This Week in History

HISTORY, 7 Sep 2015

Satoshi Ashikaga – TRANSCEND Media Service

TWH logo history

Sep 7-13

QUOTE OF THE WEEK:

“Let us not pray to be sheltered from dangers but to be fearless when facing them.” – Rabindranath Tagore

SEPTEMBER 7

2012  Canada officially cuts diplomatic ties with Iran by closing its embassy in Tehran and ordered the expulsion of Iranian diplomats from Ottawa, over support for Syria, nuclear plans and alleged rights abuses.

Canada’s Relations with Iran:

Foreign Relations of Iran:

2012  A series of earthquakes in Yunnan, China, kills 89 people and injures 800 others.

2011  A plane crash in Russia kills 43 people, including nearly the entire roster of the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl Kontinental Hockey League team.

2010  A Chinese fishing trawler collided with two Japanese Coast Guard patrol boats in disputed waters near the Senkaku Islands. The collisions occurred around 10am, after the Japanese Coast Guard ordered the trawler to leave the area. After the collisions, Japanese sailors boarded the Chinese vessel and arrested the captain, Zhan Qixiong.

2008  The US Government takes control of the two largest mortgage financing companies in the US, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

2005  Egypt holds its first-ever multi-party presidential election.

2004  Hurricane Ivan, a Category 5 hurricane hits Grenada, killing 39 and damaging 90% of its buildings.

1999  A 5.9 magnitude earthquake rocks Athens, rupturing a previously unknown fault, killing 143, injuring more than 500, and leaving 50,000 people homeless.

1988  Abdul Ahad Mohmand, the first Afghan in space, returns aboard the Soviet spacecraft Soyuz TM-5 after 9 days on the Mir space station.

1986  General Augusto Pinochet, president of Chile, escapes attempted assassination.

1986  Desmond Tutu becomes the first black man to lead the Anglican Church in South Africa.

1979  The Chrysler Corporation asks the United States government for US$1.5 billion to avoid bankruptcy.

1978  While walking across Waterloo Bridge in London, Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov is assassinated by Bulgarian secret police agent Francesco Giullino by means of a ricin pellet fired from a specially-designed umbrella.

1977  The Torrijos–Carter Treaties between Panama and the United States on the status of the Panama Canal are signed. The United States agrees to transfer control of the canal to Panama at the end of the 20th century.

1970  Fighting between Arab guerrillas and government forces in Amman, Jordan.

1966  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1965  Vietnam War: In a follow-up to August‘s Operation Starlight, United States Marines and South Vietnamese forces initiate Operation Piranha on the Batangan Peninsula.

1965  China announces that it will reinforce its troops on the Indian border.

1961  João Goulart becomes President of Brazil.

1953  Garfield Todd becomes Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia.

1953  Mohammad Daoud Khan becomes Premier of Afghanistan.

1953  Nikita Khrushchev is elected first secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

1945  Japanese forces on Wake Island, which they had held since December of 1941, surrender to U.S. Marines.

1943  987 Dutch Jewish transported to Auschwitz Concentration Camp.

1943  World War II: The German 17th Army begins its evacuation of the Kuban bridgehead (Taman Peninsula) in southern Russia and moves across the Strait of Kerch to the Crimea.

1942  World War II: Australian and US forces inflict a significant defeat upon the Japanese at the Battle of Milne Bay.

1942  First flight of the Consolidated B-32 Dominator.

1940  Treaty of Craiova: Romania loses Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria.

1936  The last thylacine, a carnivorous marsupial named Benjamin, dies alone in its cage at the Hobart Zoo in Tasmania.

1932  The Battle of Boquerón, the first major battle of the Chaco War, commences.

Battle of Boquerón:

Chaco War (1932-1935):

1927  The first fully electronic television system is achieved by Philo Farnsworth.

1922  The Bank of Latvia established.

1922  In Aydın, Turkey, independence of Aydın, from Greek occupation.

Also see the date of “SEPTEMBER 13, 1922      The final act of the Greco-Turkish War, the Great Fire of Smyrna, commences.”

Aydin:

History of Aydin, and Greco-Turkish War:

1921  The Legion of Mary, the largest apostolic organization of lay people in the Catholic Church, is founded in Dublin, Ireland.

1916  US federal employees win the right to Workers’ compensation by Federal Employers Liability Act (39 Stat. 742; 5 U.S.C. 751)

1911  French poet Guillaume Apollinaire is arrested and put in jail on suspicion of stealing the Mona Lisa from the Louvre museum.

1906 Alberto Santos-Dumont flies his 14-bis aircraft at Bagatelle, France for the first time successfully.

1901  The Boxer Rebellion in Qing dynasty China officially ends with the signing of the Boxer Protocol.

1873  Emilio Castelar y Ripoll becomes President of the First Spanish Republic.

1860  Italian re-unification: Garibaldi enters Naples.

1857  Mountain Meadows massacre: Mormon settlers slaughter most members of peaceful, emigrant wagon train.

1822  Dom Pedro I declares Brazil independent from Portugal on the shores of the Ipiranga Brook in São Paulo.

1812  French invasion of Russia: The Battle of Borodino, the bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic Wars, was fought near Moscow and resulted in a French victory.

1776  According to American colonial reports, Ezra Lee makes the world’s first submarine attack in the Turtle, attempting to attach a time bomb to the hull of HMS Eagle in New York Harbor (no British records of this attack exist).

1764  Election of Stanisław August Poniatowski as the last ruler of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

1706  War of the Spanish Succession: Siege of Turin ends, leading to the withdrawal of French forces from North Italy.

 

 

SEPTEMBER 8

INTERNATIONAL LITERACY DAY

2004  NASA‘s unmanned spacecraft Genesis crash-lands when its parachute fails to open.

1991  The Republic of Macedonia becomes independent.

Macedonia and Its History:

Independence of Macedonia:

1979  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

1978  Black Friday, a massacre by soldiers against protesters in Tehran, provoked 88 deaths, it marks the beginning of the end of the monarchy in Iran

1975  Gays in the military: US Air Force Tech Sergeant Leonard Matlovich, a decorated veteran of the Vietnam War, appears in his Air Force uniform on the cover of Time magazine with the headline “I Am A Homosexual”. He is given a general discharge, which was later upgraded to honorable.

1974  Watergate Scandal: US President Gerald Ford pardons former President Richard Nixon for any crimes Nixon may have committed while in office.

1967  The formal end of steam traction in the North East of England by British Railways.

1965  Pakistan Navy raids Indian coasts without any resistance in Operation Dwarka, Pakistan celebrates Victory Day annually.

1962  Last run of the famous Pines Express over the Somerset and Dorset Railway line (UK) fittingly using the last steam locomotive built by British Railways, 9F locomotive 92220 Evening Star.

1962  Newly independent Algeria, by referendum, adopts a constitution.

History of Algeria:

Independence of Algeria:

1962  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRPAPHICAL SURVEY – Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501 – Reston, Virginia – 1993

1960  In Huntsville, Alabama, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally dedicates the Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA had already activated the facility on July 1).

1959  The Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) is established.

1954  The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) is established.

1951 Treaty of San Francisco, or commonly known as the Treaty of Peace with Japan, Peace Treaty of San Francisco, or San Francisco Peace Treaty, between Japan and the Allied Powers, is officially signed by 48 nations

For some relevant information, visit: August 30, 1945  General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander of the Allied – Powers (SCAP), arrives at Atsugi Airfield, Atsugi City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.; and/or September 2, 1945  World War II: Combat ends in the Pacific Theater: the Instrument of Surrender of Japan is signed by Japanese Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu and accepted aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.

1951  The Security Treaty between the United States and Japan of 1951 is signed.

1946  95.6% vote in favor of abolishing the monarchy in Bulgaria.

Kingdom of Bulgaria:

History of Bulgaria:

1945  Cold War: United States troops arrive to partition the southern part of Korea in response to Soviet troops occupying the northern part of the peninsula a month earlier.

1944  World War II: Menton is liberated from Germany.

1944  World War II: London is hit by a V-2 rocket for the first time.

1943  World War II: United States General Dwight D. Eisenhower publicly announces the Allied armistice with Italy.

1943  World War II: The O.B.S. (German General Headquarters for the Mediterranean zone) in Frascati is bombed by USAAF.

1941  World War II: Siege of Leningrad begins. German forces begin a siege against the Soviet Union‘s second-largest city, Leningrad.

1933  Ghazi bin Faisal became King of Iraq.

Iraq and Its History:

Ghazi, Kings, and Kingdom of Iraq:

1930  3M begins marketing Scotch transparent tape.

1926  Germany is admitted to the League of Nations.

1925  Rif War: Spanish forces including troops from the Foreign Legion under Colonel Francisco Franco landing at Al Hoceima (Northern Morocco).

1914  World War I: Private Thomas Highgate becomes the first British soldier to be executed for desertion during the war.

1888 In Spain, the first travel of Isaac Peral’s submarine, was the first practical submarine ever made.

1831  November Uprising: Battle of Warsaw ends, effectively ending the Insurrection.

1796  French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Bassano: French forces defeat Austrian troops at Bassano del Grappa.

1793  French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Hondschoote.

1756  French and Indian War: Kittanning Expedition.

1755  French and Indian War: Battle of Lake George.

1655  Warsaw falls without resistance to a small force under the command of Charles X Gustav of Sweden during The Deluge, making it the first time the city is captured by a foreign army.

 

 

SEPTEMBER 9

2012  A wave of attacks kill more than 100 people and injure 350 others across Iraq.

2012  The Indian space agency puts into orbit its heaviest foreign satellite yet, in a streak of 21 consecutive successful PLSV launches.

2001  The Unix billenium is reached, marking the beginning of the use of 10-digit decimal Unix time stamps.

2001  Pärnu methanol tragedy occurs in Pärnu County, Estonia.

2001  Ahmad Shah Massoud, leader of the Northern Alliance, is assassinated in Afghanistan by two al-Qaeda assassins who claimed to be Arab journalists wanting an interview.

1993  The Palestine Liberation Organization officially recognizes Israel as a legitimate state.

1991  Tajikistan declares independence from the Soviet Union.

Tajikistan:

History of Tajikistan:

Independence of Tajikistan:

Tajikistan and Its Foreign Relations:

1990  1990 Batticaloa massacre, massacre of 184 minority Tamil civilians by Sri Lankan Army in the eastern Batticaloa District of Sri Lanka.

1972  In Kentucky‘s Mammoth Cave National Park, a Cave Research Foundation exploration and mapping team discovers a link between the Mammoth and Flint Ridge cave systems, making it the longest known cave passageway in the world.

1971  The four-day Attica Prison riot begins, eventually resulting in 39 dead, most killed by state troopers retaking the prison.

1970  A British airliner is hijacked by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and flown to Dawson’s Field in Jordan.

1969  In Canada, the Official Languages Act comes into force, making French equal to English throughout the Federal government.

1966  The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act is signed into law by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson.

1965  Tibet is made an autonomous region of China.

History of Tibet:

Tibet and China:

1956  Elvis Presley appears on The Ed Sullivan Show for the first time.

1948  Kim Il-sung declares the establishment of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.

Kim Il-sung:

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea):

News and News Archives of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea):

1947  First case of a computer bug being found: a moth lodges in a relay of a Harvard Mark II computer at Harvard University.

1945  Second Sino-Japanese War: The Empire of Japan formally surrenders to China.

1944  World War II: The Fatherland Front takes power in Bulgaria through a military coup in the capital and armed rebellion in the country. A new pro-Soviet government is established.

1942  World War II: A Japanese floatplane drops incendiary bombs on Oregon.

1940  Treznea massacre: The Hungarian Army, supported by local Hungarians kill 93 Romanian civilians in Treznea, a village in Northern Transylvania, as part of attempts to ethnic cleansing.

1940  George Stibitz pioneers the first remote operation of a computer.

1939  Burmese national hero U Ottama dies in prison after a hunger strike to protest Britain’s colonial government.

1939  World War II: The Battle of Hel begins, the longest-defended pocket of Polish Army resistance during the German invasion of Poland.

1936  The crews of Portuguese Navy frigate NRP Afonso de Albuquerque and destroyer Dão mutinied against Salazar dictatorship‘s support of General Franco‘s coup and declared their solidarity with the Spanish Republic.

1926  In the United States the National Broadcasting Company is formed.

1924  Hanapepe massacre occurs on Kauai, Hawaii.

1923  Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey, founds the Republican People’s Party.

1922  The Greco-Turkish War effectively ends with Turkish victory over the Greeks in Smyrna.

1914  World War I: The creation of the Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade, the first fully mechanized unit in the British Army.

1886  The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works is finalized.

1855  Crimean War: The Siege of Sevastopol comes to an end when Russian forces abandon the city.

Crimean War:

Siege of Sevastopol:

1839  John Herschel takes the first glass plate photograph.

1801  Alexander I of Russia confirms the privileges of Baltic provinces.

1791  Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, is named after President George Washington.

1776  The Continental Congress officially names its new union of sovereign states the United States.

1739  Stono Rebellion, the largest slave uprising in Britain’s mainland North American colonies prior to the American Revolution, erupts near Charleston, South Carolina.

 

 

SEPTERMBER 10

WORLD SUICIDE PREVENTION DAY

2008  The Large Hadron Collider at CERN, described as the biggest scientific experiment in history, is powered up in Geneva, Switzerland.

2007  Former Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif returns to Pakistan after seven years in exile, following a military coup in October 1999.

2002  Switzerland, traditionally a neutral country, joins the United Nations.

Switzerland:

History of Switzerland:

Foreign Relations and Neutrality of Switzerland, and the United Nations:

2001  Antônio da Costa Santos, mayor of Campinas, Brazil is assassinated.

2000  Operation Barras successfully frees six British soldiers held captive for over two weeks and contributes to the end of the Sierra Leone Civil War.

Sierra Leone:

History of Sierra Leone:

Sierra Leone Civil War:

UN and Sierra Leone:

1990  The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire, the largest church in Africa, is consecrated by Pope John Paul II.

1977  Hamida Djandoubi, convicted of torture and murder, is the last person to be executed by guillotine in France.

1976  Five Croatian terrorists capture TWA-plane at La Guardia Airport, NY.

1974  Guinea-Bissau gains independence from Portugal.

Guinea-Bissau:

History of Guinea-Bissau:

Independence of Guinea-Bissau:

Economy of Guinea-Bissau:

1969  US performs nuclear test at Grand Valley, Colorado.

1967  The people of Gibraltar vote to remain a British dependency rather than becoming part of Spain.

1961  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1960  At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Abebe Bikila becomes the first sub-Saharan African to win a gold medal, winning the marathon in bare feet.

1946  While riding a train to Darjeeling, Sister Teresa Bojaxhiu of the Loreto Sisters’ Convent claimed to have heard the call of God, directing her “to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them”. She would become known as Mother Teresa.

1943  World War II: German forces begin their occupation of Rome.

1942  World War II: The British Army carries out an amphibious landing on Madagascar to re-launch Allied offensive operations in the Madagascar Campaign.

1939  World War II: Canada declares war on Nazi Germany, joining the Allies – Poland, France, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia.

1939  World War II: The submarine HMS Oxley is mistakenly sunk by the submarine HMS Triton near Norway and becomes the Royal Navy‘s first loss.

1937  Nine nations attend the Nyon Conference to address international piracy in the Mediterranean Sea.

The Concept of Piracy and the Nyon Agreement of 1937:

Piracy and Legal Issues:

1935  India’s first all-boys public school, The Doon School, is founded.

1919  Austria and the Allies sign the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye recognizing the independence of Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

1918  Russian Civil War: The Red Army captures Kazan.

1898  Empress Elisabeth of Austria is assassinated by Luigi Lucheni.

1897  Lattimer massacre: A sheriff’s posse kills 20 unarmed immigrant miners in Pennsylvania, United States.

1858  George Mary Searle discovers the asteroid 55 Pandora.

1846  Elias Howe is granted a patent for the sewing machine.

1823  Simón Bolívar is named President of Peru.

 

 

SEPTEMBER 11

2013  A 400 km long human chain called Catalan Way is organized by the Assemblea Nacional Catalana for the independence of Catalonia

2012  The U.S. embassy in Benghazi, Libya is attacked, resulting in four deaths.

2007  Russia tests the largest conventional weapon ever, the Father of All Bombs.

2001  Two allegedly hijacked aircraft crash into the World Trade Center in New York City, while a third smashes into The Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, and a fourth into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, in a series of coordinated suicide attacks by reportedly 19 members of al-Qaeda. In total 2,996 people are killed.

9/11 Official Story:

“9/11 Truth Movement”:

Counter-“9/11 Truth Movement”:

9/11 Various Aspects:

Bush Family, CIA, and Osama bin Laden:

Osama bin Laden, 9/11, and Iraq:

Al-Qaeda:

YouTube Videos on 9/11:

A Few Books, Among Many Others, relating to 9/11:

1997  Fourteen Estonian soldiers die in the Kurkse tragedy, drowning in the Baltic Sea.

1997  After a nationwide referendum, Scotland votes to establish a devolved parliament within the United Kingdom.

1997  NASA‘s Mars Global Surveyor reaches Mars.

1989  Hungary announces that the East German refugees who had been housed in temporary camps were free to leave for West Germany.

1988  The St. Jean Bosco massacre takes place in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

1986  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

1985  Pete Rose breaks Ty Cobb‘s baseball record for most career hits with his 4,192nd hit.

1983  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1982  The international forces that were guaranteeing the safety of Palestinian refugees following Israel‘s 1982 Invasion of Lebanon leave Beirut. Five days later, several thousand refugees are massacred in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps.

1980  Voters approve a new Constitution of Chile, later amended after the departure of president Pinochet.

1978  Janet Parker is the last person to die of smallpox, in a laboratory-associated outbreak.

1976  A group of Croatian nationalists plant a bomb in a coin locker at Grand Central Terminal. After stating political demands, they reveal the location and provided instructions for disarming the bomb. The disarming operation are not executed properly and the bomb explodes, killing one NYPD bomb squad specialist.

Background Direct or Indirect: Croatia, Nationalism, and Its Independence Movement:

Background Direct or Indirect: Independent State of Croatia (NDH) in World War II:

Background Direct or Indirect: Jasenovac Concentration Camp:

Background Direct or Indirect: Bleiburg Massacre:

1973  A coup in Chile headed by General Augusto Pinochet topples the democratically elected president Salvador Allende. Pinochet exercises dictatorial power until ousted in a referendum in 1988, staying in power until 1990.

1971  The Egyptian Constitution becomes official.

1970  The Dawson’s Field hijackers release 88 of their hostages. The remaining hostages, mostly Jews and Israeli citizens, are held until September 25.

1969  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1968  The International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) was found.

1965  Indo-Pakistani War: The Indian Army captures the town of Burki, just southeast of Lahore.

1945  World War II: Australian 9th Division forces liberate the Japanese-run Batu Lintang camp, a POW and civilian internment camp on the island of Borneo.

1944  World War II: RAF bombing raid on Darmstadt and the following firestorm kill 11,500.

1944  World War II: The first Allied troops of the U.S. Army cross the western border of Germany.

1943  World War II: Start of the liquidation of the Ghettos in Minsk and Lida by the Nazis.

1943  World War II: German troops occupy Corsica and Kosovo–Metohija.

1941  Charles Lindbergh’s Des Moines Speech accusing the British, Jews and the Roosevelt administration of pressing for war with Germany.

1941  Ground is broken for the construction of The Pentagon.

1940  George Stibitz performs the first remote operation of a computer.

1936  World War II: Canada declares war on Germany, the country’s first independent declaration of war

1922  The Treaty of Kars is ratified in Yerevan, Armenia.

1921  Nahalal, the first moshav in Palestine, is settled as part of a Zionist plan to colonize Palestine and creating a Jewish state, later to be Israel.

Nahalal, and Jewish Settlement:

Zionism Movement:

History of Zionism:

1919  US Marines invade Honduras.

Honduras:

History of Honduras:

US Invasion of Honduras and of Other Countries:

Honduras – United States Relations:

1914  Australia invades New Britain, defeating a German contingent at the Battle of Bita Paka.

1897  After months of pursuit, generals of Menelik II of Ethiopia capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of Kaffa, bringing an end to that ancient kingdom.

Kingdom of Kaffa:

History of the Kingdom of Kaffa:

1893  Parliament of the World’s Religions opens in Chicago, where Swami Vivekananda delivers his speech on fanaticism, tolerance and the truth inherent in all religions.

Swami Vivekananda:

Swami Vivekananda’s Speech at Chicago, September 11, 1893:

1857  The Mountain Meadows massacre: Mormon settlers and Paiutes massacre 120 pioneers at Mountain Meadows, Utah.

1852  The State of Buenos Aires secedes from the Argentine Federal government, rejoining on September 17, 1861. Several places are named Once de Septiembre after this event.

1851  Christiana Resistance: Escaped slaves stand against their former owner in armed resistance in Christiana, Pennsylvania, creating a rallying cry for the abolitionist movement.

1830  Anti-Masonic Party convention; one of the first American political party conventions.

1829  Surrender of the expedition led by Isidro Barradas at Tampico, sent by the Spanish crown in order to retake Mexico. This was the consummation of Mexico’s campaign for independence.

1803  Battle of Delhi, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, between British troops under General Lake, and Marathas of Scindia‘s army under General Louis Bourquin.

1802  France annexes the Kingdom of Piedmont.

1786  The beginning of the Annapolis Convention.

1776  British–American peace conference on Staten Island fails to stop nascent American Revolutionary War.

1758  Battle of Saint Cast: France repels British invasion during the Seven Years’ War.

1714  Siege of Barcelona: Barcelona, capital city of Catalonia, surrenders to Spanish and French Bourbon armies in the War of the Spanish Succession.

1709  Battle of Malplaquet: Great Britain, Netherlands and Austria fight against France.

1708  Charles XII of Sweden stops his march to conquer Moscow outside Smolensk, marking the turning point in the Great Northern War. The army is defeated nine months later in the Battle of Poltava, and the Swedish Empire ceases to be a major power.

1697  Battle of Zenta.

 

 

SEPTEMBER 12

2011  The 9/11 Memorial Museum in New York City opens to the public.

2007  Former Philippine President Joseph Estrada is convicted of the crime of plunder.

2003  Iraq War: In Fallujah, U.S. forces mistakenly shoot and kill eight Iraqi police officers.

2003  The United Nations lifts sanctions against Libya after that country agreed to accept responsibility and recompense the families of victims in the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.

1999  Indonesia announces it will allow international peace-keepers into East Timor.

1992  Abimael Guzmán, leader of the Shining Path, is captured by Peruvian special forces; shortly thereafter the rest of Shining Path‘s leadership fell as well.

1992  NASA launches Space Shuttle Endeavour on STS-47 which marked the 50th shuttle mission. On board are Mae Carol Jemison, the first African-American woman in space, Mamoru Mohri, the first Japanese citizen to fly in a US spaceship, and Mark Lee and Jan Davis, the first married couple in space.

1990  The two German states and the Four Powers sign the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany in Moscow, paving the way for German reunification.

1988  Hurricane Gilbert devastates Jamaica; it turns towards Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula 2 days later, causing an estimated $5 billion in damage.

1983  The USSR vetoes a United Nations Security Council Resolution deploring the Soviet shooting down of a Korean civilian jetliner on September 1.

1983  A Wells Fargo depot in West Hartford, Connecticut, United States, is robbed of approximately US$7 million by Los Macheteros.

1980  Military coup in Turkey.

1979  Indonesia is hit with an earthquake that measures 8.1 on the Richter scale.

1977  South African anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko dies in police custody.

1974  Juventude Africana Amílcar Cabral is founded in Guinea-Bissau.

1974  Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, ‘Messiah‘ of the Rastafari movement, is deposed following a military coup by the Derg, ending a reign of 58 years.

1973  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1970  Dawson’s Field hijackings: Palestinian terrorists blow up three hijacked airliners in Jordan, continuing to hold the passengers hostage in various undisclosed locations in Amman.

1966  Gemini 11, the penultimate mission of NASA’s Gemini program, and the current human altitude record holder (except for the Apollo lunar missions)

1964  Canyonlands National Park is designated as a National Park.

1961  The African and Malagasy Union is founded.

1961  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1959  The Soviet Union launches a large rocket, Lunik II, at the moon.

1959  Premiere of Bonanza, the first regularly scheduled TV program presented in color.

1958  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

1958  Jack Kilby demonstrates the first integrated circuit.

1953  U.S. Senator and future President John Fitzgerald Kennedy marries Jacqueline Lee Bouvier at St. Mary’s Church in Newport, Rhode Island.

1952  Strange occurrences, including a monster sighting, take place in Flatwoods, West Virginia.

1948  Invasion of the State of Hyderabad by the Indian Army on the day after the Pakistani leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah‘s death.

1944  World War II: The liberation of Serbia from Nazi Germany continues. Bajina Bašta in western Serbia is among those liberated cities. Near Trier, American troops enter Germany for the first time.

1943  World War II: Benito Mussolini, dictator of Italy, is rescued from house arrest on the Gran Sasso in Abruzzi, by German commando forces led by Otto Skorzeny.

1942  World War II: First day of the Battle of Edson’s Ridge during the Guadalcanal Campaign. U.S. Marines protecting Henderson Field on Guadalcanal are attacked by Imperial Japanese Army forces.

1942  World War II: RMS Laconia, carrying civilians, Allied soldiers and Italian POWs is torpedoed off the coast of West Africa and sinks with a heavy loss of life.

1940  An explosion at the Hercules Powder Company plant in Kenvil, New Jersey kills 51 people and injures over 200.

1940  Cave paintings are discovered in Lascaux, France.

1938  Adolf Hitler demands autonomy and self-determination for the Germans of the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia.

1933  Leó Szilárd, waiting for a red light on Southampton Row in Bloomsbury, conceives the idea of the nuclear chain reaction.

1923  Southern Rhodesia, today called Zimbabwe, is annexed by the United Kingdom.

1919  Adolf Hitler joins the German Workers’ Party (later the Nazi Party).

1897  Tirah Campaign: Battle of Saragarhi.

1890  Salisbury, Rhodesia, is founded.

1848  Switzerland becomes a Federal state.

 

 

SEPTEMBER 13

2013  Taliban insurgents attack the United States consulate in Herat, Afghanistan, with two members of the Afghan National Police reported dead and about 20 civilians injured.

2008  Delhi, India, is hit by a series of bomb blasts, resulting in 30 deaths and 130 injuries.

2007  The Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is adopted by the United Nations General Assembly.

2001  Civilian aircraft traffic resumes in the United States after the September 11 attacks.

1994  Ulysses probe passes the Sun’s south pole.

1993  Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin shakes hands with Palestine Liberation Organization chairman Yasser Arafat at the White House after signing the Oslo Accords granting limited Palestinian autonomy.

1989  Largest anti-Apartheid march in South Africa, led by Desmond Tutu.

Desmond Tutu:

1989 Peace March against Apartheid:

1988  Hurricane Gilbert is the strongest recorded hurricane in the Western Hemisphere, later replaced by Hurricane Wilma in 2005 (based on barometric pressure).

1987  Goiânia accident: A radioactive object is stolen from an abandoned hospital in Goiânia, Brazil, contaminating many people in the following weeks and causing some to die from radiation poisoning.

1985  Super Mario Bros. is released in Japan for the NES, which starts the Super Mario series of platforming games.

1981  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1979  South Africa grants independence to the “homeland” of Venda (not recognized outside South Africa).

South Africa:

History of South Africa:

Venda, Its People, Culture, and History:

1974  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1971  Chairman Mao Zedong‘s second in command and successor Marshal Lin Biao flees the People’s Republic of China after the failure of an alleged coup. His plane crashes in Mongolia, killing all aboard.

1968  Albania leaves the Warsaw Pact.

1964  South Vietnamese Generals Lâm Văn Phát and Dương Văn Đức fail in a coup attempt against General Nguyễn Khánh.

1963  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

1961  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1961  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1956  The IBM 305 RAMAC is introduced, the first commercial computer to use disk storage.

1956  The dike around the Dutch polder East Flevoland is closed.

1953  Nikita Khrushchev is appointed General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Nikita Khrushchev:

Communist Party of the Soviet Union:

1948  Margaret Chase Smith is elected senator, and becomes the first woman to serve in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the United States Senate.

1948  Deputy Primer Minister of India Vallabhbhai Patel ordered the Army to move into the Hyderabad to integrate it with Indian Union.

1943  The Municipal Theatre of Corfu is destroyed during an aerial bombardment by Luftwaffe.

1942  World War II: Second day of the Battle of Edson’s Ridge in the Guadalcanal Campaign. U.S. Marines successfully defeated attacks by the Imperial Japanese Army with heavy losses for the Japanese forces.

1933  Elizabeth McCombs becomes the first woman elected to the New Zealand Parliament.

1923  Following a military coup in Spain, Miguel Primo de Rivera takes over, setting up a dictatorship.

1922  The final act of the Greco-Turkish War, the Great Fire of Smyrna, commences.

Also see the date of “SEPTEMBER 7, 1922       In Aydın, Turkey, independence of Aydın, from Greek occupation.”

Greco-Turkish War:

Great Fire of Smyrna:

1914  World War I: The Battle of Aisne begins between Germany and France.

1914  World War I: South African troops open hostilities in German south-west Africa (Namibia) with an assault on the Ramansdrift police station.

1906  First flight of a fixed-wing aircraft in Europe.

1900  Filipino resistance fighters defeat a small American column in the Battle of Pulang Lupa, during the Philippine–American War.

1899  Mackinder, Ollier and Brocherel make the first ascent of Batian (5,199 m – 17,058 ft), the highest peak of Mount Kenya.

1882  Anglo-Egyptian War: The Battle of Tel el-Kebir is fought.

1847  Mexican–American War: Six teenage military cadets known as Niños Héroes die defending Chapultepec Castle in the Battle of Chapultepec. American troops under General Winfield Scott capture Mexico City in the Mexican–American War.

1843  The Greek Army rebels (OS date: September 3) against the autocratic rule of king Otto of Greece, demanding the granting of a constitution.

______________________________

Satoshi Ashikaga, having worked as researcher, development program/project officer, legal protection/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, prefers a peaceful and prudent life, especially that in communion with nature.  His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, remind him of the invaluableness of peace.  His interest and/or expertise includes international affairs, international law, jurisprudence, economic and business affairs, project/operations or organizational management, geography, history, the environmental/ecological issues, audio/visual documentation of nature and culture, and more. Being a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, he is currently compiling This Week in History on TMS.

(Sources and references: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_7 to _13; http://www.onthisday.com/day/september/7    to august/30; http://www.brainyhistory.com/days/september_7.html   to _13.html; and other pertinent websites and/or documents, mentioned above.)

  1. The views expressed in the cited or quoted websites and/or documents in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the author of this article. These websites and/or documents are cited or quoted for academic or educational purposes. Neither the author of this article nor the Transcend Media Service (TMS) is responsible for the contents, information, or whatsoever contained in these websites and/or documents.
  2. One of the primary purposes of this article is to provide the readers with opportunities to think about “peace”, including positive peace and negative peace as well as external/outer peace and internal/inner peace, and more, directly or indirectly, from various angles and/or in the broadest sense, through historical events. It is because this article is prepared specifically for the TMS whose main objective is to address “peace” through peace journalism.

This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 7 Sep 2015.

Anticopyright: Editorials and articles originated on TMS may be freely reprinted, disseminated, translated and used as background material, provided an acknowledgement and link to the source, TMS: This Week in History, is included. Thank you.

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