This Week in History

HISTORY, 28 Sep 2015

Satoshi Ashikaga – TRANSCEND Media Service

TWH logo history

Sep 28–Oct 4

QUOTE OF THE WEEK:

“Kindness is the language which the deaf can hear and the blind can see.” – Mark Twain

SEPTEMBER 28

2014  Hong Kong protests : Benny Tai announces that Occupy Central is launched as Hong Kong‘s government headquarters is being occupied by thousands of protesters. Hong Kong police resort to tear gas to disperse protesters but thousands remain.

Hong Kong Occupy Central:

Support of China against Pro-Democracy Movement:

2012  Somali and African Union forces launch a coordinated assault on the Somali port city of Kismayo to take back the city from al-Shabaab militants.

2009  The military junta leading Guinea, headed by Captain Moussa Dadis Camara, raped, killed, and wounded protesters during a protest rally in a stadium called Stade du 28 Septembre.

2000  Al-Aqsa Intifada: Ariel Sharon visits Al-Aqsa Mosque known to Jews as the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.

1996  Former president of Afghanistan Mohammad Najibullah is tortured and brutally murdered by the Taliban.

1995  Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat sign the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

1995  Bob Denard and a group of mercenaries take the islands of Comoros in a coup.

1991  UN weapons inspectors (= UNSCOM) ends 5-day standoff with Iraq.

UN Special Commission (UNSCOM) to Iraq:

Inspection of Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Iraq War:

1975 The Spaghetti House siege, in which nine people are taken hostage, takes place in London.

1973  The ITT Building in New York City is bombed in protest at ITT’s alleged involvement in the September 11, 1973 coup d’état in Chile.

1971  The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 banning the medicinal use of cannabis.

1970  Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser dies of a heart attack in Cairo. Anwar Sadat is named as Nasser’s temporary successor, and will later become the permanent successor.

1963  Whaam!, now considered Roy Lichtenstein‘s most important work, debuted at an exhibition held at the Leo Castelli Gallery that lasted until at October 24.

1962  The Paddington tram depot fire destroys 65 trams in Brisbane, Australia.

1961  A military coup in Damascus effectively ends the United Arab Republic, the union between Egypt and Syria.

1960  Mali and Senegal join the United Nations.

Mali:

Foreign Relations of Mali:

Mali and the United Nations:

US – Mali Military Relations/Cooperation:

History of Mali:

Economy of Mali:

Senegal:

Foreign Relations of Senegal:

Senegal and the United Nations:

History of Senegal:

Economy of Senegal:

1958  France ratifies a new Constitution of France; the French Fifth Republic is then formed upon the formal adoption of the new constitution on October 4. Guinea rejects the new constitution, voting for independence instead.

On October 2, 1958, Guinea declares its independence from France. “Under Touré’s leadership, Guinea became the only colony to vote against the constitution of the French Community in 1958 and to opt for complete independence, which was achieved on Oct. 2, 1958. France retaliated by severing relations and withdrawing all financial and technical aid.” – Guinea – History – Infoplease.com

French Constitution of 1958:

Guinean Constitutional Referendum on 28 September 1958:

1958  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

1951  CBS makes the first color televisions available for sale to the general public, but the product is discontinued less than a month later.

1950  Indonesia joins the United Nations.

Indonesia:

Foreign Relations of Indonesia:

Indonesia and the United Nations:

History of Indonesia:

Economy of Indonesia:

1944  Soviet Army troops liberate Klooga concentration camp in Klooga, Estonia.

1941  The Drama Uprising against the Bulgarian occupation in northern Greece begins.

1939  Warsaw surrenders to Nazi Germany during World War II.

1939  Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union agree on a division of Poland after their invasion during World War II.

Invasion of Poland in September 1939:

Holocaust and the Invasion of Poland in 1939:

1928  Sir Alexander Fleming notices a bacteria-killing mold growing in his laboratory, discovering what later became known as penicillin.

1928  The U.K. Parliament passes the Dangerous Drugs Act outlawing cannabis.

1924  First round-the-world flight completed.

1919  Race riots begin in Omaha, Nebraska, US.

1918  World War I: The Fifth Battle of Ypres begins.

1912  The Ulster Covenant is signed by half a million Ulster Protestants in opposition to the Third Irish Home Rule Bill.

1901  Philippine–American War: Filipino guerrillas kill more than forty American soldiers while losing 28 of their own, in a surprise attack in the town of Balangiga on Samar Island.

1889  The first General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) defines the length of a meter as the distance between two lines on a standard bar of an alloy of platinum with ten percent iridium, measured at the melting point of ice.

1885  Riots break out in Montreal to protest against compulsory smallpox vaccination.

1871  Brazilian Parliament passes the Law of the Free Womb, granting freedom to all new children born to slaves, the first major step in the eradication of slavery in Brazil.

 

 

SEPTEMBER 29

2013  Over 42 people are killed by members of Boko Haram at the College of Agriculture in Gujba, Nigeria.

2009  An 8.0 magnitude earthquake near the Samoan Islands causes a tsunami.

2008  Following the bankruptcies of Lehman Brothers and Washington Mutual, The Dow Jones Industrial Average falls 777.68 points, the largest single-day point loss in its history.

2007  Calder Hall, the world’s first commercial nuclear power station, is demolished in a controlled explosion.

2006  Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 collides in mid-air with an Embraer Legacy 600 business jet near Peixoto de Azevedo, Mato Grosso, Brazil, killing 154 total people, and triggering a Brazilian aviation crisis.

2004  The Burt Rutan Ansari X Prize entry SpaceShipOne performs a successful spaceflight, the first of two required to win the prize.

2004  The asteroid 4179 Toutatis passes within four lunar distances of Earth.

1995  The United States Navy disbands Fighter Squadron 84 (VF-84), nicknamed the “Jolly Rogers”.

1995  US space probe Ulysses completes 2nd passage behind Sun.

Space Probe:

Ulysses Space Probe:

1992  Brazilian President Fernando Collor de Mello is impeached.

1991  Military coup in Haiti (1991 Haitian coup d’état).

Military Coup in Haiti, 1991 :

Haiti :

Foreign Relations of Haiti :

History of Haiti :

Economy of Haiti :

1990  The YF-22, which would later become the F-22 Raptor, flies for the first time.

1990  Construction of the Washington National Cathedral is completed.

1988  UN peacekeeping forces win Nobel Peace prize

Peacekeeping, and the UN Peacekeeping:

UN Peacekeeping Forces and the Nobel Peace Prize 1988:

History of the UN Peacekeeping:

Various Problems, the Past and Present, relating to the UN Peacekeeping Operations:

Relevant Reports on the UN Peacekeeping Operations:

UN Peacekeeping Trainings, and Other Peace-related Learning Programs:

1988  Space Shuttle: NASA launches STS-26, the return to flight mission, after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.

1986  USSR releases US journalist Nicholas Daniloff confined on spy charges.

1982  The Chicago Tylenol murders begin when the first of seven individuals dies in metropolitan Chicago.

1979  Pope John Paul II becomes the first pope to visit Ireland.

1976  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1975  USSR performs underground nuclear test.

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

1975  WGPR in Detroit, Michigan, becomes the world’s first black-owned-and-operated television station.

1972  China–Japan relations: Japan establishes diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China after breaking official ties with the Republic of China.

1971  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

1971  Oman joins the Arab League.

Arab League:

Oman:

Foreign Relations of Oman:

History of Oman:

Economy of Oman:

1963  The second period of the Second Vatican Council opens.

1962  Alouette 1, the first Canadian satellite, is launched.

1962  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

1960  Nikita Khrushchev, leader of Soviet Union, disrupts a meeting of the United Nations General Assembly with a number of angry outbursts.

1958  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

1957  Twenty MCi (740 petabecquerels) of radioactive material is released in an explosion at the Soviet Mayak nuclear plant at Chelyabinsk.

1954  The convention establishing CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) is signed.

1953  US government gives France $385 million for combat in Indo-China.

1949  The Communist Party of China writes the Common Programme for the future People’s Republic of China.

1944  Soviet troops invade Yugoslavia.

1941  World War II: Holocaust in Kiev, Soviet Union: German Einsatzgruppe C begins the Babi Yar massacre, according to the Einsatzgruppen operational situation report.

1940  Two Avro Ansons of No. 2 Service Flying Training School RAAF collide in mid-air over Brocklesby, New South Wales, Australia, remain locked together after colliding, and then land safely.

1938  Munich Agreement: Germany is given permission from France, Italy, and Great Britain to seize the territory of Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia. The meeting takes place in Munich, and leaders from neither the Soviet Union nor Czechoslovakia attend.

See also “SEPTEMBER 30, 1938 At 2:00 am, Britain, France, Germany and Italy sign the Munich Agreement, allowing Germany to occupy the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia”, and “OCTOBER 1, 1938 Germany annexes the Sudetenland.”

1932  Chaco War: Last day of the Battle of Boquerón between Paraguay and Bolivia.

1923  The British Mandate for Palestine takes effect, creating Mandatory Palestine.

1918  World War I, Battle of St. Quentin Canal: The Hindenburg Line is broken by Allied forces. Bulgaria signs an armistice.

1911  Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.

1907  The cornerstone is laid at Washington National Cathedral in the U.S. capital.

1885  The first practical public electric tramway in the world is opened in Blackpool, England.

1864  American Civil War: The Battle of Chaffin’s Farm is fought.

1850  The Roman Catholic hierarchy is re-established in England and Wales by Pope Pius IX.

1848  Battle of Pákozd: Stalemate between Hungarian and Croatian forces at Pákozd; the first battle of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.

1798  The 1st United States Congress adjourns.

1789  The United States Department of War first establishes a regular army with a strength of several hundred men.

 

 

SEPTEMBER 30

2009  The 2009 Sumatra earthquakes occur, killing over 1,115 people.

2005  The controversial drawings of Muhammad are printed in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten.

2004  The AIM-54 Phoenix, the primary missile for the F-14 Tomcat, is retired from service. Almost two years later, the Tomcat is retired.

2004  The first images of a live giant squid in its natural habitat are taken 600 miles south of Tokyo.

1999  Japan’s second-worst nuclear accident at a uranium reprocessing facility in Tōkai-mura, northeast of Tokyo.

1996  The United States Congress passes an Amendment that bans the possession of firearms for people who were convicted of domestic violence, even misdemeanor level.

1993  An earthquake hits India’s Latur and Osmanabad district of Marathwada (Aurangabad division) in Maharashtra state leaving tens of thousands of people dead and many more homeless.

1990  The Dalai Lama unveils the Canadian Tribute to Human Rights in Canada’s capital city of Ottawa.

1986  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

1986  Mordechai Vanunu, who revealed details of Israel’s covert nuclear program to British media, is kidnapped in Rome, Italy by the Israeli Mossad.

1982  Cyanide-laced Tylenol kills six people in the Chicago area. Seven are killed in all.

1980  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1980  Ethernet specifications are published by Xerox working with Intel and Digital Equipment Corporation.

1977  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1977  Because of US budget cuts and dwindling power reserves, the Apollo program’s ALSEP experiment packages left on the Moon are shut down.

1975  The Hughes (later McDonnell Douglas, now Boeing) AH-64 Apache makes its first flight.

1973  USSR performs underground nuclear test.

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

1972  Roberto Clemente records the 3,000th and final hit of his career.

1970  Jordan makes a deal with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) for the release of the remaining hostages from the Dawson’s Field hijackings.

1966  USSR performs underground nuclear test.

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

1966  The British protectorate of Bechuanaland declares its independence, and becomes the Republic of Botswana. Seretse Khama takes office as the first President.

1965  The 30 September Movement attempts a coup against the Indonesian government, which is crushed by the military under Suharto and leads to a mass anti-communist purge, with over 500,000 people killed.

1962  James Meredith enters the University of Mississippi, defying segregation.

1962  Mexican-American labor leader César Chávez founds the National Farm Workers Association, which later becomes United Farm Workers.

1958  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1955  Film star James Dean dies in a road accident aged 24.

1954  The US Navy submarine USS Nautilus is commissioned as the world’s first nuclear reactor powered vessel.

1954  The Berlin Airlift ends.

1947  Pakistan and Yemen join the United Nations.

1943  The United States Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA) at Kings Point, New York was dedicated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

1941  World War II: Holocaust in Kiev, Ukraine: German Einsatzgruppe C complete Babi Yar massacre.

1939  General Władysław Sikorski becomes commander-in-chief of the Polish Government in exile.

1938  The League of Nations unanimously outlaws “intentional bombings of civilian populations”.

1938  At 2:00 am, Britain, France, Germany and Italy sign the Munich Agreement, allowing Germany to occupy the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia.

See also “SEPTEMBER 29, 1938 Munich Agreement: Germany is given permission from France, Italy, and Great Britain to seize the territory of Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia. The meeting takes place in Munich, and leaders from neither the Soviet Union nor Czechoslovakia attend”, and “OCTOBER 1, 1938 Germany annexes the Sudetenland.”

1935  The Hoover Dam, astride the border between the US states of Arizona and Nevada, is dedicated.

1931 Start of “Die Voortrekkers” youth movement for Afrikaners in Bloemfontein, South Africa.

1927  Babe Ruth becomes the first baseball player to hit 60 home runs in a season.

1915  A Serbian Army private becomes the first soldier in history to shoot down an enemy aircraft with ground-to-air fire.

1907  McKinley National Memorial, the final resting place of assassinated U.S. President William McKinley and his family, is dedicated in Canton, Ohio.

1906  The Royal Galician Academy, Galician language‘s biggest linguistic authority, starts working in Havana.

1903  The new Gresham’s School is officially opened by Field Marshal Sir Evelyn Wood.

1895  Madagascar becomes a French protectorate.

1888  Jack the Ripper kills his third and fourth victims, Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes.

1882  Thomas Edison‘s first commercial hydroelectric power plant (later known as Appleton Edison Light Company) begins operation on the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States.

1813  Battle of Bárbula: Simón Bolívar defeats Santiago Bobadilla.

1791  The National Constituent Assembly in Paris is dissolved; Parisians hail Maximilien Robespierre and Jérôme Pétion as “incorruptible patriots”.

1791  The first performance of The Magic Flute, the last opera by Mozart to make its debut, took place at Freihaus-Theater auf der Wieden in Vienna, Austria.

1744  France and Spain defeat the Kingdom of Sardinia at the Battle of Madonna dell’Olmo.

 

 

OCTOBER 1

2013  The US federal government shuts down non-essential services after it is unable to pass a budget measure.

1994  Palau gains independence from the United Nations (trusteeship administered by the United States of America).

1991  The Siege of Dubrovnik begins.

1889  Denmark introduces the world’s first legal modern same-sex civil union called “registered partnership”.

1987  The Whittier Narrows earthquake shakes the San Gabriel Valley, registering as magnitude 5.9.

1985  The Israeli Air Force bombs Palestine Liberation Organization Headquarters in Tunis.

1982  Sony launches the first consumer compact disc player (model CDP-101).

1982  Helmut Kohl replaces Helmut Schmidt as Chancellor of Germany through a constructive vote of no confidence.

1982  USSR performs underground nuclear test.

USSR performs underground nuclear test.

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

1981  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1979  The United States returns sovereignty of the Panama Canal to Panama.

1979  Pope John Paul II begins his first pastoral visit to the United States.

1978  The Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party is founded.

1978  Tuvalu gains independence from the United Kingdom.

1975  Thrilla in Manila: Muhammad Ali defeats Joe Frazier in a boxing match in Manila, Philippines.

1975  The Seychelles gain internal self-government. The Ellice Islands split from Gilbert Islands and take the name Tuvalu.

Seychelles:

Foreign Relations of Seychelles:

History of Seychelles:

Economy of Seychelles:

1971  The first brain-scan using x-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is performed at Atkinson Morley Hospital in Wimbledon, London.

1969  Concorde breaks the sound barrier for the first time.

1969  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1968  The Guyanese government takes over the British Guiana Broadcasting Service (BGBS).

1965  General Suharto puts down an apparent coup attempt by the 30 September Movement in Indonesia.

1964  Japanese Shinkansen (“bullet trains”) begin high-speed rail service from Tokyo to Osaka.

1964  The Free Speech Movement is launched on the campus of University of California, Berkeley.

1962  UN gives Netherlands control of New Guinea.

United Nations Security Force (UNSF) and United Nations Temporary Security Authority (UNTEA):

New Guinea:

History of New Guinea:

1961  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

1961  The United States Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) is formed, becoming the country’s first centralized military espionage organization.

1960  Nigeria gains independence from the United Kingdom.

Nigeria:

Foreign Relations of Nigeria:

History of Nigeria:

Economy of Nigeria:

1958  NASA is created to replace NACA.

1957  First appearance of In God we trust on US paper currency.

1949  The People’s Republic of China is established and declared by Mao Zedong.

Mao Zedong:

China:

Foreign Relations of China:

History of China:

Economy of China:

1947  US control of Haitian customs & governmental revenue ends.

History of Haiti, and the United States:

1947  The North American F-86 Sabre flies for the first time.

1946  Mensa International is founded in the United Kingdom.

1946  Daegu October Incident occurs in Allied occupied Korea.

1946  Nazi leaders are sentenced at Nuremberg trials.

1943  World War II: Naples falls to Allied soldiers.

1942  First flight of the Bell XP-59 “Aircomet”.

1942  USS Grouper torpedoes Lisbon Maru not knowing she is carrying British PoWs from Hong Kong

1940  The Pennsylvania Turnpike, often considered the first superhighway in the United States, opens to traffic.

1939  After a one-month Siege of Warsaw, hostile Nazi forces enter the city.

1938  Germany annexes the Sudetenland.

See also “SEPTEMBER 30, 1938 At 2:00 am, Britain, France, Germany and Italy sign the Munich Agreement, allowing Germany to occupy the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia.”

1936  Francisco Franco is named head of the Nationalist government of Spain.

1931  Spain adopted women’s suffrage.

1928  The Soviet Union introduces its First five-year plan.

1920  Sir Percy Cox lands in Basra to assume his responsibilities as High Commissioner in Iraq.

1918  World War I: Arab forces under T. E. Lawrence, also known as “Lawrence of Arabia”, capture Damascus.

1910  Los Angeles Times bombing: A large bomb destroys the Los Angeles Times building in downtown Los Angeles, killing 21.

1908  Ford puts the Model T car on the market at a price of US$825.

1905  František Pavlík is killed in a demonstration in Prague, inspiring Leoš Janáček to the piano composition 1. X. 1905.

YouTube videos of the piano composition 1. X. 1905:

1898  The Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration is founded under the name k.u.k. Exportakademie.

1891  In California, Stanford University opens its doors.

1890  Yosemite National Park is established by the U.S. Congress.

1887  Balochistan is conquered by the British Empire.

1880  First electric lamp factory is opened by Thomas Edison.

1854  The watch company founded in 1850 in Roxbury by Aaron Lufkin Dennison relocates to Waltham, Massachusetts, to become the Waltham Watch Company, a pioneer in the American system of watch manufacturing.

1847  German inventor and industrialist Werner von Siemens founds Siemens AG & Halske.

1829  South African College is founded in Cape Town, South Africa; it will later separate into the University of Cape Town and the South African College Schools.

1827  Russo-Persian War: The Russian army under Ivan Paskevich storms Yerevan, ending a millennium of Muslim domination in Armenia.

1814  Opening of the Congress of Vienna, intended to redraw Europe’s political map after the defeat of Napoléon the previous spring.

 

 

OCTOBER 2

2007  President Roh Moo-hyun of South Korea walks across the Military Demarcation Line into North Korea on his way to the second Inter-Korean Summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il.

2001  NATO backs U.S. military strikes following 9/11.

1997  Amsterdam Treaty on European Union is signed.

1996  The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments are signed by US President Bill Clinton.

1992  The Carandiru massacre takes place after a riot in the Carandiru Penitentiary in São Paulo, Brazil.

1980  Michael Myers becomes the first member of either chamber of Congress to be expelled since the Civil War.

1979  Pope John Paul II denounces all forms of concentration camps and torture while speaking at the U.N. in New York City.

1969  US performs underground nuclear test at Amchitka Island Aleutians.

Underground Nuclear Weapons Testing:

Nuclear Weapons Testing at Amchitka Island:

1968  A peaceful student demonstration in Mexico City culminates in the Tlatelolco massacre by the order of the president, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, to the soldiers of killing unarmed students, hiding the event from the public eye. The 1968 Summer Olympics, hosted in Mexico City, started ten days after the massacre.

1967  Thurgood Marshall is sworn in as the first African-American justice of United States Supreme Court.

1961  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1958  Guinea declares its independence from France.

Guinea:

Independence of Guinea:

Foreign Relations of Guinea:

History of Guinea:

Economy of Guinea:

Human Rights Issues of Guinea:

1958  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

For some more relevant information, see “1961    USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR”, mentioned above.

1944  World War II: German troops end the Warsaw Uprising, by killing 250,000 people.

Warsaw Uprising:

1942  World War II: Ocean Liner RMS Queen Mary accidentally rams and sinks her own escort ship, HMS Curacoa, off the coast of Ireland.

1941  World War II: In Operation Typhoon, Germany begins an all-out offensive against Moscow.

1937  Dominican Republic strongman Rafael Trujillo orders the execution of the Haitian population living within the borderlands; approximately 20,000 are killed over the next five days.

1928  The “Prelature of the Holy Cross and the Work of God”, commonly known as Opus Dei, is founded by Saint Josemaría Escrivá.

1925  John Logie Baird performs the first test of a working television system.

1814  Battle of Rancagua: Spanish Royalists troops under Mariano Osorio defeats rebel Chilean forces of Bernardo O’Higgins and José Miguel Carrera.

 

 

OCTOBER 3

2013  The Gambia withdraws from the Commonwealth of Nations.

The Gambia:

Foreign Relations of the Gambia:

History of the Gambia:

Economy of the Gambia:

2013  At least 134 migrants are killed when their boat sinks near the Italian island of Lampedusa.

2009  The presidents of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkey sign the Nakhchivan Agreement on the Establishment of Turkic Council.

2008  The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 for the U.S. financial system is signed by President George W. Bush.

1995  O J Simpson is acquitted of the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman.

1993  Battle of Mogadishu: A firefight occurs during a failed attempt to capture key officials of warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid‘s organisation in Mogadishu, Somalia, costing the lives of 18 American soldiers, and over 350 Somalis.

1990  German reunification: The German Democratic Republic ceases to exist and its territory becomes part of the Federal Republic of Germany. East German citizens became part of the European Community, which later became the European Union. Now celebrated as German Unity Day.

German Reunification:

Germany:

Foreign Relations of Germany:

History of Germany:                    

Economy of Germany:

1987  USSR performs underground nuclear test.

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

1986  TASCC, a superconducting cyclotron at the Chalk River Laboratories, is officially opened.

1985  The Space Shuttle Atlantis makes its maiden flight. (Mission STS-51-J).

1981  The hunger strike by Provisional Irish Republican Army and Irish National Liberation Army prisoners at the Maze Prison in Northern Ireland ends after seven months and ten deaths.

1972  USSR performs nuclear test.

For some more relevant information, see “1987    USSR performs underground nuclear test”, as mentioned above.

1968  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

1963  A violent coup in Honduras pre-empts the October 13 election, ends a period of reform, and begins two decades of military rule.

1962  Project Mercury: Sigma 7 is launched from Cape Canaveral, with astronaut Wally Schirra aboard, for a six-orbit, nine-hour flight.

1952  The United Kingdom successfully tests a nuclear weapon at the Montebello Islands in Western Australia. The United Kingdom becomes the world’s third nuclear power.

First British Nuclear Test

Nuclear Weapons and the United Kingdom:

1950  Korean War: The First Battle of Maryang San, primarily pitting Australian and British forces against communist China, begins.

1949  WERD, the first black-owned radio station in the United States, opens in Atlanta.

1942  Spaceflight: The first successful launch of a V-2 /A4-rocket from Test Stand VII at Peenemünde, Germany. It is the first man-made object to reach space.

1935  Second Italo-Abyssinian War: Italy invades Ethiopia under General de Bono.

1932  Iraq gains independence from the United Kingdom.

1930  The German Socialist Labour Party in Poland – Left is founded following a split in DSAP in Łódź.

1929  The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is renamed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia, “Land of the South Slavs”.

1912  US forces defeat Nicaraguan rebels under the command of Benjamín Zeledón at the Battle of Coyotepe Hill.

1873  Captain Jack and companions are hanged for their part in the Modoc War.

1849  American author Edgar Allan Poe is found delirious in a gutter in Baltimore under mysterious circumstances; it is the last time he is seen in public before his death.

1835  The Staedtler company is founded in Nuremberg, Germany.

1778  Captain James Cook anchors in Alaska.

1739  The Treaty of Niš is signed by the Ottoman Empire and Russia at the end of the Russian–Turkish War, 1736–39.

 

 

OCTOBER 4

2010  The Ajka plant accident in western Hungary releases about a million cubic metres (35 million cubic feet) of liquid alumina sludge. Nine people are killed and 122 injured, and the Marcal and Danube rivers are severely contaminated.

2004  SpaceShipOne wins Ansari X Prize for private spaceflight, by being the first private craft to fly into space.

2003  Maxim restaurant suicide bombing in Haifa, Israel: Twenty-one Israelis, Jews and Arabs, are killed, and 51 others wounded.

2001  Siberia Airlines Flight 1812: a Sibir Airlines Tupolev Tu-154 crashes into the Black Sea after being struck by an errant Ukrainian S-200 missile. Seventy-eight people are killed.

2001  NATO confirms invocation of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty.

1997  The second largest cash robbery in U.S. history occurs at the Charlotte, North Carolina office of Loomis, Fargo and Company. A Federal Bureau of Investigation investigation eventually results in 24 convictions and the recovery of approximately 95% of the $17.3 million stolen cash.

1993  Russian Constitutional Crisis: In Moscow, tanks bombard the White House, a government building that housed the Russian parliament, while demonstrators against President Boris Yeltsin rally outside.

1992  The Rome General Peace Accords ends a 16-year civil war in Mozambique.

1991  The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty is opened for signature.

1985  The Free Software Foundation is founded in Massachusetts, United States.

1983  Richard Noble sets a new land speed record of 633.468 miles per hour (1,019.468 km/h), driving Thrust2 at the Black Rock Desert in Nevada.

1979  USSR performs nuclear test.

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

1976  Official launch of the InterCity 125 high speed train.

1974  Founding of the New Democracy party in Greece.

1971  USSR performs underground nuclear test.

For some more relevant information, see “1979    USSR performs nuclear test”, mentioned above.

1967  Omar Ali Saifuddien III of Brunei abdicates in favour of his son, His Majesty Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah.

1966  Basutoland becomes independent from the United Kingdom and is renamed Lesotho.

1965  Pope Paul VI arrives in New York, the first Pope to visit the United States of America and the Western hemisphere.

1963  Hurricane Flora, kills 6,000 in Cuba and Haiti.

1961  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1958  Fifth Republic of France is established.

1957  Avro Arrow roll-out ceremony at Avro Canada plant in Malton, Ontario.

1957  Space Race: Launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth.

1949  United Nations’ permanent NYC headquarters is dedicated.

Headquarters of the United Nations:

1943  World War II: U.S. captures the Solomon Islands from the Japanese.

1940  Meeting between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini at the Brenner Pass.

1936  n the East End of London, marches staged by British fascists and various anti-fascist organizations result in violent clashes between them in what becomes known as the Battle of Cable Street.

1927  Gutzon Borglum begins sculpting Mount Rushmore.

1917  World War I: The Battle of Broodseinde fought between the British and German armies in Flanders.

1883  First run of the Orient Express.

1853  Crimean War: The Ottoman Empire declares war on Russia.

Crimean War:

Ottoman Empire:

1830  Creation of the Kingdom of Belgium after separation from the Netherlands.

1824  Mexico adopts a new constitution and becomes a federal republic.

1795  Napoleon Bonaparte first rises to national prominence with a “Whiff of Grapeshot”, using cannon to suppress armed counter-revolutionary rioters threatening the French Legislature (National Convention).

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Satoshi Ashikaga, having worked as researcher, development program/project officer, legal protection/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, prefers a peaceful and prudent life, especially that in communion with nature.  His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, remind him of the invaluableness of peace.  His interest and/or expertise includes international affairs, international law, jurisprudence, economic and business affairs, project/operations or organizational management, geography, history, the environmental/ecological issues, audio/visual documentation of nature and culture, and more. Being a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, he is currently compiling This Week in History on TMS.

(Sources and references: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_28    to _October4; http://www.onthisday.com/day/september/28     to october/4; http://www.brainyhistory.com/days/september_28.html   to _october_4.html; and other pertinent websites and/or documents, mentioned above.)

  1. The views expressed in the cited or quoted websites and/or documents in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the author of this article. These websites and/or documents are cited or quoted for academic or educational purposes. Neither the author of this article nor the Transcend Media Service (TMS) is responsible for the contents, information, or whatsoever contained in these websites and/or documents.
  2. One of the primary purposes of this article is to provide the readers with opportunities to think about “peace”, including positive peace and negative peace as well as external/outer peace and internal/inner peace, and more, directly or indirectly, from various angles and/or in the broadest sense, through historical events. It is because this article is prepared specifically for the TMS whose main objective is to address “peace” through peace journalism.

This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 28 Sep 2015.

Anticopyright: Editorials and articles originated on TMS may be freely reprinted, disseminated, translated and used as background material, provided an acknowledgement and link to the source, TMS: This Week in History, is included. Thank you.

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