This Week in History

HISTORY, 25 Jul 2016

Satoshi Ashikaga – TRANSCEND Media Service

Jul 25-31

QUOTE OF THE WEEK:

“In dwelling, live close to the ground. In thinking, keep to the simple. In conflict, be fair and generous. In governing, don’t try to control. In work, do what you enjoy. In family life, be completely present.” – Lao Tzu

JULY 25

2012 Pranab Mukherjee became the 13th president of India.

2010 WikiLeaks publishes classified documents about the War in Afghanistan, one of the largest leaks in U.S. military history.

Classified Documents on the US War in Afghanistan:

US Invasion of Afghanistan – US War in Afghanistan:

Why Did the US Invade Afghanistan? :

Behind the Official Reasons for the Invasion of Afghanistan:

US-Afghanistan Relations:

Foreign Relations of Afghanistan:

Afghanistan and the United Nations:

Afghanistan:

History of Afghanistan:

Economy of Afghanistan:

2002 APJ Abdul Kalam became the 11th president of India.

APJ Abdul Kalam:

2000 Concorde Air France Flight 4590 crashes at Paris Charles de Gaulle airport, killing 113 passengers.

Concorde:

Concorde Crash on 25 July 2000:

1996 In a military coup in Burundi, Pierre Buyoya deposes Sylvestre Ntibantunganya.

Military Coup in Burundi of 1996:

History of Burundi:

1994 Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration, that formally ends the state of war that had existed between the nations since 1948.

Washington Declaration of 1994:

1993 The Saint James Church massacre occurs in Kenilworth, Cape Town, South Africa.

Saint James Church Massacre:

1993 Israel launches a massive attack against Lebanon in what the Israelis call Operation Accountability, and the Lebanese call the Seven-Day War.

Operation Accountability/Seven-Day War:

1990 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

US Nuclear Tests (Overview):

Nevada Test Sites:

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

1985 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

For more pertinent information, see “1990 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site”, mentioned above.

1985 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests (Overview):

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1985:

1985 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia [Note that, on this day, July 25, 1985, Soviet performed four nuclear weapons tests at Semipalitinsk, according to the above-mentioned 1985 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia.]

Nuclear Tests at Semipalitinsk:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

1984 Salyut 7 cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to perform a space walk.

Salyut 7:

1983 Black July: Thirty-seven Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo are massacred by the fellow Sinhalese prisoners.

Black July of 1983:

Massacre at Welikada Prison:

Tamil Tigers:

Sri Lankan Civil War:

History of the Sri Lankan Civil War:

History of Sri Lanka:

Sri Lanka:

Foreign Relations of Sri Lanka:

Economy of Sri Lanka:

1980 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

Nuclear Tests of the United States (Overview):

Nevada Test Site:

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

1979 Another section of the Sinai Peninsula is peacefully returned by Israel to Egypt.

Israel’s Withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula:

Camp David Accords of 1978:

1978 Louise Brown, the world’s first “test tube baby” is born.

Louise Brown:

Ethics Debates on Test Tube Babies:

1978 Puerto Rico police assassinate two nationalists in the Cerro Maravilla murders.

1976 Viking program: Viking 1 takes the famous Face on Mars photo.

Viking Program:

Face on Mars:

1973 Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched.

Mars 5 and Martian Exploration:

1969 Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon declares the Nixon Doctrine, stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies to take care of their own military defense. This is the start of the “Vietnamization” of the war.

Vietnam War in 1969:

Nixon Doctrine:

Vietnamization:

Viet Nam War and Pertinent Events:

Anti-Viet Nam War Movement or Opposition to United States Involvement in the Vietnam War:

1961 In a speech John F. Kennedy emphasizes that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO.

JFK’s Speech on the Berlin Crisis, July 25, 1961:

1959 Lloyd J. Old introduced BCG, a tuberculosis vaccine, into experimental cancer research as a way to stimulate non-specific resistance to tumor growth. BCG was FDA-approved in 1991 and is now widely used as a first line treatment for superficial bladder cancer.

Lloyd J. Old:

History/Timelines of BCG Vaccine:

1959 SR.N1 hovercraft crosses the English Channel from Calais, France to Dover, England in just over two hours.

1958 The African Regroupment Party (PRA) holds its first congress in Cotonou.

African Regroupment Party Congress at Cotonou of 1958:

1957 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

US Nuclear Weapons Tests (Overview):

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

Nevada Test Site:

Atmospheric Nuclear Tests of the United States and Radioactive Fallout:

Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:

1957 The Republic of Tunisia is proclaimed.

History of Tunisia:

1952 The US non-incorporated territory of Puerto Rico adopts a constitution.

Puerto Rico and Its Constitution:

1950 The Korean People’s Army crossed the 38th parallel starting The Korean War.

Korean People’s Army’s Advance:

1947 US Department of Army created.

US Department of Army:

1946 Operation Crossroads: An atomic bomb is detonated underwater in the lagoon of Bikini Atoll.

Operation Crossroads:

Nuclear Tests at Bikini Atoll:

Atmospheric/High-altitude Nuclear Explosion Testing:

Atmospheric Nuclear Tests of the United States and Radioactive Fallout:

Nuclear Tests by the United States:

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

Cancer Mortality at the U.S. Nuclear Test – U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs

1944 World War II: Operation Spring – one of the bloodiest days for the First Canadian Army during the war: One thousand five hundred casualties, including 500 killed.

Operation Spring of 1944:

1943 World War II: Benito Mussolini is forced out of office by his own Italian Grand Council and is replaced by Pietro Badoglio.

Pietro Badoglio:

Benito Mussolini:

Mussolini’s Doctrine:

Timeline – Mussolini:

1942 Norwegian Manifesto calls for nonviolent resistance to the Nazis.

Nonviolence resistance:

Nonviolence and Religions:

1940 General Henri Guisan orders the Swiss Army to resist German invasion and makes surrender illegal.

General Henri Guisan:

Switzerland:

History of Switzerland:

Foreign Relations and Neutrality of Switzerland:

1934 The Nazis assassinate Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in a failed coup attempt.

1925 Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established.

TASS:

1920 France captures Damascus.

France’s Capture of Damascus of 1920:

1915 RFC Captain Lanoe Hawker becomes the first British military aviator to earn the Victoria Cross, for defeating three German two-seat observation aircraft in one day, over the Western Front.

1909 Louis Blériot makes the first flight across the English Channel in a heavier-than-air machine from (Calais to Dover, England, United Kingdom) in 37 minutes.

1908 Ajinomoto is founded. Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University discovers that a key ingredient in kombu soup stock is monosodium glutamate (MSG), and patents a process for manufacturing it.

1894 After over two months of sea-based bombardment, the United States invasion of Puerto Rico begins with U.S. troops led by General Nelson Miles landing at harbor of Guánica, Puerto Rico.

1894 The First Sino-Japanese War begins when the Japanese fire upon a Chinese warship. [However, this war was officially declared on August 1, 1894 between China and Japan.]

First Sino-Japanese War:

Second Sino-Japanese War:

JULY 26

2007 Shambo, a black cow in Wales that had been adopted by the local Hindu community, is slaughtered due to a bovine tuberculosis infection, causing widespread controversy.

2005 Mumbai, India receives 99.5cm of rain (39.17 inches) within 24 hours, resulting in floods killing over 5,000 people.

2005 Space Shuttle program: STS-114 Mission – Launch of Discovery, NASA‘s first scheduled flight mission after the Columbia Disaster in 2003.

Discovery:

Space Shuttle Program:

History of the Space Shuttle Program:

Space Shuttle Program and Its Military Purposes:

1990 The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is signed into law by President George Bush.

1989 A federal grand jury indicts Cornell University student Robert T. Morris, Jr. for releasing the Morris worm, thus becoming the first person to be prosecuted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.

1977 USSR performs underground nuclear test at Krasnoyarsk.

1977 USSR Nuclear Test:

1977 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

Underground Nuclear Tests:

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

1977 The National Assembly of Quebec imposes the use of French as the official language of the provincial government.

French as the Official Language of Quebec:

1974 Greek Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis forms the country’s first civil government after seven years of military rule.

Konstantinos Karamanlis:

Modern History of Greece:

1974 France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island.

Muruora:

History of France Nuclear Tests in the Pacific:

France’s Nuclear Tests:

1971 Nicolette Milnes-Walker completes sailing non-stop single-handedly across the Atlantic, becoming the first woman to successfully do so.

1971 Apollo program: launch of Apollo 15 on the first Apollo “J-Mission“, and first use of a Lunar Roving Vehicle.

Apollo 15:

History of the Apollo Program:

1968 Vietnam War: South Vietnamese opposition leader Truong Dinh Dzu is sentenced to five years hard labor for advocating the formation of a coalition government as a way to move toward an end to the war.

1968 in the Vietnam War:

Trương Đình Dzu:

Viet Nam War and Pertinent Events:

Anti-Viet Nam War Movement or Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War:

1965 Full independence is granted to the Maldives.

Independence of Maldives in 1965:

History of Maldives:

Maldives:

Foreign Relations of Maldives:

Economy of Maldives:

1963 The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development votes to admit Japan.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Relevant Topics:

1963 An earthquake in Skopje, Yugoslavia (now in Macedonia) leaves 1,100 dead.

1963 Syncom 2, the world’s first geosynchronous satellite, is launched from Cape Canaveral on a Delta B booster.

1958 Explorer program: Explorer 4 is launched.

1957 USSR launches 1st intercontinental multistage ballistic missile.

USSR and ICMB:

Intercontinental Ballistic Missile:

1957 Carlos Castillo Armas, dictator of Guatemala, is assassinated.

1956 Following the World Bank‘s refusal to fund building the Aswan Dam, Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal, sparking international condemnation.

1953 Soldiers from the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment repel a number of Chinese assaults against a key position known as The Hook during the Battle of the Samichon River, just hours before the Armistice Agreement is signed on 27 July 1953, ending the Korean War.

Battle of the Samichon River:

Korean War:

Korean War Timelines:

1953 Arizona Governor John Howard Pyle orders an anti-polygamy law enforcement crackdown on residents of Short Creek, Arizona, which becomes known as the Short Creek raid.

1953 Fidel Castro leads an unsuccessful attack on the Moncada Barracks, thus beginning the Cuban Revolution. The movement took the name of the date: 26th of July Movement

Cuban Revolution:

26^th of July Movement:

History/Timelines of the Cuban Revolution:

Fidel Castro:

Cuba or the “Republic of Cuba” (Repúlica de Cuba):

Foreign Relations of Cuba:

Cuba and USSR/Russia:

Cuba and the United States:

History and Culture of Cuba:

Economy of Cuba:

1948 US President Harry S Truman signs Executive Order 9981 desegregating the military of the United States.

1947 Cold War: US President Harry S. Truman signs the National Security Act of 1947 into United States law creating the Central Intelligence Agency, United States Department of Defense, United States Air Force, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the United States National Security Council.

National Security Act of 1947:

History of the CIA:

Intelligence Service Agencies:

1946 Aloha Airlines begins service from Honolulu International Airport

1945 The US Navy cruiser USS Indianapolis arrives at Tinian with parts of the warhead for the Hiroshima atomic bomb.

1945 The Potsdam Declaration is signed in Potsdam, Germany.

Potsdam Declaration:

1945 The Labour Party wins the United Kingdom general election of July 5 by a landslide, removing Winston Churchill from power.

1944 World War II: the Soviet Army enters Lviv, a major city in western Ukraine, capturing it from the Nazis. Only 300 Jews survive out of 160,000 living in Lviv prior to occupation.

Soviet Army’s Advance into Lviv in 1944:

1941 World War II: in response to the Japanese occupation of French Indochina, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the seizure of all Japanese assets in the United States.

1937 End of the Battle of Brunete in the Spanish Civil War.

Battle of Brunete:

Spanish Civil War:

Timelines of the Spanish Civil War:

1936 The Axis powers decide to intervene in the Spanish Civil War.

Axis Powers:

For some more information on the Spanish Civil War, see “1937 End of the Battle of Brunete in the Spanish Civil War,” mentioned above.

1914 Serbia and Bulgaria interrupt diplomatic relationship.

Serbia-Bulgaria Relations:

1908 United States Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte issues an order to immediately staff the Office of the Chief Examiner (later renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation).

1897 Anglo-Afghan War: The Pashtun fakir Saidullah leads an army of more than 10,000 to begin a siege of the British garrison in the Malakand Agency of the North West Frontier Province of India.

Siege of the British Garrison in Malakand:

Siege of Malakand – Wikipedia

Anglo-Afghan Wars:

History of Afghanistan

Independence of Afghanistan:

1891 France annexes Tahiti.

1890 In Buenos Aires, Argentina the Revolución del Parque takes place, forcing President Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman‘s resignation.

1887 Publication of the Unua Libro, founding the Esperanto movement.

History of Esperanto (Movement):

1882 The Republic of Stellaland is founded in Southern Africa.

Republic of Stelland:

Boer Republic proclaimed as the Republic of Stellaland – ZUM.de

1847 Liberia declares its independence.

Liberia:

History of Liberia:

1822 First day of the three-day Battle of Dervenakia, between the Ottoman Empire force led by Mahmud Dramali Pasha and the Greek Revolutionary force led by Theodoros Kolokotronis.

1822 José de San Martín arrives in Guayaquil, Ecuador, to meet with Simón Bolívar.

JULY 27

2006 The Federal Republic of Germany is deemed guilty in the loss of Bashkirian 2937 and DHL Flight 611, because it is illegal to outsource flight surveillance.

1996 Centennial Olympic Park bombing: In Atlanta, United States, a pipe bomb explodes at Centennial Olympic Park during the 1996 Summer Olympics. One woman (Alice Hawthorne) is killed, and a cameraman suffers a heart attack fleeing the scene. One hundred eleven are injured.

1990 The Jamaat al Muslimeen attempt a coup d’état in Trinidad and Tobago, occupying the Trinidad and the studios of Trinidad and Tobago Television, holding Prime Minister A. N. R. Robinson and most of his Cabinet as well as the staff at the television station hostage for six days.

1990 The Supreme Soviet of the Belarusian Soviet Republic declares independence of Belarus from the Soviet Union. Until 1996 the day is celebrated as the Independence Day of Belarus; after a referendum held that year the celebration of independence is moved to June 3.

1987 RMS Titanic Inc. begins the first expedited salvage of wreckage of the RMS Titanic.

RMS Titanic:

1986 Iraqi jets attack central Iranian city of Arak; Iran threatens missile attack of gulf states supporting Iraq.

1983 Black July: Eighteen Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo are massacred by Sinhalese prisoners, the second such massacre in two days.

Black July of 1983:

Massacre at Welikada Prison:

Tamil Tigers:

Sri Lankan Civil War:

History of the Sri Lankan Civil War:

History of Sri Lanka:

Sri Lanka:

Foreign Relations of Sri Lanka:

Economy of Sri Lanka:

1974 Watergate scandal: The House of Representatives Judiciary Committee votes 27 to 11 to recommend the first article of impeachment (for obstruction of justice) against President Richard Nixon.

Impeachment against President Richard Nixon:

Watergate Scandal:

Watergate Tapes:

“Mystery” of Watergate Tape Gap:

Watergate Scandal Timelines:

1967 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site

US Nuclear Tests at Nevada Test Site (Overview):

US Nuclear Weapons Tests (Overview):

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

Nevada Test Site:

Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:

1964 Vietnam War: Five thousand more American military advisers are sent to South Vietnam bringing the total number of United States forces in Vietnam to 21,000.

Vietnam War Overview:

Vietnam War in 1964:

Viet Nam War and Pertinent Events:

Anti-Viet Nam War Movement or Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War:

1962 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests at Novaya Zemlya (Overview):

Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site:

1955 The Allied occupation of Austria stemming from World War II, ends.

1953 Fighting in the Korean War ends when the United States, China, and North Korea sign an armistice agreement. Syngman Rhee, President of South Korea, refuses to sign but pledges to observe the armistice.

Korean War:

Korean War Timelines:

1949 Initial flight of the de Havilland Comet, the first jet-powered airliner.

1942 World War II: Allied forces successfully halt the final Axis advance into Egypt.

1941 Japanese troops occupy French Indochina.

French Indochina:

Japanese Invasion of French Indonesia:

In French Indochina: Vichy France Atrocities and France-Japan Cooperation:

Vichy France:

Vichy Government and the Holocaust Collaboration:

1929 The Geneva Convention of 1929, dealing with treatment of prisoners-of-war, is signed by 53 nations.

Geneva Convention of 1929:

Text of the Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 27 July 1929.

1929 The Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field, consisting of 39 articles in French, was adopted on 27 July 1929, at the end of the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1929, which met from the 27 July until the 1 August of that year.

Text of the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field

1921 Researchers at the University of Toronto led by biochemist Frederick Banting prove that the hormone insulin regulates blood sugar.

Insulin:

Insulin: Discovery and Controversy, by Louis Rosenfeld – Clinical Chemistry

1919 The Chicago Race Riot erupts after a racial incident occurred on a South Side beach, leading to 38 fatalities and 537 injuries over a five-day period.

1917 The Allies reach the Yser Canal at the Battle of Passchendaele.

1914 Felix Manalo registers the Iglesia ni Cristo with the Philippine government.

1900 Kaiser Wilhelm II makes a speech comparing Germans to Huns; for years afterwards, “Hun” would be a disparaging name for Germans.

1890 Vincent van Gogh shoots himself and dies two days later.

1880 Second Anglo-Afghan War: Battle of Maiwand – Afghan forces led by Mohammad Ayub Khan defeat the British Army in battle near Maiwand, Afghanistan.

Battle of Maiwand of 1880:

Anglo-Afghan Wars:

First Anglo-Afghan War:

Second Anglo-Afghan War:

Third Anglo-Afghan War:

History of Afghanistan

Independence of Afghanistan:

1866 The first permanent transatlantic telegraph cable is successfully completed, stretching from Valentia Island, Ireland, to Heart’s Content, Newfoundland.

1865 Welsh settlers arrive at Chubut in Argentina.

1794 French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre is arrested after encouraging the execution of more than 17,000 “enemies of the Revolution”.

1789 The first U.S. federal government agency, the Department of Foreign Affairs, is established (it will be later renamed Department of State).

1720 The Battle of Grengam marks the second important victory of the Russian Navy.

JULY 28

2008 The historic Grand Pier in Weston-super-Mare burns down for the second time in 80 years.

2005 The Provisional Irish Republican Army calls an end to its thirty-year-long armed campaign in Northern Ireland.

Irish Republican Army (IRA)/Provisional Republican Army (PIRA):

IRA’s Terrorism:

History of the IRA:

Sinn Féin:

History of Sinn Féin:

Sinn Féin, IRA and the Catholic Church:

1996 The remains of a prehistoric man are discovered near Kennewick, Washington. Such remains will be known as the Kennewick Man.

1993 Andorra joins the United Nations.

Andorra:

Andorra and the United Nations:

1988 Israeli diplomats arrive in Moscow for 1st visit in 21 years.

Israeli Diplomat in Moscow in 1988:

“When Aryeh Levin leaves his posting as Israeli ambassador on Wednesday [October 28, 1992], he will not dwell on his four-year, historic tenure in Moscow….Levin arrived in Moscow in 1988 without diplomatic status. The Soviet Union had severed official ties with Israel in 1967 over the Arab-Israeli war, and it took until Oct. 18, 1991, before the Jewish state was permitted to raise its blue-and-white flag over the embassy building on Bolshaya Ordynka, even though it had paid $2 million in rent during the 21-year period of frozen relations.” – Israel’s Diplomatic Warrior, by Joanne Levine – The Moscow Times, October 26, 1992

1983 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site (Overview):

USSR’s Nuclear Tests at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk:

USSR’s Nuclear Testing Program:

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

1978 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

For some more pertinent information, see “1983 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR,” mentioned above.

1976 The Tangshan earthquake measuring between 7.8 and 8.2 moment magnitude flattens Tangshan in the People’s Republic of China, killing 242,769 and injuring 164,851.

1974 Spetsgruppa A, Russia’s elite special force, was formed.

1965 Vietnam War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces his order to increase the number of United States troops in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000.

Vietnam War in 1965:

LBJ Orders Increase of US Soldiers for Vietnam War:

Viet Nam War and Some Pertinent Events:

Anti-Viet Nam War Movement or Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War:

1957 Heavy rain and a mudslide (aka mudflow) in Isahaya, western Kyushu, Japan, kills 992.

1955 The Union Mundial pro Interlingua is founded at the first Interlingua congress in Tours, France.

International Auxiliary Language:

1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees is adopted.

Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951:

International Refugee Law:

Refugee Definition, Determination of the Refugee Status:

Right of Asylum:

Territorial Asylum:

Extraterritorial Asylum:

Diplomatic Asylum:

Principle of Non-refoulement:

Jus Cogens and the Principle of Non-refoulement:

1948 The Metropolitan Police Flying Squad foils a bullion robbery in the “Battle of London Airport”.

1945 A US Army B-25 bomber crashes into the 79th floor of the Empire State Building killing 14 and injuring 26.

B-25 Bomber’s Crash into the Empire State Building:

1943 World War II: Operation Gomorrah – The Royal Air Force bombs Hamburg, Germany causing a firestorm that kills 42,000 German civilians.

1942 World War II: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin issues Order No. 227 in response to alarming German advances into the Soviet Union. Under the order all those who retreat or otherwise leave their positions without orders to do so are to be tried in a military court, with punishments including duty in a penal battalion, imprisonment in a gulag, or execution.

1935 First flight of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress.

1933 Diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and Spain are established.

1932 US President Herbert Hoover orders the United States Army to forcibly evict the “Bonus Army” of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, D.C.

1914 World War I: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia after Serbia rejects the conditions of an ultimatum sent by Austria on July 23 following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

1868 The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is certified, establishing African American citizenship and guaranteeing due process of law.

1866 At the age of 18, Vinnie Ream becomes the first and youngest female artist to receive a commission from the United States government for a statue (of Abraham Lincoln).

1821 José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from Spain.

1809 Peninsular War: Battle of Talavera – Sir Arthur Wellesley‘s British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force led by Joseph Bonaparte.

Battle of Talavera:

Peninsular War:

1808 Mahmud II became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.

1794 French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just are executed by guillotine in Paris, France.

JULY 29

2012 Scientists reveal new research identifying a mechanism by which Earth-warming carbon is pulled deep into the Southern Ocean, and locked away; scientists claim this process may be threatened by global warming.

Global Warming and the Southern Ocean:

2005 Astronomers announce their discovery of the dwarf planet Eris.

1993 The Supreme Court of Israel acquits alleged Nazi death camp guard John Demjanjuk of all charges and he is set free.

1987 Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi and President of Sri Lanka J. R. Jayewardene sign the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord on ethnic issues.

1987 British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and President of France François Mitterrand sign the agreement to build a tunnel under the English Channel (Eurotunnel).

1980 Iran adopts a new “holy” flag after the Islamic Revolution.

1976 In New York City, David Berkowitz (aka the “Son of Sam“) kills one person and seriously wounds another in the first of a series of attacks.

Son of Sam:

Son of Sam Law – Wikipedia

1976 USSR performs underground nuclear test.

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

Nuclear Tests at Semipalitinsk Nuclear Environmental Problems:

1974 France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island.

Muruora:

History of France Nuclear Tests in the Pacific:

France’s Nuclear Tests:

1973 Greeks vote to abolish the monarchy, beginning the first period of the Metapolitefsi.

Modern History of Greece:

1967 During the fourth day of celebrating its 400th anniversary, the city of Caracas, Venezuela is shaken by an earthquake, leaving approximately 500 dead.

1967 Vietnam War: Off the coast of North Vietnam the USS Forrestal catches on fire in the worst US naval disaster since World War II, killing 134.

Vietnam War in 1967:

1965 Vietnam War: The first 4,000 101st Airborne Division paratroopers arrive in Vietnam, landing at Cam Ranh Bay.

1965 in the Vietnam War:

Viet Nam War and Some Pertinent Events:

1965 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1965:

1965 USSR nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

Nuclear Tests at Semipalatinsk Nuclear Environmental Problems:

1958 US President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs into law the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

1957 The International Atomic Energy Agency is established.

International Atomic Energy Agency:

History of the IAEA:

US President Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace” Speech that Initiated an International Atomic Energy Agency:

1955 USSR performs nuclear test at Semipalatinsk/Kazakhstan.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1955:

Soviet nuclear tests in 1955 – Wikipedia

Soviet Atmospheric Nuclear Tests:

1950 Korean War: After four days, the No Gun Ri Massacre ends when the US Army 7th Cavalry Regiment is withdrawn.

No Gun Ri Massacre:

Korean War:

Korean War Timelines:

1948 Olympic Games: The Games of the XIV Olympiad – After a hiatus of 12 years caused by World War II, the first Summer Olympics to be held since the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, open in London.

1937 Tōngzhōu Incident: In Tōngzhōu, China, the East Hopei Army attacks Japanese troops and civilians.

1932 Great Depression: In Washington, D.C., troops disperse the last of the “Bonus Army” of World War I veterans.

World War I Veterans:

Great Depression:

Timeline of the Great Depression:

1921 Adolf Hitler becomes leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party.

1914 The Cape Cod Canal opened.

1900 In Italy, King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by the anarchist Gaetano Bresci.

1899 The First Hague Convention is signed.

First Hague Convention:

1858 United States and Japan sign the Harris Treaty.

Harris Treaty:

Harris Treaty – Encyclopedia Britannica

1851 Annibale de Gasparis discovers asteroid 15 Eunomia.

1848 Irish Potato Famine: Tipperary Revolt – In Tipperary, Ireland, then in the United Kingdom, an unsuccessful nationalist revolt against British rule is put down by police.

1693 War of the Grand Alliance: Battle of Landen – France wins a Pyrrhic victory over Allied forces in the Netherlands.

JULY 30

1982 USSR performs underground nuclear test at Irkutsk.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1982:

1982 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR Nuclear Tests Overview:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

1980 Israel‘s Knesset passes the Jerusalem Law.

1980 Vanuatu gains independence.

Vanuatu and Its Independence:

1974 Watergate scandal: US President Richard Nixon releases subpoenaed White House recordings after being ordered to do so by the Supreme Court of the United States.

Impeachment against President Richard Nixon:

Watergate Scandal:

Watergate Tapes:

“Mystery” of Watergate Tape Gap:

Watergate Scandal Timelines:

1971 Apollo program: Apollo 15 Mission – David Scott and James Irwin on the Apollo Lunar Module the module Falcon land on the Moon with the first Lunar Rover.

1969 Vietnam War: US President Richard Nixon makes an unscheduled visit to South Vietnam and meets with President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and U.S. military commanders.

Vietnam War in 1969:

Viet Nam War and Pertinent Events:

Vietnam War Peace Talks/Negotiations:

1965 US President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Social Security Act of 1965 into law, establishing Medicare and Medicaid.

1956 A joint resolution of the U.S. Congress is signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, authorizing In God we trust as the U.S. national motto.

1945 World War II: Japanese submarine I-58 sinks the USS Indianapolis, killing 883 seamen.

1865 The steamboat Brother Jonathan sinks off the coast of Crescent City, California, killing 225 passengers, the deadliest shipwreck on the Pacific Coast of the US at the time.

1863 American Indian Wars: Representatives of the United States and tribal leaders including Chief Pocatello (of the Shoshone) sign the Treaty of Box Elder.

Wars of Native People of North America:

Native People of America (a.k.a. American Indians):

History of Native People of America:

1859 First ascent of Grand Combin, one of the highest summits in the Alps.

1825 Malden Island is discovered by captain George Byron, 7th Baron Byron.

1676 Nathaniel Bacon issues the “Declaration of the People of Virginia”, beginning Bacon’s Rebellion against the rule of Governor William Berkeley.

JULY 31

2007 Operation Banner, the presence of the British Army in Northern Ireland, and the longest-running British Army operation ever, comes to an end.

2006 Fidel Castro hands over power to brother Raúl Castro.

Raúl Castro:

Fidel Castro:

Timelines of Fidel Castro:

Cuba or the “Republic of Cuba” (Repúlica de Cuba):

Foreign Relations of Cuba:

Cuba and USSR/Russia:

Cuba and the United States:

History and Culture of Cuba:

Economy of Cuba:

1999 Discovery Program: Lunar Prospector – NASA intentionally crashes the spacecraft into the Moon, thus ending its mission to detect frozen water on the moon’s surface.

1992 Georgia joins the United Nations.

Georgia:

Foreign Relations of Georgia:

Georgia and the United Nations:

Democracy and Georgia:

History of Georgia:

Economy of Georgia:

1991 The United States and Soviet Union both sign the START I Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, the first to reduce (with verification) both countries’ stockpiles.

1988 32 people are killed and 1,674 injured when a bridge at the Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal collapses in Butterworth, Penang, Malaysia.

1972 The Troubles: In Operation Motorman, the British Army re-takes the urban no-go areas of Northern Ireland. It is the biggest British military operation since the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the biggest in Ireland since the Irish War of Independence. Later that day, nine civilians are killed by car bombs in the village of Claudy.

Operation Motorman:

The Troubles in 1972:

Irish Republican Army (IRA)/Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA):

History of the IRA:

Sinn Féin, IRA and the Catholic Church:

From Irish Civil War to the Irish War of Independence:

Irish War of Independence:

History of Ireland:

1964 Ranger program: Ranger 7 sends back the first close-up photographs of the moon, with images 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from earth-bound telescopes.

1954 First ascent of K2, by an Italian expedition led by Ardito Desio.

K2:

1948 USS Nevada is sunk by an aerial torpedo after surviving hits from two atomic bombs (as part of post-war tests) and being used for target practice by three other ships.

1945 Pierre Laval, the fugitive former leader of Vichy France, surrenders to Allied soldiers in Austria.

1941 The Holocaust: under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring, orders SS General Reinhard Heydrich to “submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired Final Solution of the Jewish question.”

Holocaust: The Final Solution:

1938 Archaeologists discover engraved gold and silver plates from King Darius the Great in Persepolis.

Persepolis:

1938 Bulgaria signs a non-aggression pact (aka Salonika Agreement or Thessaloniki Accord) with Greece and other states of Balkan Antanti (Turkey, Romania, Yugoslavia).

1932 The NSDAP (Nazi Party) wins more than 38% of the vote in German elections.

Nazi Party:

The Nazi Party – Jewish Virtual Library

1931 New York, New York experimental television station W2XAB (now known as WCBS) begins broadcasts.

1919 German national assembly adopts the Weimar Constitution, which comes into force on August 14.

1913 The Balkan States sign an armistice in Bucharest.

1904 Russo-Japanese War: Battle of Hsimucheng: Units of the Imperial Japanese Army defeat units of the Imperial Russian Army in a strategic confrontation.

Battle of Hsimucheng:

Russo-Japanese War:

1741 Charles Albert of Bavaria invades Upper Austria and Bohemia.

__________________________________

Satoshi Ashikaga, having worked as researcher, development program/project officer, legal protection/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, prefers a peaceful and prudent life, especially that in communion with nature. His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, remind him of the invaluableness of peace. His interest and/or expertise includes international affairs, international law, jurisprudence, economic and business affairs, project/operations or organizational management, geography, history, the environmental/ecological issues, science and technology, visual/audio documentation of nature and culture, and more. Being a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, he is currently compiling This Week in History on TMS.

(Sources and references: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/july25 to_july_31; http://www.onthisday.com/events/july/25 to july/31; http://www.brainyhistory.com/days/july_25.html. to july_31.html; and other pertinent web sites and/or documents, mentioned above.)

The views expressed in the cited or quoted websites and/or documents in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the author of this article. These websites and/or documents are cited or quoted for academic or educational purposes. Neither the author of this article nor the Transcend Media Service (TMS) is responsible for the contents, information, or whatsoever contained in these websites and/or documents.
One of the primary purposes of this article is to provide the readers with opportunities to think about “peace”, including positive peace and negative peace as well as external/outer peace and internal/inner peace, and more, directly or indirectly, from various angles and/or in the broadest sense, through historical events. It is because this article is prepared specifically for the TMS whose main objective is to address “peace”.

This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 25 Jul 2016.

Anticopyright: Editorials and articles originated on TMS may be freely reprinted, disseminated, translated and used as background material, provided an acknowledgement and link to the source, TMS: This Week in History, is included. Thank you.

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