This Week in History
HISTORY, 14 Sep 2015
Satoshi Ashikaga – TRANSCEND Media Service
Sep 14-20
QUOTE OF THE WEEK:
“Whatever you do, do with deep alertness, then even small things become sacred.” – Osho
SEPTEMBER 14
2007 Late-2000s financial crisis: The Northern Rock bank experiences the first bank run in the United Kingdom in 150 years.
- Causes of the late 2000s financial crisis – The Economic Times
- Late-2000s financial crisis – The Hill
- US Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission Report
- Subprime mortgage crisis – UNC.edu
- The effect of the late 2000s financial crisis on suicides in Spain:an interrupted time-series analysis. – NIVgov
- The Fingerprints of 2000-01 Are All Over the Crisis – Forbes.com
- The Federal Reserve and the Financial Crisis: Interactive Timeline
2003 In a referendum, Estonia approves joining the European Union.
Estonia:
- Estonia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Estonia – CountryStudies.us
- Estonia – Infoplease.com
- Estonia – LonelyPlanet.com
- Estonia – NationsOnline.org
- Visit Estonia – Official Site
- Estonia – European Union – Europe.eu
Estonia and the European Union:
- Estonian European Union membership referendum, 2003 – Wikipedia
- Estonia and the Euro – European Commission
- European Union – World Fact Book – CIA
History of Estonia:
- History of Estonia – Wikipedia
- Estonia – History – Encyclopedia about Estonia
- Estonia – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- 33Estonia – History – Infoplease.com
- History of Estonia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Hi3story of Estonia – ChicagoPianos.com
- History of Estonia – CountryStudies.us
- HISTORY OF ESTONIA – HistoryWorld.net
Foreign Relations of Estonia:
- Republic of Estonia – Government
- Foreign relations of Estonia – Wikipedia
- Foreign Relations – Estonia – CountryStudies.us
- Estonia – Foreign Relations – GlobalSecurity.org
- Estonia – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- Estonia Foreign Relations – Photius.com
- FOREIGN RELATIONS OF ESTONIA – Self.Gutenberg.org
- Articles on Foreign Relations with Russia – The Los Angeles Times
2001 Historic National Prayer Service held at Washington National Cathedral for victims of the September 11 attacks. A similar service is held in Canada on Parliament Hill, the largest vigil ever held in the nation’s capital.
2000 Microsoft releases Windows ME.
1999 Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga join the United Nations.
Kiribati:
History of Kiribati:
- History of Kiribati – Wikipedia
- Kiribati – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- A Brief History – Kiribati – KiribatiStories.com
- History of Kiribati – MapsOfWorld.com
- History of Kiribati – SafariTheGlobe.com
Nauru:
- Nauru – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Nauru – LonelyPlanet.com
- Nauru – Infoplease.com
- Nauru – UN Data
- Nauru – WorldAtlas.com
- Foreign relations of Nauru – Wikipedia
History of Nauru:
- History of Nauru – Wikipedia
- Nauru – A Short History – JaneResture.com
- Nauru – Geography and History – MapsOfWorld.com
- Nauru – History and Culture – iExplore.com
Tonga:
- Tonga – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Tonga – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Tonga – Infoplease.com
- Tonga – UN Data
- Foreign relations of Tonga – Wikipedia
History of Tonga:
- History of Tonga – Wikipedia
- The History of Tonga – FactRover.com
- The Kingdom of Tonga – History – WordPress.com
- Tonga – EveryCulture.com
- Ancient History of Tonga – BlueBananaStudio.com
- Tonga – Timelines
1998 Telecommunications companies MCI Communications and WorldCom complete their $37 billion merger to form MCI WorldCom.
1992 The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina declares the breakaway Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia to be illegal.
1982 President-elect of Lebanon, Bachir Gemayel, is assassinated.
1979 Afghan President Nur Muhammad Taraki is assassinated upon the order of Hafizullah Amin, who becomes the new president.
1975 The first American saint, Elizabeth Ann Seton, is canonized by Pope Paul VI.
1960 Congo Crisis: With CIA help, Mobutu Sese Seko seizes power in a military coup, suspending parliament and the constitution.
1960 The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is founded.
1959 The Soviet probe Luna 2 crashes onto the Moon, becoming the first man-made object to reach it.
1958 The first two German post-war rockets, designed by the German engineer Ernst Mohr, reach the upper atmosphere.
1954 In a top secret nuclear test, a Soviet Tu-4 bomber drops a 40 kiloton atomic weapon just north of Totskoye village.
- Red Army. Totskoye range nuclear tests (?)
- Nuclear Test in Totskoye in 1954
- Totskoye nuclear range tests, Province of Orenburg, Russia (map)
- Top 10 Secret Nuclear Test Sites in the World
1944 World War II: Maastricht becomes the first Dutch city to be liberated by allied forces.
1943 World War II: The Wehrmacht starts a three-day retaliatory operation targeting several Greek villages in Viannos, whose death toll would exceeded 500 persons.
1940 Ip massacre: The Hungarian Army, supported by local Hungarians, kill 158 Romanian civilians in Ip, Sălaj, a village in Northern Transylvania, an act of ethnic cleansing.
1939 World War II: The Estonian military boards the Polish submarine ORP Orzeł in Tallinn, sparking a diplomatic incident that the Soviet Union will later use to justify the annexation of Estonia.
1917 Russia is officially proclaimed a republic.
1914 HMAS AE1, the Royal Australian Navy‘s first submarine, was lost at sea with all hands near East New Britain, Papua New Guinea.
1901 US President William McKinley dies after an assassination attempt on September 6, and is succeeded by Vice President Theodore Roosevelt.
1847 Mexican–American War: Winfield Scott captures Mexico City.
1846 Jang Bahadur and his brothers massacre about 40 members of the Nepalese palace court.
1829 The Ottoman Empire signs the Treaty of Adrianople with Russia, thus ending the Russo-Turkish War.
1812 Napoleonic Wars: The French Grande Armée enters Moscow. The Fire of Moscow begins as soon as Russian troops leave the city.
1808 Finnish War: Russians defeat the Swedes in the bloody Battle of Oravais.
1791 The Papal States lose Avignon to the French Empire.
1763 Seneca warriors defeat British forces at the Battle of Devil’s Hole during Pontiac’s War.
1752 The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar, skipping eleven days (the previous day was September 2).
SEPTEMBER 15
2008 Lehman Brothers files for Chapter 1 bankruptcy, the largest bankruptcy filing in U.S. history.
- Case Study: The Collapse of Lehman Brothers – Investopedia.com
- Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy – The Huffington Post
- Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy and the Financial Crisis: Lessons Learned – The Heritage Foundation
- Who really pulled the trigger on Lehman? – Channel4.com
2000 The Games of the XXVII Olympiad begin in Sydney, Australia.
1998 With the landmark merger of WorldCom and MCI Communications completed the day prior, the new MCI WorldCom opens its doors for business.
1993 Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II disbands Parliament
1990 France announces it will send 4,000 troops to the Persian Gulf.
1987 United States Secretary of State George Shultz and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze sign a treaty to establish centers to reduce the risk of nuclear war.
1984 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
- Slow Death of Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFRL.org
- Semipalitinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
- The lasting toll of Semipalitinsk’s nuclear testing – TheBulletin.org
- External Doses of Residents near Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site – ResearchGate.net
- Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalitinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
1983 Israeli premier Menachem Begin resigns.
1981 Vanuatu becomes a member of the United Nations.
Vanuatu:
History of Vanuatu:
- History of Vanuatu – Wikipedia
- Vanuatu – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- Vanuatu – Culture and History – EveryCulture.com
- Vanuatu – History – VanuatuInformation.com
- A Quick History of Vanuatu – TheHavanah.com
- Vanuatu history and facts in brief
1981 The John Bull becomes the oldest operable steam locomotive in the world when the Smithsonian Institution operates it under its own power outside Washington, D.C.
1981 The Senate Judiciary Committee unanimously approves Sandra Day O’Connor to become the first female justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
1979 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
- Slow Death of Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFRL.org
- Semipalitinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
- The lasting toll of Semipalitinsk’s nuclear testing – TheBulletin.org
- External Doses of Residents near Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site – ResearchGate.net
- Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalitinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
1978 Muhammad Ali outpointed Leon Spinks in a rematch to become the first boxer to win the world heavyweight title three times at the Superdome in New Orleans.
1977 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
- List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
- NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
- NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
- Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
- Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
- Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
- Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
- ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
- 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
- Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- The Nuclear Matters Handbook
1975 The French department of “Corse” (the entire island of Corsica) is divided into two: Haute-Corse (Upper Corsica) and Corse-du-Sud (Southern Corsica)
1966 US President Lyndon B. Johnson, responding to a sniper attack at the University of Texas at Austin, writes a letter to Congress urging the enactment of gun control legislation.
1962 The Soviet ship Poltava heads toward Cuba, one of the events that sets into motion the Cuban Missile Crisis.
1962 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.
- Novaya Zemlya – GlobalSecurity.org
- NOVAYA ZEMLYA – AtlasObscura.com
- Novaya Zemlya – GiantBomb.com
- NOVA ZEMLYA (NOVAYA ZEMLYA) 58 MEGA TON H BOMB TEST – ArkCode.com
- Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya – NTI.org
- ICE Case Studies – Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker – American.edu
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – Image – NASA
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – NovayaZemlya.net
- Novaya Zemlya, Russia – Nuclear-Risks.org
- Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated – July 31, 2014 – TASS Russian News Agency
- Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adapt nuclear test site, by Tatyana Sinitsyna – RIA Novosti, Russia – 15 August 2006
- UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRPAPHICAL SURVEY – Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501 – Reston, Virginia – 1993
1959 Nikita Khrushchev becomes the first Soviet leader to visit the United States.
- Sep 15 1959 – THIS DAY IN HISTORY: Khrushchev arrives in Washington
- Khrushchev visits the United States in 1959 – The Bulletin
- Khrushchev visits the United States – UPI.com
- Nikita Khrushchev visits the United States, Sep 15, 1959 – Politico.com
1952 The United Nations cedes Eritrea to Ethiopia.
1950 Korean War: United States forces land at Inchon
- TIMELINE OF KOREAN WAR EVENTS – KoreanWar60.com
- Korean War Timeline – SoftSchools.com
- KOREAN WAR (1950-1953) – TIMELINE – SparkNotes.com
1948 The F-86 Sabre sets the world aircraft speed record at 671 miles per hour (1,080 km/h).
1947 RCA releases the 12AX7 vacuum tube.
1945 A hurricane in southern Florida and the Bahamas destroys 366 planes and 25 blimps at NAS Richmond.
1944 Battle of Peleliu begins as the United States Marine Corps‘ 1st Marine Division and the United States Army‘s 81st Infantry Division hit White and Orange beaches under heavy fire from Japanese infantry and artillery.
1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet in Quebec as part of the Octagon Conference to discuss strategy.
1942 World War II: US Navy aircraft carrier USS Wasp is sunk by a Japanese torpedo at Guadalcanal.
1940 World War II: The climax of the Battle of Britain, when the Royal Air Force shoots down large numbers of Luftwaffe aircraft.
1935 Nazi Germany adopts a new national flag bearing the swastika.
- Swastika – Encyclopedia Britannica
- HISTORY OF THE SWASTIKA – Holocaust Encyclopedia
- The History of Swastika – About.com
- General meaning of the Swastika – Swastika-Info.com
- The symbol of the Swastika and its 12,000-year-old history – Ancient-Origins.net
1935 The Nuremberg Laws deprive German Jews of citizenship.
- Sep 15 1935 THIS DAY IN HISTORY: Nuremberg race laws imposed – History.com
- The Nuremberg Laws: Background & Overview – Jewish Virtual Library
- The Nuremberg Race Laws – The History Place – HistoryPlace.com
- THE NUREMBERG RACE LAWS – The Holocaust: A Learning Sites for Students
- The Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935 – About.com
1916 World War I: Tanks are used for the first time in battle, at the Battle of the Somme.
- Tanks in World War I – Wikipedia
- Tanks and World War One – The History Learning Site – HistoryLearningSite.co.uk
- WW1 Tanks – WW1 Facts
- The Battle Field Debut of the Tank, 1916
- World War One German Tanks and the First Ever Tank Battle – Tank.net
1894 First Sino-Japanese War: Japan defeats Qing dynasty China in the Battle of Pyongyang.
1873 Franco-Prussian War: The last German troops leave France upon completion of payment of indemnity.
1835 HMS Beagle, with Charles Darwin aboard, reaches the Galápagos Islands. The ship lands at Chatham or San Cristobal, the easternmost of the archipelago.
1821 Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica jointly declare independence from Spain.
1820 Constitutionalist revolution in Lisbon, Portugal.
1816 HMS Whiting runs aground on the Doom Bar
1812 War of 1812: A second supply train sent to relieve Fort Harrison is ambushed in the Attack at the Narrows.
1812 The French army under Napoleon reaches the Kremlin in Moscow.
1789 The United States “Department of Foreign Affairs”, established by law in July, is renamed the Department of State and given a variety of domestic duties.
1762 Seven Years’ War: Battle of Signal Hill.
1616 The first non-aristocratic, free public school in Europe is opened in Frascati, Italy.
SEPTEMBER 16
2014 The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant launches its Kobane offensive against Syrian–Kurdish forces.
- Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict – Wikipedia
- “The Siege of Kobanî was launched by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (also known as ISIL, ISIS, or Daesh) militants on 13 September 2014, in order to capture the Kobanî Canton and its main city of Kobanî (also known as Kobanê or Ayn al-Arab) in northern Syria, in the de facto autonomous region of Rojava.” – Siege of Kobanî – Wikipedia
- “Burkan El-Fırat strikes another blow against IS in Kobanê” – “Arab youths join Syria Kurdish –opposition group” – “Three more villages liberated in Tal Hamîs” – September 16, 2014 – Syrian Kurdistan News in brief
2007 Mercenaries working for Blackwater Worldwide shoot and kill 17 Iraqis in Nisour Square, Baghdad; all criminal charges against them are later dismissed, however they are later tried and convicted of the crime.
2005 The Camorra organized crime boss Paolo Di Lauro is arrested in Naples, Italy.
1994 The British government lifts the broadcasting ban imposed against members of Sinn Féin and Irish paramilitary groups in 1988.
1992 Black Wednesday: The pound is forced out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism by currency speculators and is forced to devalue against the German mark.
1992 The trial of the deposed Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega ends in the United States with a 40-year sentence for drug trafficking and money laundering.
1990 The railroad between the People’s Republic of China and Kazakhstan is completed at Dostyk, adding a sizable link to the concept of the Eurasian Land Bridge.
1987 The Montreal Protocol is signed to protect the ozone layer from depletion.
1987 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
- Slow Death of Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFRL.org
- Semipalitinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
- The lasting toll of Semipalitinsk’s nuclear testing – TheBulletin.org
- External Doses of Residents near Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site – ResearchGate.net
- Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalitinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
1982 1982 Lebanon war: the Sabra and Shatila massacre in Lebanon takes place.
1980 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines join the United Nations.
1979 USSR performs underground nuclear test at Donesk, Ukraine, USSR.
USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
- A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu
Underground Nuclear Tests:
- The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
- Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
- What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
- APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
- Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
- Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
- Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
- Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
1976 Shavarsh Karapetyan saves 20 people from the trolleybus that had fallen into Yerevan reservoir.
1975 The first prototype of the Mikoyan MiG-31 interceptor makes its maiden flight.
1975 The Cape Verde Islands, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe join the United Nations.
1975 Papua New Guinea gains independence from Australia.
Papua New Guinea:
- Papua New Guinea – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Papua New Guinea – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Papua New Guinea – Infoplease.com
- Papua New Guinea – Ethnologue.com
- Australia-Papua New Guinea relations – Wikipedia
- Papua New Guinea – UNDP
History of Papua New Guinea:
- History of Papua New Guinea – Wikipedia
- Papua New Guinea – Infoplease.com
- Papua New Guinea – LonelyPlanet.com
- Papua New Guinea – A Brief History – PapuaNewGuinea.net
- Papua New Guinea – History – TheCommonWealth.org
- Papua New Guinea – History and People – Geographia.com
- PAPUA NEW GUINEA – EARLY HISTORY – JanesOceanea.com
- The Rimbunan Hijau Group in the Forests of Papua New Guinea, by Jennifer Gabriel & Michael Wood – Volume 50, Issue 3, 2015 – The Journal of Pacific History
1970 King Hussein of Jordan declares military rule following the hijacking of four civilian airliners by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). This results in the formation of the Black September Palestinian paramilitary unit.
Jordan in September 1970:
- Black September in Jordan – Wikipedia
- “Black September”: The Jordanian-PLO Civil War of 1970 – About.com
- The Conflict of 1970 – HISTORY – JORDAN – KingHussein.gov.jo
Jordan:
- Jordan – CountryStudies.us
- Jordan – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Jordan: Country Profile – About.com
- Foreign relations of Jordan – Wikipedia
- Jordan – Foreign Affairs – King Hussein
- Is Jordan Doomed? By Lawrence Tal, – December 1993 Issue – Foreign Affairs
History of Jordan:
- History of Jordan – Wikipedia
- History of Jordan – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Jordan – History – Infoplease.com
- Jordan – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- Background History of Jordan – Philologos.org
- Jordan profile – Timeline – BBC
1967 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
- Slow Death of Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFRL.org
- Semipalitinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
- The lasting toll of Semipalitinsk’s nuclear testing – TheBulletin.org
- External Doses of Residents near Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site – ResearchGate.net
- Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalitinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
1963 Malaysia is formed from the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo (Sabah) and Sarawak. However, Singapore soon leaves this new country.
Malaysia:
- Malaysia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Malaysia – NationsOnline.org
- Malaysia – The World Bank
- Malaysia – Data – The World Bank
- Malaysia – The Economist
- Malaysia – Geographia.com
- Malaysia – LonelyPlanet.com
- Malaysia – Official Website of Tourism
- Foreign relations of Malaysia – Wikipedia
History of Malaysia:
- History of Malaysia – Wikipedia
- Malaysia History – MalaysiaHistory.net
- History of Malaysia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Malaysia – History – Infoplease.com
- Malaysia – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- Malaysia | Facts and History – About.com
- MALAYSIA HISTORY – 2Malaysia.com
1962 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.
- Novaya Zemlya – GlobalSecurity.org
- NOVAYA ZEMLYA – AtlasObscura.com
- Novaya Zemlya – GiantBomb.com
- NOVA ZEMLYA (NOVAYA ZEMLYA) 58 MEGA TON H BOMB TEST – ArkCode.com
- Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya – NTI.org
- ICE Case Studies – Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker – American.edu
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – Image – NASA
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – NovayaZemlya.net
- Novaya Zemlya, Russia – Nuclear-Risks.org
- Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated – July 31, 2014 – TASS Russian News Agency
- Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adapt nuclear test site, by Tatyana Sinitsyna – RIA Novosti, Russia – 15 August 2006
- UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRPAPHICAL SURVEY – Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501 – Reston, Virginia – 1993
1961 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.
For more pertinent information, see “1962 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR”, mentioned above.
1959 The first successful photocopier, the Xerox 914, is introduced in a demonstration on live television from New York City.
1955 A Soviet Navy Zulu-class submarine becomes the first submarine to launch a ballistic missile.
1955 The military coup to unseat President Juan Perón of Argentina is launched at midnight.
1945 World War II: The surrender of the Japanese troops in Hong Kong is accepted by Royal Navy Admiral Sir Cecil Harcourt.
1943 World War II: The Allied invasion of Italy concludes when Heinrich von Vietinghoff, commander of the German Tenth Army, orders his troops to withdraw from Salerno.
1941 World War II: Concerned that Reza Shah Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, was about to ally his petroleum-rich empire with Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union invade Iran in late August and force the Shah to abdicate in favor of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
1940 World War II: Italian troops conquer Sidi Barrani.
1920 The Wall Street bombing: A bomb in a horse wagon explodes in front of the J. P. Morgan building in New York City killing 38 and injuring 400.
1919 The American Legion is incorporated.
1908 The General Motors Corporation is founded.
1880 The Cornell Daily Sun prints its first issue in Ithaca, New York. The Sun is the nation’s oldest, continuously-independent college daily.
1863 Robert College of Istanbul–Turkey, the first American educational institution outside the United States, is founded by Christopher Robert, an American philanthropist.
1812 The Fire of Moscow begins shortly after midnight and destroys three quarters of the city days later.
1810 With the Grito de Dolores, Father Miguel Hidalgo begins Mexico’s fight for independence from Spain.
1795 The first occupation by United Kingdom of Cape Colony, South Africa with the Battle of Hout Bay, after successive victories at the Battle of Muizenberg and Wynberg, after William V requested protection against revolutionary France’s occupation of the Netherlands.
SEPTEMBER 17
2011 Occupy Wall Street movement begins in Zuccotti Park, New York City.
- Occupy Movement (Occupy Wall Street) – The New York Times
- OCCUPY WALL STREET – NYC GENERAL ASSEMBLY
- Occupy Wall Street | NYC Protest for World Revolution
- Occupy Wall Street
- Occupy Together | Home
- OCCUPY WALL STREET – Adbusters.org
2006 An audio tape of a private speech by Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány is leaked to the public, in which he confessed that his Hungarian Socialist Party had lied to win the 2006 election, sparking widespread protests across the country.
2006 Fourpeaked Mountain in Alaska erupts, marking the first eruption for the long-dormant volcano in at least 10,000 years.
2001 The New York Stock Exchange reopens for trading after the September 11 attacks, the longest closure since the Great Depression.
1992 An Iranian Kurdish leader and his two joiners are assassinated by political militants in Berlin, Germany.
1991 The first version of the Linux kernel (0.01) is released to the Internet.
1991 Estonia, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, the Marshall Islands and Micronesia join the United Nations.
1984 USSR performs underground nuclear test at Kemorovo, Russia.
USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
- A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu
Underground Nuclear Tests:
- The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
- Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
- What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
- APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
- Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
- Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
- Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
- Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
1983 Vanessa Williams becomes the first black Miss America.
Vanessa Williams:
- “In 1984 Vanessa Williams became the first black Miss America, beginning the year as one of the best Miss Americas ever, in the eyes of many pageant insiders, but ending her reign mid-year amidst scandal.” – People & Events: Breaking the Color Line at the Pageant
- “AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE BANNED from competing in the white-run beauty pageants of the early twentieth century…But this all changed on September 17, 1983 when Vanessa Lynn Williams, a 20 year-old college student from Millwood, NY, who had recently won the Miss New York crown, made history in becoming the first black Miss America (1984) after securing both the swimsuit and the talent sections of the completion.” – Moments in African American in History: Vanessa Williams Is Crowned The First Black Miss America (1984) – ARODUNDATE.com
Beauty Contest and Racism:
- Lesson in Politics For Miss Croatia – October 18, 1998 – The New York Times
- World: Europe Muslim denied Croatian beauty title – Monday, October 26, 1998 – BBC
- “ZAGREB, CROATIA — Two weeks after a Muslim was proclaimed Miss Croatia, the jury reversed itself and crowned as a new winner the runner-up, a member of the country’s Roman Catholic majority.” – Muslim Stripped Out of Pageant Title – October 27, 1998 – ChicagoTribune.com
- White Woman Crowned Queen of All Black College – “Description: A woman wins a college beauty contest and faces racism from other students because she is white. She writes Obama, asking him to speak on diversity at the school, and that provokes more racism.” – 11/28/2009 – eBaumsWorld.com
- A Lot Of People Are Very Upset That An Indian-American Woman Won The Miss America Pageant “And the Arab wins Miss America, classic.” By Ryan Broderick – posted on September 16, 2013 – BuzzFeed.com
- Miss America crowns 1st winner of Indian decent – September 17, 2013 – CNN
- Miss America Nina Davuluri fights post-pageant racism with a beauty queen’s poise, by Maura Judikis – September 22, 2013 – The Washington Post
- “What can be done to stop racism specially against Black in miss universe, miss world, miss earth and miss international.” – Racism in international pageants – Mon Nov 18, 2013
- “A French beauty pageant exclusively for black women will take place for the first time in Paris on Saturday. The event has been endorsed by black associations and the organizer of the traditional Miss France contest, but other are crying foul.” – ‘Miss Black France’ pageant raises eyebrows – Updated 2014-04-28 – France24.com
- Miss Japan: Ariana Miyamoto fights against racism – April 2, 2015 – Panteres.com
- Mixed-race Miss Japan fights for race revolution, by Alastair Himmer – May 12, 2015 – GMANetwork.com
American Anthropological Association’s Statement on “Race” and Relevant Issues:
- American Anthropological Association’s Statement on “Race” (May 17, 1998)
- “Why does anthropology tend to focus on “exotic others”? Why this obsession with Africa? How come calls by well-known anthropologists such as Paul Rabinow to “anthropologize the West seemed to have not brought forth much fruit? How racist is American anthropology?” – How racist American anthropology? – 26/12/10 – Antropologi.info
- RACE Project BIBLIOGRAPHY – February 2007
- On Ending Racial Profiling in America, by Jason Silverstein – posted 4/12/2012; updated 6/17/12 – HuffingtonPost.com
1980 Former Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza Debayle is killed in Asunción, Paraguay.
1980 After weeks of strikes at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland, the nationwide independent trade union Solidarity is established.
1978 The Camp David Accords are signed by Israel and Egypt.
1976 The first Space Shuttle, Enterprise, is unveiled by NASA.
1974 Bangladesh, Grenada and Guinea-Bissau join the United Nations.
1965 The Battle of Chawinda is fought between Pakistan and India.
1961 The world’s first retractable-dome stadium, the Civic Arena, opens in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
1958 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
- List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
- NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
- NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
- Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
- Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
- Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
- Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
- ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
- 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
- Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- The Nuclear Matters Handbook
1957 Malaysia joins the United Nations.
Malaysia:
- Malaysia – NationsOnline.org
- Malaysia – The World Bank
- Malaysia – Data – The World Bank
- Malaysia – The Economist
- Malaysia – Geographia.com
- Malaysia – LonelyPlanet.com
- Malaysia – Official Website of Tourism
History of Malaysia:
- Malaysia History – MalaysiaHistory.net
- History of Malaysia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Malaysia – History – Infoplease.com
- Malaysia – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- Malaysia | Facts and History – About.com
- MALAYSIA HISTORY – 2Malaysia.com
1948 The Nizam of Hyderabad surrenders his sovereignty over the Hyderabad State and joins the Indian Union.
1948 The Lehi (also known as the Stern gang) assassinates Count Folke Bernadotte, who was appointed by the United Nations to mediate between the Arab nations and Israel.
1944 World War II: Soviet troops launch the Tallinn Offensive against Germany and pro independence Estonian units.
1944 World War II: Allied Airborne troops parachute into the Netherlands as the “Market” half of Operation Market Garden.
1943 World War II: The Russian city of Bryansk is liberated from Germans.
1941 World War II: Soviet forces enter Teheran marking the end of the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran.
1941 World War II: A decree of the Soviet State Committee of Defense, restoring Vsevobuch in the face of the Great Patriotic War, is issued.
1940 World War II: Following the German defeat in the Battle of Britain, Hitler postpones Operation Sea Lion indefinitely.
1939 World War II: A German U-boat U 29 sinks the British aircraft carrier HMS Courageous.
1939 World War II: The Soviet Union joins Nazi Germany‘s invasion of Poland during the Polish Defensive War of 1939.
1932 A speech by Laureano Gómez leads to the escalation of the Leticia Incident.
1930 The Ararat rebellion is suppressed.
1924 The Church of Central Africa, Presbyterian is formed.
1924 The Border Defence Corps is established in the Second Polish Republic for the defence of the eastern border against armed Soviet raids and local bandits.
1916 World War I: Manfred von Richthofen (“The Red Baron”), a flying ace of the German Luftstreitkräfte, wins his first aerial combat near Cambrai, France.
1914 World War I:The Race to the Sea begins.
1908 The Wright Flyer flown by Orville Wright, with Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge as passenger, crashes, killing Selfridge. He becomes the first airplane fatality.
1901 The Battle of Elands River is fought.
1901 The Battle of Blood River Poort is fought.
1900 Philippine–American War: Filipinos under Juan Cailles defeat Americans under Colonel Benjamin F. Cheatham at Mabitac.
1894 Battle of Yalu River, the largest naval engagement of the First Sino-Japanese War.
1861 Battle of Pavón is fought.
1849 American abolitionist Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery.
1814 Francis Scott Key finishes his poem “Defence of Fort McHenry“, later to be the lyrics of “The Star-Spangled Banner”.
1813 The Second Battle of Kulm is fought.
1809 Peace between Sweden and Russia in the Finnish War. The territory to become Finland is ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn.
1794 The Battle of Peyrestortes is fought.
1798 The Battle of Peyrestortes is fought.
1787 The United States Constitution is signed in Philadelphia.
1778 The Treaty of Fort Pitt is signed. It is the first formal treaty between the United States and a Native American tribe (the Lenape or Delaware Indians).
SEPTERMBER 18
2014 Scotland votes against independence from the United Kingdom.
Scotland:
- Scotland – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Scotland – Infoplease.com
- Scotland – WorldAtlas.com
- About Scotland – VisitScoltand.com
History, Culture, and Tradition of Scotland:
- History of Scotland – Wikipedia
- Scotland – History – Infoplease.com
- The History of Scotland – Heritage-of-Scotland.com
- History of Scotland – Scotland.com
- SCOTLAND’S HISTORY – BBC
- Scottish history – VisitScotland.com
- Scotland’s History – Education Scotland
- Kingdom of Scotland – Wikipedia
- Scottish culture and traditions – Scotland.org
- Scotland – EveryCulture.com
Independence Movement of Scotland:
- Scottish independence – Wikipedia
- Scottish independence: a history of Anglo-Scottish rivalry – 11 Jan 2012 – Telegraph.co.uk
- Scottish independence: the essential guide – Tuesday, 23 April 2013 – TheGuardian.com
- Scotland’s Independence Bid: History, Prospects, Challenges, by Rolland Flamini – May/June 2013 – WorldAffairsJournal.org
- Timeline – History of Scotland’s bid for independence – Tue Feb 4, 2014 – Reuters.com
- History of Scotland’s bids for independence – Tue Feb 4, 2014 – Reuters.com
- Free Movement and Scottish Independence – 25 AUGUST 2014 – FreeMovement.org.uk
- Why Does Scotland Want Independence? It’s Culture vs. Economics, by Neil Irwin – SEPT.9, 2014 – The New York Times
- Scottish independence: What’s going on in Scotland? By Andrew Black – 9 September 2014 – BBC
- What the Hell Is Happening With Scottish Independence? By Ewen Hosie – SEP 10, 2014 – Complex.com
- 8 questions about Scottish independence you were too embarrassed to ask; updated by Amanda Taub on September 9, 2014 – Vox.com
- Scottish independence: Salmond says Scotland is ‘on cusp of making history’ – 12 September 2014 – BBC
- Why Scotland Might Break Away From the United Kingdom, by Simon Worrall – September 12, 2014 – NationalGeographic.com
2013 Cygnus Orb-D1 is launched into space.
2011 2011 Sikkim earthquake was felt across northeastern India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and southern Tibet.
2009 The 72-year run of the soap opera The Guiding Light ends as its final episode is broadcast.
2007 Buddhist monks join anti-government protesters in Myanmar, starting what some call the Saffron Revolution.
2007 Pervez Musharraf announces that he will step down as army chief and restore civilian rule to Pakistan, but only after he is re-elected president.
2001 First mailing of anthrax letters from Trenton, New Jersey in the 2001 anthrax attacks.
- The Anthrax Attack of 2001 – AnthraxAttackOf2001.Weebly.com
- Review of Fall 2001 Anthrax Bioattacks – complied by Wm. Robert Johnston – JohnstonsArchive.net
- AMERICAN ANTHRAX OUTBREAK OF 2001 – UCLA School of Public; and the same website, EXPOSURE LETTERS – FOUR LETTERS FOUND
- The Anthrax Letters – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- Anthrax in 2001 Letters Was Traced to Maryland by Generic Mutations, by Jennifer Welsh | March 14, 2011 – Live Science
- FBI investigation of 2001 anthrax attacks concluded; US releases details, by Joby Warrick – Saturday, February 20, 2010 – WashingtonPost.com
- Timeline: How The Anthrax Terror Unfolded – February 15, 2011 – NPR.org
- The Anthrax Mystery: Solved and other investigations, – The Missiles at the Ground Zero, by Robert Pate – 14th July 2009 – AnthraxAttacks.net
- 2001 Anthrax Attacks – HistoryCommons.org
1998 ICANN is formed.
1997 Al-Qaeda carried out a terrorist attack in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
1992 An explosion rocks Giant Mine at the height of a labor dispute, killing nine replacement workers.
1991 Yugoslavia begins a naval blockade of seven Adriatic port cities.
Naval Blockade in the Adriatic Sea Area in 1991:
- Yugoslav Cease-Fire Signed but New Fighting Imperils Accord – September 18, 1991 – Los Angeles Times
- Capital of Croatia Under Attack As Yugoslav Accord Breaks Down, by John Tagliabue – September 18, 1991 – The New York Times
- Attack on Croatian capital follows signing of truce Zagreb is pounded by planes, artillery – September 18, 1991 – THE BALTIMORE SUN
- ADRIATIC SEA WARFARE – Weebly.com
- Battle of the Dalmatic Channels – Wikipedia
- Siege of Dubrovnik – Wikipedia
- Reckoning: The 1991 Siege of Dubrovnik and the Consequences of the War for Peace” ,by Sardja Pavlovic – Yorku.ca
War in the Balkans in the 1990s/Yugoslav War:
- Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia – Wikipedia
- War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia
- The Breakup of Yugoslavia, by Evangelos Mahairas
- YUGOSLAVIAN CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTIONS: SELF-DETERMINATION AND SECESSION OF MEMBER REPUBLICS
- Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History – Lecture 25: The Yugoslav Civil War
- The Evisceration of Yugoslavia, Part 1: BNL, Yugo, and Eagleburger, by Dean Henderson – StewWebb.com
1990 Liechtenstein becomes a member of the United Nations.
Liechtenstein:
- LIECHTENSTEIN – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Liechtenstein – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Liechtenstein – Infoplease.com
- LIECHTENSTEIN – ABOUT LIECHTENSTEIN – Elizon.com
- The Principality of Liechtenstein – Liechtenstein.li
- Economy of Liechtenstein – Wikipedia
- Liechtenstein – NationsOnline.org
- Information about Liechtenstein – ToursimUs.li
History and Culture of Liechtenstein:
- History – EMBASSY OF THE PRINCIPALITY OF LIECHTENSTEIN, WASHINGTON, D.C.
- History of Liechtenstein – Wikipedia
- Liechtenstein – History – Infoplease.com
- Liechtenstein – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- History of Liechtenstein – SafariTheGlobe.com
- THE HISTORY OF LIECHTENSTEIN – LIECHTENSTEIN TODAY – Europe-Today.com
- Liechtenstein – History – NationEncyclopedia.com
- Military History of Liechtenstein
- Timeline: Liechtenstein – BBC
1988 End of pro-democracy uprisings in Myanmar after a bloody military coup by the State Law and Order Restoration Council. Thousands, mostly monks and civilians (primarily students), are killed by the Tatmadaw.
Myanmar:
- MYANMAR – COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
- Myanmar – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Myanmar – Infoplease.com
- Latest Myanmar News
- Myanmar – CHRONOLOGY OF COVERAGE – The New York Times
History of Myanmar:
- A Brief History of Burma, by Thomas R. Lansner – Berkeley.edu
- History of Myanmar – Encyclopedia Britannica
- A Brief History of Myanmar (Burma) – MyanmarBurma.com
- History of Burma – CFOB.org
- Myanmar profile – Timeline – BBC
Pro-Democracy Uprising, Ethnic Cleansing and Other Pertinent Issues:
- Myanmar remembers 1988 pro-democracy uprising – 2013-08-08 Vatican Radio
- 1988 Uprising and 1990 Election – Oxford Burma Alliance
- MYANMAR IN THE NATIONAL INTEREST’ Prisoners of conscience, torture, summary trials under martial law
- Burma: Justice for 1988 Massacre – August 6, 2013 – Human Rights Watch
- Student Leader in 1988 Myanmar Pro-Democracy Protests Joins Aung San Suu Kyi to Contest Polls – Updated: July 19, 2015 – NDTV.com
- Myanmar police arrest opposition party executive – 8/12/2008 – USAToday.com
- Ethnic Cleansing Just Went to Bad to Worse, by Graeme Wood – January 24, 2014 – NewRepublic.com
- TMS Archive on Myanmar ethnic cleansing and/or on Myanmar pro-democracy movement
1987 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
- Slow Death of Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFRL.org
- Semipalitinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
- The lasting toll of Semipalitinsk’s nuclear testing – TheBulletin.org
- External Doses of Residents near Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site – ResearchGate.net
- Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalitinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
1982 Christian militia begin killing six-hundred Palestinians in Lebanon.
- Lebanese War – Wikipedia
- Sabra and Shatila massacre – Wikipedia
- Lebanon’s Militia Wars – DefendDemocracy.org
- What was the 1982 Lebanon war all about? What was Ariel Sharon’s role? – EndTheOccupation.org
- Lebanon profile – Timeline – BBC
- Lebanon – Timeline – AbsoluteAstronomy.com
1981 Assemblée Nationale votes to abolish capital punishment in France.
1977 Voyager I takes first photograph of the Earth and the Moon together.
1975 Patty Hearst is arrested after a year on the FBI Most Wanted List.
1973 The Bahamas, East Germany and West Germany are admitted to the United Nations.
1964 North Vietnamese Army begins infiltration of South Vietnam.
1964 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.
- Novaya Zemlya – GlobalSecurity.org
- NOVAYA ZEMLYA – AtlasObscura.com
- Novaya Zemlya – GiantBomb.com
- NOVA ZEMLYA (NOVAYA ZEMLYA) 58 MEGA TON H BOMB TEST – ArkCode.com
- Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya – NTI.org
- ICE Case Studies – Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker – American.edu
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – Image – NASA
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – NovayaZemlya.net
- Novaya Zemlya, Russia – Nuclear-Risks.org
- Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated – July 31, 2014 – TASS Russian News Agency
- Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adapt nuclear test site, by Tatyana Sinitsyna – RIA Novosti, Russia – 15 August 2006
- UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRPAPHICAL SURVEY – Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501 – Reston, Virginia – 1993
1962 Burundi, Jamaica, Rwanda and Trinidad and Tobago are admitted to the United Nations.
1962 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.
For more pertinent information, see “1964 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR”, mentioned above.
1961 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.
For more pertinent information, see “1964 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR”, mentioned above.
1961 UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld dies in a plane crash while attempting to negotiate peace in the war-torn Katanga region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Dag Hammarskjold (29 Jul 1905 – 18 Sep 1961): Crisis Manager and Longer-Range World Community Builder, by René Wadlow
- “Let me start celebrating the greatest UN secretary general of them all, Dag Hammarskjöld. From a country with a century of neutrality after three centuries of the sweet-sour taste of big power status. Knowledgeable, wise, spiritual, attached to something out there, Sanskrit tat tvam asi, all-embracing, beyond religions. Capable of promoting resolutions serving as precedents for future resolutions, making Chapter 6, or “6 1/2”, peacekeeping, a reality.” – The UN, Peace, and Peace Education, by Johan Galtung – 25 Oct 2010 – TMS
1960 Fidel Castro arrives in New York City as the head of the Cuban delegation to the United Nations.
1959 Vanguard 3 is launched into Earth orbit.
1948 Margaret Chase Smith of Maine becomes the first woman elected to the United States Senate without completing another senator‘s term, when she defeats Democratic opponent Adrian Scolten.
1948 Communist Madiun uprising in Dutch Indies.
1948 Operation Polo is terminated after the Indian Army accepts the surrender of Nizam‘s Army.
1947 The National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency are established in the United States under the National Security Act.
1947 US Department of Defense (DOD) is formed.
US Department of Defense (DOD):
- US Department of State – Official Site
- US Department of Defense – Creation – Infoplease.com
- US Department of Defense – Encyclopedia Britannica
- US Department of Defense – GlobalSecurity.org
- Department of Defense – AllGov.com
History of the Department of Defense:
- United States Department of Defense – Spiritus-Temporis.com
- Department of Defense – 1994 – UNT.edu
- Profile: US Department of Defense – HistoryCommons.org
- Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense – Archives.gov
1947 The United States Air Force becomes an independent branch of the United States armed forces.
US Air Force:
- US Air Force – Official Site
- US Department of Air Force – Infoplease.com
- DEPARTMENT OF AIR FORCE – Air Force Personnel Center
History of the US Air Force:
- History of the United States Air Force – Wikipedia
- History – AirForce.com
- The History and Role of the Air Force – Military.com
1945 General Douglas MacArthur moves his command headquarters to Tokyo.
1944 World War II: The British submarine HMS Tradewind torpedoes Jun’yō Maru, 5,600 killed.
1943 World War II: Adolf Hitler orders the deportation of Danish Jews.
1943 World War II: The Jews of Minsk are massacred at Sobibór.
1940 The British liner SS City of Benares is sunk by German submarine U-48; those killed include 77 child refugees.
1939 The Nazi propaganda broadcaster known as Lord Haw-Haw begins transmitting.
1939 World War II: Polish government of Ignacy Mościcki flees to Romania.
1934 The USSR is admitted to the League of Nations.
League of Nations:
- NATIONAL MEMBERSHIP OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS – Indiana.edu
- Member states of the League of Nations – Wikipedia
- The League of Nations – About.com
- The Covenant of the League of Nations – Avalon Project – Yale Law School, or THE CONVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS – RefWorld.org
- League of Nations – Infoplease.com
- Structure of the League of Nations – Oxford LibGuides
- League of Nations Chronology, collected by Philipp J. Strollo – THE WORLD AT WAR
USSR and the League of Nations:
- USSR joins the League of Nations – 18 September 1934 – Presidential Library – PrLib.ru
- The Soviets and the League of Nations – The New International, July 1934
- Dec 14 1939 THIS DAY IN HISTORY – USSR expelled from the League of Nations – History.com
- League of Nations’ expulsion of the USSR – Wikipedia
1931 The Mukden Incident gives Japan the pretext to invade and occupy Manchuria.
- Mukden Incident – Encyclopedia Britannica
- The Mukden Incident of 1931 and the Stimson Doctrine – Office of the Historian – US Department of State
- Sep 18 1931 Mukden Incident – WorldHistoryProject.org
- Mukden Incident – U-S-History.com
- Manchurian Incident – Infoplease.com
- Japanese invasion of Manchuria – Wikipedia
- Manchurian Incident, by Ah Xiang – In Commemoration of China’s 15-Year War
- Manchurian Incident Timeline – September 1931 – January 1932
1928 Juan de la Cierva makes the first autogyro crossing of the English Channel.
1927 The Columbia Broadcasting System goes on the air.
1922 Hungary is admitted to the League of Nations.
For some more information on the League of Nations, see “1934 The USSR is admitted to the League of Nations”, as mentioned above.
- Hungary – CountryStudies.us
- Between two world wars (1918-48) – History of Hungary – Wikipedia, or Hungary between the Two World Wars – Wikipedia
- Royal Hungarian Army – Wikipedia
- Hungarians – Wikipedia
- HUNGARIAN HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY – Hunmagyar.org
1919 The Netherlands gives women the right to vote.
- Netherlands grants women’s suffrage, by Gary Satanovsky – FamousDaily.com
- WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT – Historynet.com
- Women’s Suffrage – HISTORY OF WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE
- Timeline of Women’s Suffrage Granted, by Country – Infoplease.com
- International Woman Suffrage Timeline – About.com
- “Women won the right to stand for an election as a candidate in 1917. They gained full suffrage in 1919. This was relatively early compared to most other European nations; only Finland and Sweden had given women the vote earlier.” – Feminism in the Netherlands – Wikipedia
- Women’s Rights Movement – Scholatic.com
1914 World War I: South African troops land in German South West Africa.
1914 The Irish Home Rule Act becomes law, but is delayed until after World War I.
1911 Russian Premier Pyotr Stolypin is shot at the Kiev Opera House.
1910 In Amsterdam, 25,000 demonstrate for general suffrage.
1906 A typhoon with tsunami kills an estimated 10,000 people in Hong Kong.
1898 Fashoda Incident: Lord Kitchener’s ships reach Fashoda, Sudan.
1895 Daniel David Palmer gives the first chiropractic adjustment.
1895 Booker T. Washington delivers the “Atlanta compromise” address.
1882 The Pacific Stock Exchange opens.
1873 Panic of 1873: The U.S. bank Jay Cooke & Company declares bankruptcy, triggering a series of bank failures.
1850 The U.S. Congress passes the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.
1833 The Anti-Corn Law League is established by Richard Cobden.
1812 The 1812 Fire of Moscow dies down after destroying more than three-quarters of the city. Napoleon returns from the Petrovsky Palace to the Moscow Kremlin, spared from the fire.
1810 First Government Junta in Chile. Though supposed to rule only in the absence of the king, it is in fact the first step towards independence from Spain, and is commemorated as such.
1759 – Seven Years’ War: The British capture Quebec City.
1739 The Treaty of Belgrade is signed, ceding Belgrade to the Ottoman Empire.
1635 Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II of Austria declares war on France.
SEPTEMBER 19
2010 The leaking oil well in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill is sealed.
- BP finally seals leaking Gulf of Mexico oil well – September 19th, 2010 – Deep Water Horizon Oil Spill
- Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010, by Richard Pallardy – Encyclopedia Britannica
- It’s About Time: Leaking BP Oil Well Finally Plugged, by Christopher Steele, September 22, 2010 – Opinion – NeonTommy.com
- Deep Water Horizon oil, by Cutler J. Cleveland – The Encyclopedia of EARTH
- Mystery in Gulf of Mexico: Why is oil leaking from Deepwater disaster site? ,by Mark Guarino – October 19, 2012 – The Christian Science Monitor – CSMonitor.com
2006 The Thai military stages a coup in Bangkok. The Constitution is and martial law is declared.
- International reactions to the 2006 Thai coup d’état – Wikipedia
- 2006 THAILAND COUP D’ÉTAT – World Public Library
- Economic consequences of the 2006 Thailand coup d’état – Wikipedia
1997 Guelb El-Kebir massacre in Algeria where 53 people are killed.
1991 Ötzi the Iceman is discovered by German tourists.
1989 A terrorist bomb explodes UTA Flight 772 in mid-air above the Tùnùrù Desert, Niger, killing 171.
1983 Saint Kitts and Nevis gains its independence.
Saint Kitts and Nevis:
- Saint Kitts and Nevis – The World Factbook – CIA
- St Kitts and Nevis – The Commonwealth – TheCommonwealth.org
- Kitts and Nevis – Infoplease.com
- Saint Kitts and Nevis – Encyclopedia Britannica
History of Saint Kitts and Nevis:
- History of Saint Kitts and Nevis – Wikipedia
- Kitts – Culture & History – StKittsToursim.kn
- History & Culture – St. Kitts and Nevis – Geographia.com
- Saint Kitts and Nevis – EveryCulture.com
- St Kitts and Nevis History, Language and Culture – History of St Kitts and Nevis – WorldTravelGuide.net
- History of St. Kitts Carnival, by NOVELETTE MORTON-HANLEY – SKNVibs.com
1982 Scott Fahlman posts the first documented emoticons :-) and :-( on the Carnegie Mellon University Bulletin Board System.
1978 The Solomon Islands join the United Nations.
Solomon Islands:
- Solomon Islands – World Factbook – CIA
- Solomon Islands – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Solomon Islands – Infoplease.com
- Solomon Islands – LonelyPlanet.com
- Solomon Islands – NationsEncyclopedia.com
History and Culture of the Solomon Islands:
- History of the Solomon Islands – SafariTheGlobe.com
- Solomon Islands: History – The Common Wealth – TheCommonWelath.org
- Solomon Islands – History – Infoplease.com
- Solomon Islands, History, Language and Culture: History of Solomon Islands – WorldTravelGuide.net
- The Solomon Islands – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History – THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART
1976 Two Imperial Iranian Air Force F-4 Phantom II jets fly out to investigate an unidentified flying object when both independently lose instrumentation and communications as they approach, only to have them restored upon withdrawal.
1973 USSR performs underground nuclear test.
USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
- A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu
Underground Nuclear Tests:
- The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
- Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
- What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
- APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
- Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
- Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
- Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
- Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
1972 A parcel bomb sent to Israeli Embassy in London kills one diplomat.
1971 Montagnard troops of South Vietnam revolt against the rule of Nguyễn Khánh, killing 70 ethnic Vietnamese soldiers.
1970 Kostas Georgakis, a Greek student of geology, sets himself ablaze in Matteotti Square in Genoa, Italy, as a protest against the dictatorial regime of Georgios Papadopoulos.
1970 The first Glastonbury Festival is held at Michael Eavis‘s farm in Glastonbury, United Kingdom.
1962 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.
- Novaya Zemlya – GlobalSecurity.org
- NOVAYA ZEMLYA – AtlasObscura.com
- Novaya Zemlya – GiantBomb.com
- NOVA ZEMLYA (NOVAYA ZEMLYA) 58 MEGA TON H BOMB TEST – ArkCode.com
- Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya – NTI.org
- ICE Case Studies – Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker – American.edu
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – Image – NASA
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – NovayaZemlya.net
- Novaya Zemlya, Russia – Nuclear-Risks.org
- Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated – July 31, 2014 – TASS Russian News Agency
- Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adapt nuclear test site, by Tatyana Sinitsyna – RIA Novosti, Russia – 15 August 2006
- UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRPAPHICAL SURVEY – Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501 – Reston, Virginia – 1993
1959 Nikita Khrushchev is barred from visiting Disneyland due to security concerns.
1957 First American underground nuclear bomb test (part of Operation Plumbbob).
- Nevada is site of first-ever underground nuclear explosion – History.com
- “Underground testing: Underground testing means that nuclear explosions are detonated at varying depths under the surface of the earth. These comprised the majority (i.e. about 75%) of all nuclear explosions detonated during the Cold War (1945–1989); that is, over 800 of all tests conducted by the United States and nearly 500 of all tests conducted by the Soviet Union.” – TYPES OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS TESTS – CTBTO
- Underground Nuclear Testing – Wikipedia
- What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Boigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
- Underground Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site – OnlineNevada.org
- “On September 19, 1957, the Laboratory detonated the first contained underground nuclear explosion. Rainier was fired beneath a high mesa at the northwest corner of the Nevada Test Site, which later became known as Rainier Mesa.” – The First Underground Nuclear Test
- YouTube video (18 sec.): Underground Nuclear Test
1952 The United States bars Charlie Chaplin from re-entering the country after a trip to England.
1946 The Council of Europe is founded following a speech by Winston Churchill at the University of Zurich.
- Winston Churchill’s speech [on a Council of Europe]. Zurich, 19 September 1946
- Winston Churchill: Calling for a United States of Europe
- Winston Churchill: A founder of the European Union, by Jon Danzig
- United States of Europe – Wikipedia
- Council of Europe – Official Site
- Member states of the Council of Europe – Wikipedia
- Council of Europe – Encyclopedia Britannica
1945 Lord Haw-Haw (William Joyce) is sentenced to death in London.
1944 Battle of Hürtgen Forest between United States and Nazi Germany begins.
1944 Armistice between Finland and Soviet Union is signed. (End of the Continuation War).
1940 Witold Pilecki is voluntarily captured and sent to Auschwitz in order to smuggle out information and start a resistance.
1936 World War II: The Battle of Kępa Oksywska concludes, with Polish losses reaching roughly 14% of all the forces engaged.
1934 Bruno Hauptmann is arrested for the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh, Jr..
1916 During the East African Campaign of World War I, colonial armed forces of the Belgian Congo (Force Publique) under the command of General Charles Tombeur captured the town of Tabora after heavy fighting.
1893 Women’s suffrage: In New Zealand, the Electoral Act of 1893 is consented to by the governor giving all women in New Zealand the right to vote.
1881 U.S. President James A. Garfield dies of wounds suffered in a July 2 shooting. Vice President Chester A. Arthur, becomes President upon Garfield’s death.
1870 Having invaded the Papal States a week earlier, the Italian Army lays siege to Rome, entering the city the next day, after which the Pope described himself as a Prisoner in the Vatican.
1870 Franco-Prussian War: The Siege of Paris begins, which will result on January 28, 1871 in the surrender of Paris and a decisive Prussian victory.
1868 Spanish revolution: La Gloriosa.
1846 Two French shepherd children, Mélanie Calvat and Maximin Giraud, experience a Marian apparition on a mountaintop near La Salette, France, now known as Our Lady of La Salette.
1799 French Revolutionary Wars: French-Dutch victory against the Russians and British in the Battle of Bergen.
1796 George Washington’s Farewell Address is printed across America as an open letter to the public.
SEPETEMBER 20
2011 The United States military ends its “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy, allowing gay men and women to serve openly for the first time.
2008 A dump truck full of explosives detonates in front of the Marriott hotel in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing 54 people and injuring 266 others.
2007 Between 15,000 and 20,000 protesters marched on Jena, Louisiana, in support of six black youths who had been convicted of assaulting a white classmate.
2003 Maldives civil unrest: the death of prisoner Hassan Evan Naseem sparks a day of rioting in Malé.
2001 In an address to a joint session of Congress and the American people, U.S. President George W. Bush declares a “War on Terror“.
2000 The United Kingdom’s MI6 Secret Intelligence Service building is attacked by individuals using a Russian-built RPG-22 anti-tank missile. The perpetrators remain unidentified.
1990 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
- List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
- NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
- NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
- Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
- Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
- Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
- Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
- ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
- 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
- Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- The Nuclear Matters Handbook
1990 South Ossetia declares its independence from Georgia.
South Ossetia and the South Ossetia War:
- South Ossetia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Russo-Georgian War – Wikipedia
- War in South Ossetia – The Big Picture – Boston.com
- War in South Ossetia: Georgia started it – Thursday, 1 October 2009 – TheGuardian.com
- Russia’s Periphery – SOUTH OSSETIA, by H. Joseph Ware
- Russia Redraws Georgia-South Ossetia Border – July 16, 2015 – ValueWalk.com
- How people in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Transnistria feel about annexation by Russia, by Gerald Toal and John O’Loughlin – March 20, 2014 – The Washington Post
- South Ossetia profile – Overview – BBC
- 1991-92 South Ossetia War – Wikipedia
- South Ossetian Separatism in Georgia, by Rebecca Ratliff – American.edu
History of South Ossetia:
- Republic of South Ossetia – History
- South Ossetia History – RealMagick.com
- History of the Jews in South Ossetia – Wikipedia
1984 A suicide bomber in a car attacks the U.S. embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, killing twenty-two people.
1979 A coup d’état in the Central African Empire overthrows Emperor Bokasa I.
1978 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
- Slow Death of Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFRL.org
- Semipalitinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
- The lasting toll of Semipalitinsk’s nuclear testing – TheBulletin.org
- External Doses of Residents near Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site – ResearchGate.net
- Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalitinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
1977 The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is admitted to the United Nations.
Vietnam:
- Vietnam – CoutryStudies.us
- Vietnam – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam – Wikipedia
- 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
- Socialist Republic of Vietnam
History of Vietnam:
- History of Vietnam – Wikipedia
- BRIEF HISTORY OF VIETNAM – VietVentures.com
- A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Vietnam
- Vietnam War – Wikipedia
- VIETNAM WAR HISTORY – History.com
- Vietnam War, by Jennifer Rosenberg – About.com
1970 Syrian tanks roll into Jordan in response to continued fighting between Jordan and the fedayeen.
1962 James Meredith, an African American, is temporarily barred from entering the University of Mississippi.
1961 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.
- Novaya Zemlya – GlobalSecurity.org
- NOVAYA ZEMLYA – AtlasObscura.com
- Novaya Zemlya – GiantBomb.com
- NOVA ZEMLYA (NOVAYA ZEMLYA) 58 MEGA TON H BOMB TEST – ArkCode.com
- Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya – NTI.org
- ICE Case Studies – Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker – American.edu
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – Image – NASA
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – NovayaZemlya.net
- Novaya Zemlya, Russia – Nuclear-Risks.org
- Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated – July 31, 2014 – TASS Russian News Agency
- Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adapt nuclear test site, by Tatyana Sinitsyna – RIA Novosti, Russia – 15 August 2006
- UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRPAPHICAL SURVEY – Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501 – Reston, Virginia – 1993
- A Review of the Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya Zemlya, 1955 – 1990, by Vitaly I. Khalturin, Tatyana G. Rautian, Paul G. Richards, and William S. Leith – Columbia.edu
1961 Greek general Konstantinos Dovas becomes Prime Minister of Greece.
1960 UN General Assembly admit 13 African countries & Cyprus (96 nations).
African Countries and Their Independence:
- “20 September – Dahomey, Upper Volta, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville), Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville), Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Madagascar, Niger, Somalia, Togo, Mali and Senegal obtain membership in the United Nations.” – 1960s in Africa – Wikipedia
- Decolonization of Africa – Wikipedia
- Decolonization of Asia and Africa, 1945-1960 – Office of the Historian – US Department of Office
- African National Independence – Color map of national independece
- Africa marks 1960, when 1/3 gained independence, by Donna Bryson – May 26, 2010 – GMANetwork.com
- List of all African countries and their Independence Days, colonial names and former colonizers. – AFRICAN COUNTRIES’ INDEPENDENCE DAYS
- A Chronological List of Independence Dates for Arica – African History
Cyprus:
- Cyprus – CountriesStudies.us
- The situation of Cyprus – Decision on 28 June 1996 (3675th meeting): resolution 1062 (1996) – Europe – Chapter VIII. Consideration of questions under the responsibility of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security – UN.org
- Cyprus and the United Nations – Cyprusnet.com
- Permanent Mission of the Republic of Cyprus to the United Nations
History of Cyprus:
- The History of Cyprus in 90 Centuries
- History of Cyprus – Encyclopedia Britannica
- The History of Cyprus – Window on Cyprus
- A brief History Cyprus – British Period (1878 – 1960)
- Cyprus History, Culture and Language – WorldTravelGuide.net
- Turkey and Greece: A History of Colliding
1958 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.
For more pertinent information, see “1961 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR”, mentioned above.
1942 Holocaust in Letychiv, Ukraine. In the course of two days the German SS murders at least 3,000 Jews.
- Holocaust in Ukraine – Wikipedia
- LETICHEV – Jewish Virtual Library
- LETICHEV – International Jewish Cemetery Project
- Yad Vashem Photo Archive » Letichev, Ukraine
- “Jews settled in Letichev (formerly Leshin) in the late 16th century… In September 1942 over 1,500 Jews from the larger ghetto were murdered by an SS murder squad outside the town near Zaletichevka village.” – Letichev – THE UNTOLD STORIES
- Holodomor: The Secret Holocaust in Ukraine – TheNewAmercian.com
1930 Syro-Malankara Catholic Church is formed by Archbishop Mar Ivanios.
1920 Foundation of the Spanish Legion.
1909 The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the South Africa Act 1909, creating the Union of South Africa from the British Colonies of the Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Orange River Colony, and the Transvaal Colony.
1893 Charles Duryea and his brother road-test the first American-made gasoline-powered automobile.
1871 Bishop John Coleridge Patteson is martyred on the island of Nukapu, a Polynesian outlier island now in the Temotu Province of the Solomon Islands. He is the first bishop of Melanesia.
1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ends with the recapture of Delhi by troops loyal to the East India Company.
1854 Battle of Alma: British and French troops defeat Russians in the Crimea.
1848 The American Association for the Advancement of Science is created.
1835 Ragamuffin rebels capture Porto Alegre, then capital of the Brazilian imperial province of Rio Grande do Sul, triggering the start of ten-year-long Ragamuffin War.
1792 French troops stop allied invasion of France, during the War of the First Coalition at Valmy.
1737 The finish of the Walking Purchase which forces the cession of 1.2 million acres (4,860 km²) of Lenape-Delaware tribal land to the Pennsylvania Colony.
1697 The Treaty of Ryswick is signed by France, England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic ending the Nine Years’ War (1688–97).
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Satoshi Ashikaga, having worked as researcher, development program/project officer, legal protection/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, prefers a peaceful and prudent life, especially that in communion with nature. His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, remind him of the invaluableness of peace. His interest and/or expertise includes international affairs, international law, jurisprudence, economic and business affairs, project/operations or organizational management, geography, history, the environmental/ecological issues, audio/visual documentation of nature and culture, and more. Being a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, he is currently compiling This Week in History on TMS.
(Sources and references: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_14 to _20; http://www.onthisday.com/day/september/14 to september/20; http://www.brainyhistory.com/days/september_14.html to _20.html; and other pertinent websites and/or documents, mentioned above.)
- The views expressed in the cited or quoted websites and/or documents in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the author of this article. These websites and/or documents are cited or quoted for academic or educational purposes. Neither the author of this article nor the Transcend Media Service (TMS) is responsible for the contents, information, or whatsoever contained in these websites and/or documents.
- One of the primary purposes of this article is to provide the readers with opportunities to think about “peace”, including positive peace and negative peace as well as external/outer peace and internal/inner peace, and more, directly or indirectly, from various angles and/or in the broadest sense, through historical events. It is because this article is prepared specifically for the TMS whose main objective is to address “peace” through peace journalism.
This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 14 Sep 2015.
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