This Week in History

HISTORY, 5 Oct 2015

Satoshi Ashikaga – TRANSCEND Media Service

TWH logo history

Oct 5-11

QUOTE OF THE WEEK:

“Follow your passion. The rest will attend to itself. If I can do it, anybody can do it. It’s possible. And it’s your turn. So go for it. It’s never too late to become what you always wanted to be in the first place.” – J. Michael Straczynski

OCTOBER 5

WORLD TEACHERS’ DAY

2011  In the Mekong River massacre, two Chinese cargo boats are hijacked and 13 crew members murdered in the lawless Golden Triangle region of Southeast Asia.

Mekong River massacre:

2000  Mass demonstrations in Belgrade lead to resignation of Serbian strongman Slobodan Milošević. These demonstrations are often called the Bulldozer Revolution.

1991  The first official version of the Linux kernel, version 0.02, is released.

1991  An Indonesian military transport crashes after takeoff from Jakarta killing 137.

1991  USSR reduces nuclear weapons arsenal.

Reduction of Nuclear Weapon Arsenal:

Cold War and Armed Race:

Nuclear Disarmament Timeline:

Russell-Einstein Manifesto, on 9 July 1955:

1990  After one hundred and fifty years The Herald broadsheet newspaper in Melbourne, Australia, is published for the last time as a separate newspaper.

1988  The Brazilian Constitution is ratified by the Constituent Assembly.

1988  The Chilean opposition coalition Concertación (center-left) defeats Augusto Pinochet in his re-election attempt and a general election is called the following year.

1986  Israeli secret nuclear weapons are revealed. The British newspaper The Sunday Times runs Mordechai Vanunu‘s story on its front page under the headline: “Revealed — the secrets of Israel’s nuclear arsenal”.

1984  Marc Garneau becomes the first Canadian in space, aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger.

1982  Chicago Tylenol murders: Johnson & Johnson initiates a nationwide product recall in the United States for all products in its Tylenol brand after several bottles in Chicago are found to have been laced with cyanide, resulting in seven deaths.

1975  Operation Primicia: terrorist attack against a Military Regiment at Formosa, Argentina.

1975  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1974  Guildford pub bombings: bombs planted by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) kill four British soldiers and one civilian.

Irish Republican Army (IRA):

1973  Signature of the European Patent Convention.

1970  Montreal: British Trade Commissioner James Cross is kidnapped by members of the FLQ terrorist group, triggering the October Crisis.

1970  The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is founded.

1968  Police baton civil rights demonstrators in Derry, Northern Ireland – considered to mark the beginning of The Troubles.

1966  Near Detroit, Michigan, there is a partial core meltdown at the Enrico Fermi demonstration nuclear breeder reactor.

1962  The Beatles‘ first single, “Love Me Do” backed with “PS I Love You“, is released in the United Kingdom.

1962  Dr No, the first in the James Bond film series, is released.

James Bond Movies:

British and Other Secret Intelligence Service Agencies:

1958  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1958  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

1953  The first documented recovery meeting of Narcotics Anonymous is held.

1948  The 1948 Ashgabat earthquake kills 110,000.

1947  The first televised White House address is given by U.S. President Harry S Truman.

1945  Hollywood Black Friday: A six-month strike by Hollywood set decorators turns into a bloody riot at the gates of Warner Brothers‘ studios.

1944  Suffrage is extended to women in France.

Suffrage of Woman in France:

1943  Ninety-eight American POW’s are executed by Japanese forces on Wake Island.

See also “OCTOBER 7, 1943 Ninety-eight American POW’s are executed by Japanese forces on Wake Island”.

Note that some websites, including Wake Island – Wikipedia and October 5 – Wikipedia indicates that the date of the massacre was October 5, 1943, while other websites, including History.com and Mansell.com indicate the date, October 7, 1943.

TWH here assumes that the exact date of the massacre was October 7, 1943, because of the following description: “On 5 October 1943, American naval aircraft from Yorktown raided Wake. Two days later, fearing an imminent invasion, the Japanese Rear Admiral Shigematsu Sakaibara ordered the execution of the 98 captured American civilian workers who had initially been kept to perform forced labor. The 98 were taken to the northern end of the island, blindfolded and executed with a machine gun.” – Battle of Wake Island – Wikipedia

1938  In Nazi Germany Jews’ passports are invalidated, and those who needed a passport for emigration purposes are given one marked with the letter J (Jude – Jew).

Law on Passports on Jews:

1936  The Jarrow March sets off for London.

1915  Bulgaria enters World War I as one of the Central Powers.

1914  World War I: first aerial combat resulting in an intentional fatality.

1911  The Kowloon–Canton Railway (split into MTR East Rail Line and Guangshen Railway now) commences service between Kowloon and Canton.

1910  In a revolution in Portugal the monarchy is overthrown and a republic is declared.

1905  Wilbur Wright pilots Wright Flyer III in a flight of 24 miles in 39 minutes, a world record that stood until 1908.

1877  Chief Joseph surrenders his Nez Perce band to General Nelson A. Miles.

1864  The Indian city of Calcutta is almost totally destroyed by a cyclone; 60,000 die.

1813  Battle of the Thames in Canada; Americans defeat British and kill Shawnee leader Tecumseh.

1793  French Revolution: Christianity is disestablished in France.

1798  French Revolution: Women of Paris march to Versailles in the March on Versailles to confront Louis XVI of France about his refusal to promulgate the decrees on the abolition of feudalism, demand bread, and have the King and his court moved to Paris.

1582  Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.

 

 

OCTOBER 6

2012  Iran’s Ambassador to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Ali Asghar Soltanieh, says Islam should join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty:

Iran’s Nuclear Development:

2007  Jason Lewis completes the first human-powered circumnavigation of the globe.

2002  The French oil tanker Limburg is bombed off Yemen.

2000  Argentine vice president Carlos Álvarez resigns.

2000  Yugoslav president Slobodan Milošević resigns.

1995  51 Pegasi is discovered to be the second major star apart from the Sun to have a planet orbiting around it.

1987  Fiji becomes a republic.

Fiji:

Foreign Relations of Fiji:

History of Fiji:

Economy of Fiji:

1985  PC Keith Blakelock is murdered as riots erupt in the Broadwater Farm suburb of London.

1983  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1979  Pope John Paul II becomes the first pontiff to visit the White House.

1977  The first prototype of the Mikoyan MiG-29, designated 9-01, makes its maiden flight.

1977  In Alicante, Spain, fascists attack a group of MCPV militants and sympathizers, and one MCPV sympathizer is killed.

1976  Massacre of students gathering at Thammasat University in Bangkok, Thailand, to protest the return of ex-dictator Thanom, by a coalition of right-wing paramilitary and government forces, triggering the return of the military to government.

1976  New Premier Hua Guofeng orders the arrest of the Gang of Four and associates and ends the Cultural Revolution in the People’s Republic of China.

1976  Cubana de Aviación Flight 455 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean shortly after taking off from Bridgetown, Barbados, after two bombs, placed on board by terrorists with connections to the CIA, exploded. All 73 people on board are killed.

1973  Egypt launches a coordinated attack with Syria against Israel leading to the Yom Kippur War.

See also, “OCTOBER 8, 1973 Yom Kippur War: Gabi Amir’s armored brigade attacks Egyptian occupied positions on the Israeli side of the Suez Canal, in hope of driving them away. The attack fails, and over 150 Israeli tanks are destroyed.”

Launch of the Yom Kippur War on October 6, 1973:

Yom Kippur War:

Yom Kippur War and the US Policy:

Yom Kippur War and the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs:

Timeline of the Yom Kippur War:

1967  USSR performs nuclear test.

1962  US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Johnston Island.

Nuclear Tests by the United States:

Atmospheric/High-altitude Nuclear Explosion Testing:

Johnston Atoll:

Various Weapons Tests and Storage at Johnston Atoll, and Permanent Contamination:

1961  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1957  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

See “1961 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR”, mentioned above.

1942  World War II: The October Matanikau action on Guadalcanal begins as United States Marine Corps forces attack Imperial Japanese Army units along the Matanikau River.

1939  World War II: Germany’s invasion of Poland ends with the surrender of Polesia army after the Battle of Kock

1923  The great powers of World War I withdraw from Istanbul.

1910  Eleftherios Venizelos is elected Prime Minister of Greece for the first time (seven times in total).

1908  Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, sparking a crisis.

1889  American inventor Thomas Edison shows his first motion picture.

1884  The Naval War College of the United States Navy is founded in Newport, Rhode Island.

1876  The American Library Association was founded.

1854  In England the Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead starts shortly after midnight, leading to 53 deaths and hundreds injured.

1849  The execution of the 13 Martyrs of Arad after the Hungarian war of independence.

1789  French Revolution: Louis XVI returns to Paris from Versailles after being confronted by the Parisian women on 5 October

1777  American Revolutionary War: General Sir Henry Clinton leads British forces in the capture of Continental Army Hudson River defenses in the Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery.

1762  Seven Years’ War: conclusion of the Battle of Manila between Britain and Spain, which resulted in the British occupation of Manila for the rest of the war.

1582  Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar, this day is skipped in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.

 

 

OCTOBER 7

2001  The Global War on Terrorism begins as a result of the September 11 attacks. The US invasion of Afghanistan initiates with an air assault and covert operations on the ground.

War on Terrorism:

1998  Matthew Shepard, a gay student at the University of Wyoming, is found tied to a fence after being savagely beaten by two young adults in Laramie, Wyoming.

1991  War in Croatia: Bombing of Banski dvori in Zagreb kills one civilian.

1988  An Inupiaq hunter discovers three gray whales trapped under the ice in Barrow, Alaska, US; the situation becomes a multinational effort to free the whales.

1987  Sikh nationalists declares the independence of Khalistan from India; it is not internationally recognized.

1985  The Mameyes landslide kills close to 300 in the worst landslide in North American history.

1985  The Achille Lauro is hijacked by Palestine Liberation Front.

1977  The adoption of the Fourth Soviet Constitution.

1976  Hua Guofeng becomes Mao Zedong‘s successor as chairman of Communist Party of China, following the latter’s death barely a month earlier.

1971  Oman joins the United Nations.

Oman:

Foreign Relations of Oman:

History of Oman:

Economy of Oman:

1963  John F Kennedy signs the ratification of the Partial Test Ban Treaty.

1960  Nigeria joins the United Nations.

Nigeria:

Foreign Relations of Nigeria:

Nigeria and the United Nations:

History of Nigeria:

Economy of Nigeria:

1959  USSR probe Luna 3 transmits the first ever photographs of the far side of the Moon.

1958  President of Pakistan Iskander Mirza, with the support of General Ayub Khan and the army, suspends the 1956 constitution, imposes martial law, and cancels the elections scheduled for January 1959.

1950  Mother Teresa build an order called Missionary of Charity

1949  The communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany) is formed.

History of German Democratic Republic (East Germany):

1944  World War II: During an uprising at Birkenau concentration camp, Jewish prisoners burn down the crematoria.

The Uprising at Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp:

1943  Ninety-eight American POW’s are executed by Japanese forces on Wake Island.

See also “OCTOBER 5, 1943 Ninety-eight American POW’s are executed by Japanese forces on Wake Island”, as previously mentioned.

Note that some websites, including Wake Island – Wikipedia and October 5 – Wikipedia indicates that the date of the massacre was October 5, 1943, while other websites, including History.com and Mansell.com indicate the date, October 7, 1943.

This Week in History (TWH) here assumes that the exact date of the massacre was October 7, 1943, because of the following description: “On 5 October 1943, American naval aircraft from Yorktown raided Wake. Two days later, fearing an imminent invasion, the Japanese Rear Admiral Shigematsu Sakaibara ordered the execution of the 98 captured American civilian workers who had initially been kept to perform forced labor. The 98 were taken to the northern end of the island, blindfolded and executed with a machine gun.” – Battle of Wake Island – Wikipedia

Massacre in Wake Island:

The Laws of War:

1942  World War II: The October Matanikau action on Guadalcanal begins as United States Marine Corps forces attack Imperial Japanese Army units along the Matanikau River.

1940  World War II: The McCollum memo proposes bringing the United States into the war in Europe by provoking the Japanese to attack the United States.

1933  Air France is inaugurated, after being formed by a merger of 5 French airlines.

1929  Photios II becomes Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.

1919  KLM, the flag carrier of the Netherlands, is founded. It is the oldest airline still operating under its original name.

1879  Germany and Austria-Hungary sign the “Twofold Covenant” and create the Dual Alliance.

1870  Franco-Prussian War: Siege of Paris: Léon Gambetta flees Paris in a hot-air balloon.

1864  American Civil War: Bahia incident: USS Wachusett illegally captures the CSS Florida Confederate raider while in port in Bahia, Brazil in violation of Brazilian neutrality.

1828  Morea expedition: The city of Patras, Greece, is liberated by the French expeditionary force in the Peloponnese under General Maison.

1800  French corsair Robert Surcouf, commander of the 18-gun ship La Confiance, captures the British 38-gun Kent inspiring the traditional French song Le Trente-et-un du mois d’août.

1763  King George III of the United Kingdom issues the Royal Proclamation of 1763, closing aboriginal lands in North America north and west of Alleghenies to white settlements.

 

 

OCTOBER 8

2005  2005 Kashmir earthquake: Thousands of people are killed by a magnitude 7.6 earthquake in parts of Pakistan, India and Afghanistan.

2001  US President George W. Bush announces the establishment of the Office of Homeland Security.

2001  A twin engine Cessna and Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) jetliner collide in heavy fog during takeoff from Milan, Italy, killing 118 people.

1991  Croatia votes to sever constitutional relations with Yugoslavia, rendering the country fully independent.

Croatian Independence Referendum of 1991:

Independence Movement, Croatian Nationalism, and Ethnic Cleansing against Local Ethnic Minorities 1991-1995:

History of Croatia:

Croatia:

Foreign Relations of Croatia:

Economy of Croatia:

1990  Israeli–Palestinian conflict: In Jerusalem, Israeli police kill 17 Palestinians and wound over 100 near the Dome of the Rock mosque on the Temple Mount.

Israeli-Palestine Conflict of 1990:

1982  Poland bans Solidarity and all trade unions.

Solidarity:

History of Solidarity:

History of Poland during World War II and the Cold War:

1980  USSR performs nuclear test.

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

1974  Franklin National Bank collapses due to fraud and mismanagement; at the time it is the largest bank failure in the history of the United States.

1973  Greek military junta of 1967–74: Junta strongman George Papadopoulos appoints Spyros Markezinis as Prime Minister of Greece with the task to lead Greece to parliamentary rule.

1973  Yom Kippur War: Gabi Amir’s armored brigade attacks Egyptian occupied positions on the Israeli side of the Suez Canal, in hope of driving them away. The attack fails, and over 150 Israeli tanks are destroyed.

See also, “OCOTBR 6, 1973 Egypt launches a coordinated attack with Syria against Israel leading to the Yom Kippur War”, and “OCT 06, 1973: ON THIS DAY: The Yom Kippur War brings the United States and USSR to brink of conflict – History.com”

Yom Kippur War:

1971  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

1970  Vietnam War: In Paris, a Communist delegation rejects US President Richard Nixon‘s October 7 peace proposal as “a manoeuvre to deceive world opinion”.

1968  Vietnam War: Operation Sealords: United States and South Vietnamese forces launch a new operation in the Mekong Delta.

1967  Guerrilla leader Che Guevara and his men are captured in Bolivia.

1965  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1961  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1962  Algeria joins the United Nations.

Algeria:

Foreign Relations of Algeria:

Algeria and the United Nations:

History of Algeria:

Economy of Algeria:

1962  Spiegel scandal: Der Spiegel publishes the article “Bedingt abwehrbereit” (“Conditionally prepared for defense”) about a NATO manoeuvre called “Fallex 62“, which uncovered the sorry state of the Bundeswehr (Germany’s army) facing the communist threat from the east at the time. The magazine is soon accused of treason.

1958  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

1944  World War II: The Battle of Crucifix Hill occurs just outside Aachen. Capt. Bobbie Brown receives a Medal of Honor for his heroics in this battle.

1941  World War II: In their invasion of the Soviet Union, Germany reaches the Sea of Azov with the capture of Mariupol.

1939  World War II: Germany annexes Western Poland.

1932  The Indian Air Force is established.

1928  Joseph Szigeti gives the first performance of Alfredo Casella‘s Violin Concerto.

1918  World War I: In the Argonne Forest in France, United States Corporal Alvin C. York kills 28 German soldiers and captures 132, for which he is awarded the Medal of Honor.

1912  First Balkan War begins: Montenegro declares war against the Ottoman Empire.

1895  Eulmi incident: Queen Min of Joseon, the last empress of Korea, is assassinated and her corpse burnt by Japanese infiltrators inside Gyeongbok Palace.

1879  War of the Pacific: The Chilean Navy defeats the Peruvian Navy in the Battle of Angamos, Peruvian Admiral Miguel Grau is killed in the encounter.

1856  The Second Opium War between several western powers and China begins with the Arrow Incident on the Pearl River.

1821  The government of general José de San Martín establishes the Peruvian Navy.

1813  The Treaty of Ried is signed between Bavaria and Austria.

1806  Napoleonic Wars: Forces of the British Empire lay siege to the port of Boulogne in France by using Congreve rockets, invented by Sir William Congreve.

1645 Jeanne Mance opened the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, the first lay hospital in North America.

1600  San Marino adopts its written constitution.

1582  Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.

 

 

OCTOBER 9

WORLD POST DAY

2012  Members of the Pakistani Taliban make a failed attempt to assassinate Malala Yousafzai on her way home from school.

2006  North Korea allegedly tests its first nuclear device.

2001  Second mailing of anthrax letters from Trenton, New Jersey in the 2001 anthrax attacks.

1992  A 13 kilogram (est.) fragment of the Peekskill meteorite lands in the driveway of the Knapp residence in Peekskill, New York, destroying the family’s 1980 Chevrolet Malibu.

1991  Ecuador becomes a member of the Berne Convention.

1989  An official news agency in the Soviet Union reports the landing of a UFO in Voronezh.

1985  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

1983  Rangoon bombing: Attempted assassination of South Korean President Chun Doo-hwan during an official visit to Rangoon, Burma. Chun survives but the blast kills 17 of his entourage, including four cabinet ministers, and injures 17 others. Four Burmese officials also die in the blast.

1981  Abolition of capital punishment in France.

1980  Pope John Paul II shakes hands with the Dalai Lama during a private audience in Vatican City.

1971  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1970  The Khmer Republic is proclaimed in Cambodia.

See also, “AUGUST 6, 2014 Two former Khmer Rouge leaders, Khieu Samphan and Nuon Chea, have been convicted of war crimes during the period of Cambodian genocide in the 1970s; a UN-supported war crimes tribunal sentenced the two men to life in prison; both men are in their 80s.”

Khmer Rouge:

Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) or a.k.a. Khmer Rouge Tribunal:

For some more pertinent information on international criminal justice and pertinent international and/or hybrid judicial institutions, see “JULY 1, 2002  The International Criminal Court is established to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. (= The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court comes into force.)”

Law and Procedure of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)

Cambodia:

Foreign Relations of Cambodia:

History of Cambodia:

Economy of Cambodia:

1969  In Chicago, the United States National Guard is called in for crowd control as demonstrations continue in connection with the trial of the “Chicago Eight” that began on September 24.

1967  A day after being captured, Marxist revolutionary Ernesto “Che” Guevara is executed for attempting to incite a revolution in Bolivia.

1966  Vietnam War: Diên Niên – Phước Bình massacre

1966  Vietnam War: Binh Tai Massacre

1963  In northeast Italy, over 2,000 people are killed when a large landslide behind the Vajont Dam causes a giant wave of water to overtop it.

1962  Uganda becomes an independent Commonwealth realm.

Uganda:

Foreign Relations of Uganda:

History of Uganda:

Economy of Uganda:

1950  Goyang Geumjeong Cave massacre started.

1942  The last day of the October Matanikau action on Guadalcanal as United States Marine Corps forces withdraw back across the Matanikau River after destroying most of the Imperial Japanese Army‘s 4th Infantry Regiment.

1942  Statute of Westminster 1931 formalises Australian autonomy.

1941  A coup in Panama declares Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango the new president.

1940  World War II: Battle of Britain: During a night-time air raid by the German Luftwaffe, St. Paul’s Cathedral in the City of London, England is hit by a bomb.

1936  Generators at Boulder Dam (later renamed to Hoover Dam) begin to generate electricity from the Colorado River and transmit it 266 miles to Los Angeles.

1934  Regicide at Marseille: The assassination of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia and Louis Barthou, Foreign Minister of France.

1914  World War I: Siege of Antwerp: Antwerp, Belgium falls to German troops.

The determination of the exact date of the Siege of Antwerp is different according to some relevant websites, as shown below. It depends on the interpretation on which phase or situation in the battle at Antwerp should be considered as the date of the Siege.

1911  An accidental bomb explosion in Hankou, Wuhan, China leads to the ultimate fall of the Qing Empire

1900  The Cook Islands become a territory of the United Kingdom.

1854  Crimean War: The siege of Sebastopol begins.

Crimean War:

Sevastopol:

Timeline of Crimean War:

1824  Slavery is abolished in Costa Rica.

Costa Rica:

Foreign Relations of Costa Rica

History of Costa Rica:

Slavery of Costa Rica:

Economy of Costa Rica:

1820  Guayaquil declares independence from Spain.

Guayaquil:

History of Guayaquil:

Ecuador:

History of Ecuador:

Economy of Ecuador:

 

 

OCTOBER 10

WORLD MENTAL HEALTH DAY

2010  Cable channel The Hub made its debut in the United States.

2010  The Netherlands Antilles are dissolved as a country.

2009  Armenia and Turkey sign protocols in Zurich, Switzerland to open their borders.

2008  The 2008 Orakzai bombing kills 110 and injures 200 more.

1998  A Lignes Aériennes Congolaises Boeing 727 is shot down by rebels in Kindu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, killing 41 people.

1986  An earthquake measuring 7.5 on the Richter scale strikes San Salvador, El Salvador, killing an estimated 1,500 people.

1985  United States Navy F-14 fighter jets intercept an Egyptian plane carrying the hijackers of the Achille Lauro cruise ship, and force it to land at a NATO base in Sigonella, Sicily where they are arrested.

1980  FMLN was founded in El Salvador.

1980  A magnitude 7.3 earthquake occurs in the Algerian town of El Asnam. Around 3,500 die and 300,000 are left homeless.

1975  Papua New Guinea joins the United Nations.

1970  In Montreal, a national crisis hits Canada when Quebec Vice-Premier and Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte becomes the second statesman kidnapped by members of the FLQ terrorist group.

1970  Fiji becomes independent.

Fiji:

Foreign Relations of Fiji:

History of Fiji:

Economy of Fiji:

1968  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

1967  The Outer Space Treaty, signed on January 27 by more than sixty nations, comes into force.

1964  The opening ceremony of the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, is broadcast live in the first Olympic telecast relayed by geostationary communication satellite.

1963  France cedes control of the Bizerte naval base to Tunisia.

1961  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

For some more relevant information, see “1968 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site”, mentioned above.

1958  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

For some more relevant information, see “1968 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site”, mentioned above.

1958  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1957  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

For more pertinent information, see “1958 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR”, mentioned above.

1957  The Windscale fire in Cumbria, UK is the world’s first major nuclear accident.

1957  US President Dwight D. Eisenhower apologizes to the finance minister of Ghana, Komla Agbeli Gbedemah, after he is refused service in a Dover, Delaware restaurant.

1953  Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea is concluded in Washington, D.C.

1945  The Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang signed a principle agreement in Chongqing about the future of post-war China. Later, the pact is commonly referred to as the Double Tenth Agreement.

1944  Holocaust: Eight hundred the Romani People (a.k.a. Gypsy) children are murdered at Auschwitz concentration camp.

Eight Hundred Romani Children Gassed to Death at Auschwitz:

Romani (Roma) People:

Genocide of the Romani People:

1943  Double Tenth Incident in Japanese-controlled Singapore

Double Tenth Incident:

Massacres in Singapore, and Some Pertinent Atrocities:

International Military Tribunal in the Far East (a.k.a. Tokyo Military Tribunal):

1942  The Soviet Union establishes diplomatic relations with Australia.

1938  The Munich Agreement cedes the Sudetenland to Nazi Germany.

1935  A coup d’état by the royalist leadership of the Greek Armed Forces takes place in Athens. It overthrows the government of Panagis Tsaldaris and establishes a regency under Georgios Kondylis, effectively ending the Second Hellenic Republic.

1928  Chiang Kai-shek becomes Chairman of the Republic of China.

1920  The Carinthian plebiscite determines that the larger part of the Duchy of Carinthia should remain part of Austria.

1913  United States President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike thus ending construction on the Panama Canal.

1911  The Wuchang Uprising leads to the demise of the Qing dynasty, the last Imperial court in China, and the founding of the Republic of China.

1910  Tau Epsilon Phi: Tau Epsilon Phi Fraternity is founded on the campus of Columbia University in New York City, New York.

1897  German chemist Felix Hoffmann discovers an improved way of synthesizing acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).

1871  The Great Chicago Fire: Chicago burns after a barn accident. The fire lasts from October 8 to October 10.

1868  Carlos Céspedes issues the Grito de Yara from his plantation, La Demajagua, proclaiming Cuba‘s independence

1846  Triton, the largest moon of the planet Neptune, is discovered by English astronomer William Lassell.

 

 

OCTOBER 11

INTERNATIONAL DAY OF THE GIRL CHILD

2002  A bomb attack in a shopping mall in Vantaa, Finland kills seven.

2000  NASA launches STS-92, the 100th Space Shuttle mission, using Space Shuttle Discovery.

1987  Start of Operation Pawan by Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka that killed thousands of ethnic Tamil civilians and hundreds of Tamil Tigers & Indian Army soldiers.

Operation Pawan:

1986  Cold War: U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Reykjavík, Iceland, in an effort to continue discussions about scaling back their intermediate missile arsenals in Europe.

1984  Aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger, astronaut Kathryn D. Sullivan becomes the first American woman to perform a space walk.

1980  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1976  George Washington‘s appointment, posthumously, to the grade of General of the Armies by congressional joint resolution Public Law 94-479 is approved by President Gerald R. Ford.

1972  A race riot occurs on the United States Navy aircraft carrier Kitty Hawk off the coast of Vietnam during Operation Linebacker.

1968  Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 7, the first successful manned Apollo mission, with astronauts Wally Schirra, Donn F. Eisele and Walter Cunningham aboard.

1962  Second Vatican Council: Pope John XXIII convenes the first ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church in 92 years.

Vatican Council II:

Vatican Council II Documents:

1961  USSR performs nuclear test.

1958  Pioneer program: NASA launches the lunar probe Pioneer 1 (the probe falls back to Earth and burns up).

1957  Space Race: MIT scientists calculate Sputnik 1‘s booster rocket’s orbit.

1954  First Indochina War: The Viet Minh take control of North Vietnam.

1950  Television: CBS’s mechanical color system is the first to be licensed for broadcast by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission.

1944  Tuvan People’s Republic or formerly Tannu Tuva is annexed by the USSR

1942  World War II: Battle of Cape Esperance – On the northwest coast of Guadalcanal, United States Navy ships intercept and defeat a Japanese fleet on their way to reinforce troops on the island.

1941  Beginning of the National Liberation War of Macedonia.

National Liberation War of Macedonia:

History of (the former Yugoslav part of the Republic of) Macedonia:

1918  San Fermín earthquake hits western Puerto Rico.

1912  First Balkan War: The Greek Army liberates the city of Kozani.

1899  Second Boer War begins: In South Africa, a war between the United Kingdom and the Boers of the Transvaal and Orange Free State erupts.

1865  Paul Bogle led hundreds of black men and women in a march in Jamaica, starting the Morant Bay rebellion.

1864  Campina Grande, Brazil, is established as a city.

1833  A big demonstration at the gates of the legislature of Buenos Aires forces the ousting of governor Juan Ramón Balcarce and his replacement with Juan José Viamonte.

1811  Inventor John Stevens‘ boat, the Juliana, begins operation as the first steam-powered ferry (service between New York City, New York, and Hoboken, New Jersey).

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Satoshi Ashikaga, having worked as researcher, development program/project officer, legal protection/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, prefers a peaceful and prudent life, especially that in communion with nature.  His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, remind him of the invaluableness of peace.  His interest and/or expertise includes international affairs, international law, jurisprudence, economic and business affairs, project/operations or organizational management, geography, history, the environmental/ecological issues, audio/visual documentation of nature and culture, and more. Being a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, he is currently compiling This Week in History on TMS.

(Sources and references: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_5 to _October11; http://www.onthisday.com/day/october/5 to october/11; http://www.brainyhistory.com/days/october_5.html to _october_11.html; and other pertinent websites and/or documents, mentioned above.)

  1. The views expressed in the cited or quoted websites and/or documents in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the author of this article. These websites and/or documents are cited or quoted for academic or educational purposes. Neither the author of this article nor the Transcend Media Service (TMS) is responsible for the contents, information, or whatsoever contained in these websites and/or documents.
  2. One of the primary purposes of this article is to provide the readers with opportunities to think about “peace”, including positive peace and negative peace as well as external/outer peace and internal/inner peace, and more, directly or indirectly, from various angles and/or in the broadest sense, through historical events. It is because this article is prepared specifically for the TMS whose main objective is to address “peace” through peace journalism.

This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 5 Oct 2015.

Anticopyright: Editorials and articles originated on TMS may be freely reprinted, disseminated, translated and used as background material, provided an acknowledgement and link to the source, TMS: This Week in History, is included. Thank you.

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