) in the Battle of Dujaila.
1911 International Women’s Day is launched in Copenhagen, Denmark, by Clara Zetkin, leader of the Women’s Office for the Social Democratic Party in Germany. “The earliest Women’s Day observance was held on February 28, 1909, in New York; it was organized by the Socialist Party of America in remembrance of the 1908 strike of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union… Although there were some women-led strikes, marches, and other protests in the years leading up to 1914, none of them happened on March 8. In 1914 International Women’s Day was held on March 8, possibly because that day was a Sunday, and now it is always held on March 8 in all countries… The 1914 observance of the Day in Germany was dedicated to women’s right to vote, which German women did not win until 1918… In the West, International Women’s Day was first observed as a popular event after 1977 when the United Nations General Assembly invited member states to proclaim March 8 as the UN Day for women’s rights and world peace.” (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day ) Visit, in addition to the website above, for instance, http://www.un.org/en/events/womensday/;_ http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/iwd/history.html;_ http://www.internationalwomensday.org/;_ http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/iwd/history.html;_ and/or _ http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/un/international-womens-day.
1910 French aviatrix Raymonde de Laroche becomes the first woman to receive a pilot’s license.
1817 The New York Stock Exchange is founded.
1801 War of the Second Coalition: At the Battle of Abukir, a British force under Sir Ralph Abercromby lands in Egypt with the aim of ending the French campaign in Egypt and Syria.
1782 Gnadenhütten massacre: Ninety-six Native Americans in Gnadenhutten, Ohio, who had converted to Christianity are killed by Pennsylvania militiamen in retaliation for raids carried out by other Indians.
1777 Regiments from Ansbach and Bayreuth, sent to support Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War, mutiny in the town of Ochsenfurt.
1775 An anonymous writer, thought by some to be Thomas Paine, publishes “African Slavery in America”, the first article in the American colonies calling for the emancipation of slaves and the abolition of slavery.
1736 Nader Shah, founder of the Afsharid dynasty, is crowned Shah of Iran.
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Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment originally from Japan.
(Sources and references: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2 to March_8; http://www.brainyhistory.com/days/march_2.html to march_8.html; http://www.historyorb.com/events/march/2 to march/8 ; and other relevant websites and/or documents, mentioned above.)
This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 2 Mar 2015.
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