This Week in History
HISTORY, 24 Oct 2016
Satoshi Ashikaga – TRANSCEND Media Service
Oct 24-30
QUOTE OF THE WEEK:
“To fear is to expect punishment. To love is to know that we are immersed not in darkness, but in light.” – Mother Teresa
OCTOBER 24
- Today is the UNITED NATIONS DAY:
- Today is the WORLD DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION DAY:
2014 The China National Space Administration launches an experimental lunar mission, Chang’e 5-T1, which will loop behind the Moon and return to Earth.
2008 “Bloody Friday” saw many of the world’s stock exchanges experience the worst declines in their history, with drops of around 10% in most indices.
2007 Chang’e 1, the first satellite in the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program, is launched from Xichang Satellite Launch Center.
2005 Hurricane Wilma makes landfall in Florida resulting in 35 direct 26 indirect fatalities and causing $20.6B USD in damage.
2003 Concorde makes its last commercial flight.
Concorde:
- Concorde – ConcordeSST.com
- Concorde – Encyclopedia Britannica
- How Concordes Work – HowStuffWorks.com
- Concorde Supersonic Transport – GlobalSecurity.org
- The Concorde Airplane – TheBrightHub.com
- Introduction of CONCORDE – SAE.org
- Concorde aircraft histories – Wikipedia
- TEN FACTS ABOUT CONCORDE – TenFactsAbout.co.uk
- GREAT AIRCRAFT OF HISTORY: CONCORDE – SPARTAN – TenFactsAbout.co.uk
- CONCORDE HISTORY – Aerospaceweb.org
Concorde Crash on 25 July 2000:
- JUL 25 2000: THIS DAY IN HISTORY – Concorde jet crashes – history.com
- Air France Flight 4590 – Wikipedia
- Concorde’s Crash in Paris, 25th July 2000 – The Dream that ended for Air France as well as British Airways John Cook looks back at the Concorde’s Crash – coastalmotorboat.org.co.uk – pdf
- How did Concorde crash? – quora.com
- THE CONCORDE CRASH: THE OVERVIEW; 113 Die in First Crash of a Concorde, by Alan Riding – July 26, 2000 – The New York Times – nytimes.com
- What caused the 2000 Concorde crash? , by Stephen Kruczy – February 2, 2010 – The Christian Science Monitor – csmonitor.com
- What brought down Concorde? – Dateline re-examines the last moments of the 2000 flight that proved fatal – nbcnews.com
- UNTOLD STORY OF THE CONCORDE DISASTER – askthepilot.com
- Concorde Crash – ARTICLES – Holman Fenwick Willan – hfw.com
- “A Paris court has said Continental Airlines was “criminally responsible” for the crash of a Concorde supersonic jet 10 years ago, and fined it 200,000 euros (£170,000). A Paris court has said Continental Airlines was “criminally responsible” for the crash of a Concorde supersonic jet 10 years ago, and fined it 200,000 euros (£170,000).” – Continental ‘responsible’ for Concorde crash in 2000 – 6 December 2000 – BBC
- “A French appeals court has overturned a 2010 verdict against US airline Continental, absolving the firm of “criminal responsibility” for the Concorde air crash near Paris in July 2000 in which 113 people died. It also cleared a Continental mechanic who had been found guilty of manslaughter. However, the court upheld a ruling that the airline bore civil responsibility for the disaster and should pay operator Air France 1m euros ($1.3m) for the damage done to its reputation.” – Q & A: Concorde crash trials – 29 November 2012 – BBC
- ‘I was there’: Concorde Crash, 2000 – A tragic accident as Concorde comes down near Paris – In Short – BBC
- YouTube video (1 min. 31 sec.): Air France Concorde flight 4590 takes off with fire: Concorde crash that killed 113
Concorde’ Final Flight:
- The Concorde makes its final flight – History.com
- End of an era for Concord – Friday, 24 October 2003 – BBC, or ON THIS DAY: 24 October – BBC
- Concord aircraft histories – Wikipedia
2002 Police arrest spree killers John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo, ending the Beltway sniper attacks in the area around Washington, D.C.
1998 Launch of Deep Space 1 comet/asteroid mission.
1990 USSR performs nuclear test (underground) at Novaya Zemlya USSR.
USSR Nuclear Tests in 1980:
USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
- A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu
Underground Nuclear Tests:
- The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
- Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
- What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
- APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
- Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
- Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
- Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
- Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site:
- Novaya Zemlya – GlobalSecurity.org
- NOVAYA ZEMLYA – AtlasObscura.com
- Novaya Zemlya – GiantBomb.com
- NOVA ZEMLYA (NOVAYA ZEMLYA) 58 MEGA TON H BOMB TEST – ArkCode.com
- Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya – NTI.org
- ICE Case Studies – Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker – American.edu
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – Image – NASA
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – NovayaZemlya.net
- Novaya Zemlya, Russia – Nuclear-Risks.org
- Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated – July 31, 2014 – TASS Russian News Agency
- Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adapt nuclear test site, by Tatyana Sinitsyna – RIA Novosti, Russia – 15 August 2006
1990 Italian prime minister Giulio Andreotti reveals to the Italian parliament the existence of Gladio, the Italian “stay-behind” clandestine paramilitary NATO army, which was implicated in false flag terrorist attacks implicating communists and anarchists as part of the strategy of tension from the late 1960s to early 1980s.
1986 Nezar Hindawi is sentenced to 45 years in prison, the longest sentence handed down by a British court, for the attempted bombing on an El Al flight at Heathrow. After the verdict, the United Kingdom breaks diplomatic relations with Syria, claiming that Hindawi is helped by Syrian officials.
1980 The government of Poland legalizes the Solidarity trade union.
History of Solidarity Trade Union of Poland:
- History of Solidarity – Wikipedia
- Solidarity – Polish organization – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Poland: Solidarity – The Trade Union That Changed the World – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFERL.org
- The Rise and Fall of Solidarity, by Mark Kramer – December 12, 2011 – The New York Times
Martial Law and Solidarity on December 13, 1981:
- ON THIS DAY: 13 December 1981: “No-one who lived in Poland between 13 December 1981 and July 22 1983 will forget the imposition of martial law under General Jaruzelski.” – 1981: Sad Christmas in Poland – BBC
- Dec 13, 1981 Poland Cracks Down on Solidarity Movement – December 13, 2011 – The New York Times – NYTimes.com
- Martial Law in Poland – VideoFact.com
- Solidarnosc Solidarity Non-Violence, uploaded by W Korab-Karpowicz – Academia.edu – downloadable
History of Poland:
- History of Poland – Wikipedia
- HISTORY OF POLAND – HistoryWorld.net
- Poland – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- History of Poland – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Poland – HISTORY – CountryStudies.us
- A BRIEF HISTORY OF POLAND – LocalHistories.org
- Poland – The Virtual Jewish World – Jewish Virtual Library
- Timeline of Polish History – Roots Web – Ancestry.com
- Historical Maps of Poland – Buffalo.edu
- Poland country profile – Timeline – BBC
Poland:
- POLAND – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Poland – UN Data
- Poland – Infoplease.com
- Poland – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Poland – FactMonster.com
- Geography of Poland – About.com
- Poland country profile – Overview – BBC
Foreign Relations of Poland:
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland
- Foreign relations of Poland – Wikipedia
- Poland – FOREIGN RELATOINS – CountryStudies.us
- Poland – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- Poland-United States relations – Wikipedia
- US Relations with Poland – US Department of State
Economy of Poland:
- Economy of Poland – Wikipedia
- Poland – Economy – Infoplease.com
- Poland – WORLD BANK
- Poland – Data – WORLD BANK
- Poland – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
1977 Veterans Day is observed on the fourth Monday in October for the seventh and last time. (The holiday is once again observed on November 11 beginning the following year.)
1975 In Iceland, 90% of women take part in a national strike, refusing to work in protest of gaps in gender equality.
Icelandic Women’s National Strike on October 24, 1975:
- On October 24, 1975, the women of Iceland went on strike for equal rights…Now Iceland has the highest gender equality in the world. – PandaWhale.com
- Icelandic women strike for economic and social equality, 1975 – Time period: October 24, 1975 – October 24, 1975 – Global Nonviolent Action Database
- October 24, 1975: 90% of Icelandic women went on strike – March 9, 2015 – StopMakingSense.org
Gender Equality in Iceland:
- Gender Equality – Ministry of Welfare
- Why Iceland is hosting a debate on gender equality….for men, by Lauren Davidson – 10 Jan, 2015 – The Telegraph – Telegraph.co.uk
- GENDER EQUALTY IN ICELAND: Information on Gender Equality Issues in Iceland – pdf
1973 The Yom Kippur War ends.
Yom Kippur War:
- YOM KIPPUR WAR – History.com
- Yom Kippur War – Israel’s War & Operations – Jewish Virtual Library
- Yom Kippur War (October 6-25, 1973), by Bert Chapman – 12-11-2014 – Purdue University – Purdue.edu – pdf
- The Yom Kippur War: Background & Overview (October 1973) – Jewish Virtual Library
- “This collection highlights the causes and consequences of US Intelligence Community’s (IC) failure to foresee the October 1973 Arab-Israeli War, also known as the October War or the Yom Kippur War. A coalition of Arab nations led by Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel on October 6, the day of Yom Kippur.” – President Nixon and the Role of Intelligence in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War – Library – CIA
- The October War and US Policy – Yom-Kippur-1973.info
- US Foreign Policy in the Yom Kippur War, 1973 – About.com
- Declassified documents reveal failure of Yom Kippur War – YnetNews.com
- Yom Kippur War (October 1973) – Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- 1973 Yom Kippur War: Day by Day – Israel Defense Forces
- Timeline of Yom Kippur War – JTA.org
- A timeline of the events of the Yom Kippur War – Jweekly.com
- Timeline: Israeli Intelligence, Espionage and Covert Operations – From 1968 to the Yom Kippur War (1973) – Zionism-Israel.com
- Yom Kippur War – The Israel Forever Foundation
- Israel, Nuclear Weapons and the 1973 Yom Kippur War – Arms Control Wonk
- The Yom Kippur War – 1973 – ThenAgain.info
- What was the course [sic] of the 1973 Yom Kippur War? – PalestineFacts.org
- What was the result of the Yom Kippur War? – PalestineFacts.org
- “The Yom Kippur War of 1973, the most recent ‘full’ war in Middle East history, is so-called because it began on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), the holiest day of prayer and fasting in the Jewish calendar. The Yom Kippur War is also known as the October War. At the time of Yom Kippur, Israel was led by Golda Meir and Egypt by Anwar Sadat.” – The Yom Kippur War of 1973 – The History Learning Site – HistoryLearningSite.co.uk
- Arab-Israel Wars – The 1973-74 War (The Yom Kippur War) – Infoplease.com
- Yom Kippur War – Middle East [1973] – Encyclopedia Britannica
- The 1973 Yom Kippur War – ADL.org
- The Yom Kippur War (1973) – YnetNews.com
1964 Northern Rhodesia gains independence from the United Kingdom and becomes the Republic of Zambia (Southern Rhodesia remained a colony until the next year, with the Unilateral Declaration of Independence).
Zambia:
- Zambia – The World Factbook – CIA
- Zambia – UN Data
- Zambia – NationsOnline.org
- Zambia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Zambia – Infoplease.com
- Zambia – About.com
- Zambia country profile – Overview – BBC
Foreign Relations of Zambia:
- Foreign relations of Zambia – Wikipedia
- US Relations with Zambia – US Department of State
- China-Zambia relations – Wikipedia
- Zambia-Iran Foreign Relations – IranTracker.org
- Zambia – Foreign Relations – Geography IQ – GeographyIQ.com
- Zambia – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
History of Zambia:
- History of Zambia – Wikipedia
- Zambia – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- A Brief History of Zambia – About.com
- Zambia – History – NationsEncyclopedia.com
- A SHORT HISTORY OF ZAMBIA – LocalHistories.org
- Zambia – History & Politics – Our-Africa.org
- Zambia – History – Infoplease.com
- Zambia profile – Timeline – BBC
Economy of Zambia:
- Economy of Zambia – Wikipedia
- Zambia – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- Zambia – WORLD BANK
- Zambia – Data – WORLD BANK
- Zambia – African Economic Outlook
- Zambia GDP and Economic Data – GFMag.com
- Zambia Economy – MapsOfWorld.com
- Zambia – Economy – Infoplease.com
- Zambia GDP Annual Growth Rate – TradingEconomics.com
- The Zambian Economy and the IMF ,by L. Larry Liu – Academdia.edu- pdf downloadable
- Zambia GDP – CountryEconomy.com
1960 Nedelin catastrophe: An R-16 ballistic missile explodes on the launch pad at the Soviet Union‘s Baikonur Cosmodrome space facility, killing over 100. Among the dead is Field Marshal Mitrofan Nedelin, whose death is reported to have occurred in a plane crash.
1957 The United States Air Force starts the X-20 Dyna-Soar program.
1954 Dwight D. Eisenhower pledges United States support to South Vietnam.
Vietnam War in 1954:
Eisenhower’s Decision to Support South Vietnam:
- OCTOBER 24, 1954: US PRESIDENT PLEDGES SUPPORT TO SOUTH VIETNAM – History.com
- Eisenhower’s Letter of Support to Ngo Dinh Diem – October 23, 1954 – VitenamWar.net
- VIETNAM POLICY UNDER EISENHOWER – Research Assistance, or the same letter on this website: The Vietnam War: The Documents – 1: Eisenhower’s Letter to Ngo Dinh Diem, October 23, 1954 – MU.edu
1949 The cornerstone of the United Nations Headquarters is laid.
- “Construction on the initial buildings began in 1948, with the cornerstone laid on October 24, 1949, and was completed in 1952.” – Headquarters of the United Nations – Wikipedia
- Agreement Between the United Nations and the United States Regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations, Signed June 26, 1947, and Approved by the General Assembly October 31, 1947
- Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations – Wikipedia
- Text of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations – pdf
1947 Famed animator Walt Disney testifies before the House Un-American Activities Committee, naming Disney employees he believes to be communists.
- The permanent standing House Committee on Un-American Activities – Historical Highlights – January 03, 1945 – HISTORY, ART & ARCHIVES – UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
- House Un-American Activities Committee – GWU.edu
- House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – PBS.org
- HUAC – History.com
- House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – Encyclopedia Britannica
- House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – Infopleasec.om
- House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – Spartacus-Educational.com
1946 A camera on board the V-2 No. 13 rocket takes the first photograph of earth from outer space.
1945 Founding of the United Nations. Charter of the United Nations comes into effect.
United Nations Day – 24 October 1945:
- OCT 24, 1945: ON THIS DAY IN HISTORY: The United Nations is born – History.com
- ON THIS DAY: 24 OCTOBER 1945: United Nations Organisation is born – BBC
- 24 October – United Nations Day
- United Nations – Official Site
- United Nations – Encyclopedia Britannica
Charter of the United Nations:
- Comparison: The Charter of the United Nations and the Covenant of the League of Nations
- Image of the Charter of the United Nations – OnThisDay.com
Pertinent Information on the United Nations System:
- United Nations Treaty Collection
- Research Guides – United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library
- Official Documents System Research – United Nations
- United Nations Bibliographic Information System (UNBIS)
- UNBIS Reference Manuals
- UN Journal – United Nations
Main and Pertinent Web Pages of the Six Main Organs of the United Nations:
- Main Page of the Security Council
- Security Council Resolutions
- Main Page of the General Assembly
- General Assembly Resolutions
- Main Page of ECOSOC
- Documentation of ECOSOC
- Main Page of the Secretariat
- Main Page of the Trusteeship Council
- Main Page of the International Court of Justice
- Statute of the International Court of Justice
Specialized Agencies of the United Nations:
- List of specialized agencies of the United Nations – Wikipedia
- Text of the Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies
Books on the United Nations:
History of the United Nations:
- History of the United Nations – UN.org
- United Nations timeline – WorldHistoryProject.org
- The Formation of the United Nations: 1937 – 1945 – U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian
- On the Origins of the United Nations: When and How Did it Begin? by Klaas Dykmann, Roskilde University
- History of the United Nations Charter
- United Nations History – infoplease.com
Atlantic Charter of 1941:
- Atlantic Charter, August 14, 1941
- Atlantic Charter – Totallyhistory.com
- Atlantic Charter – Wikipedia
- Milestones: 1937 – 1945: Atlantic Conference and Charter, 1941
- Atlantic Charter – History.com
Dumbarton Oaks and Yalta:
- Dumbarton Oaks and Yalta – History of the United Nations
- Dumbarton Oaks Conference – Wikipedia
- Dumbarton Oaks Conference – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Dumbarton Oaks – Wikipedia
- Yalta Conference – Wikipedia
- Yalta Conference – History.com
- Yalta Conference World War II – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Milestones 1937 – 1945: Yalta Conference – U.S. Department of State, Office of Historian
- World War II: Yalta Conference
- Yalta Conference – infoplease.com
- Yalta Conference – United States History
- The Yalta Conference, February 1945
San Francisco Conference: April 26 – June 26, 1945:
- The Making of the United Nations – the San Francisco Conference – Encyclopedia of Nations
- San Francisco 1945 – UN Web TV
- 1945 United Nations Conference on International Organsation UNICIO held in San Francisco from 25 April to 26 June
- San Francisco Conference – Encyclopedia Britannica
- UN 1945 Conference – Category Archives
- San Francisco Conference – History of the United Nations
- The San Francisco Conference 1945 – muntr.org
1944 World War II: The Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku and the battleship Japanese battleship Musashi are sunk by American aircraft in the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
Aircraft Carrier Zuikaku:
- IJN Zuikaku aircraft carrier – MilitaryFactory.com
- Zuikaku, by C. Peter Chen – World War II Database – WW2DB.com
Battleship Musashi:
- IJN Battleship Musashi – CombinedFleet.com
- Musashi, by C. Peter Chen – World War II Database – WW2DB.com
- ‘Huge’ WWII Japanese battleship Musashi has been found, billionaire Paul Allen says, by Terrence McCoy – March 4, 2015 – The Washington Post – WashingtonPost.com
Battle of the Leyte Gulf:
- BATTLE OF LEYTE GULF – History.com
- Battle of Leyte Gulf – Encyclopedia Britannica
- World War II: Battle of Leyte Gulf – About.com
- Leyte Naval Battles – CombinedFleet.com
Timeline of the Leyte Gulf:
- The End of the Japanese Navy: The Battle of Leyte Gulf – Timeline – SunnyCV.com
- The Battle of Leyte Gulf Timeline – BATTLE OF LEYTE GULF, by Melissa Flint & Rachel Lin – Weebly.com
1943 Anti-nazi Clandestine Radio Soldatsender Calais begins transmitting.
1943 The Provisional Government of Free India formally declares war on Britain and the United States of America.
1930 A bloodless coup d’état in Brazil ousts Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa, the last President of the First Republic. Getúlio Vargas is then installed as “provisional president.”
Bloodless Coup in Brazil of 1930:
1930 Johan Galtung, one of the principal founding figures of “peace studies” as an academic discipline, is born in Oslo, Norway.
Johan Galtung:
- Johan Galtung – TRANSCEND.org
- TRANSCEND International – Official Site
- “TRANSCEND: A Peace*Development*Environment Network was founded on March 1993 out of frustrations with a government-sponsored institute in Oslo, Norway–political direct and indirect interference–and a university chair with academic freedom–but all disciplines jealously guarding their academic turfs against inter-disciplinary intruders.” – TRANSCEND at 20: And Then What? , by Johan Galtung – 19 Aug 2013 – Editorial – TRANSCEND MEDIA SERVICE – TRANSCEND.org/tms
- Galtung-Institut
Peace Studies:
- Relevant web links on peace studies – DMOZ.org
- War and Peace Collection Guide – International Institute of Social History
Books written by Johan Galtung:
- Johan Galtung’s Publications – TRANSCEND.org
- Books on peace studies, written by Johan Galtung – Amazon.com
- Books on peace studies, written by Johan Galtung – TRANSCEND University Press (TUP)
Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) and the Journal of Peace Research:
- Peace Research Institute Oslo – Wikipedia
- Peace Research Institute Oslo – Official Site
- Journal of Peace Research – PRIO
1929 “Black Thursday” stock market crash on the New York Stock Exchange. Dow Jones down 12.8%.
- See also, “OCTOBER 23, 1929 Great Depression: After a steady decline in stock market prices since a peak in September, the New York Stock Exchange begins to show signs of panic.”
Great Depression of 1929:
- October 24 1929 CE – The Great Depression Begins with the “Black Thursday” Crash – MapsOfWorld.com
- “The name given to Thursday, Oct. 24, 1929, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged 11% at the open in very heavy volume, precipitating the Wall Street crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression of the 1930s.” – Black Thursday – Investopedia.com
- THE GREAT DEPRESSION – History.com
- Great Depression – Encyclopedia Britannica
- About the Great Depression – Illinois.edu
- Great Depression, by Gene Smiley – Library of Economics and Liberty
- The Great Depression of 1929 – About.com
- The Great Depression (1929-1939) – Teaching Eleanor Roosevelt Glossary – GWU.edu
- The Great Depression of the 1930s and Its Origins – SJSU.edu
- The Great Depression: The Wall Street Crash of 1929 and Other Causes – Study.com
Timeline of the Great Depression:
- Timeline of the Great Depression – AMECRIAN EXPERIENCE – PBS.org
- THE TIMELINE OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION – HyperHistory.com
1917 Battle of Caporetto; Italy suffers a catastrophic defeat by the forces of Austria-Hungary and Germany on the Austro-Italian front of World War I (lasts until 19 November – also called Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo).
Battle of Caporetto:
- OCT 24, 1917: THIS DAY IN HISTORY: Battle of Caporetto – History.com
- Battles – Battle of Caporetto, 1917 – FirstWorldWar.com
- Battle of Caporetto – Encyclopedia Britannica
- The Battle of Caporetto 1917, by Robert Wilde – About.com
- Battle of Caporetto, 24 October 1917 – 12 November 1917 (Italy) – HistoyOfWar.org
- Battle of Caporetto – Military.Wikia.com
1912 First Balkan War: The Battle of Kumanovo concludes with the Serbian victory.
Balkan Wars:
First Balkan War:
- The First Balkan War 1912-1913 – ThenAgain.info
- “In Macedonia, the Serbian army defeated the Turks at Kumanovo that enabled it to join forces with the Montenegrins and enter Skopje. Meanwhile, the Greeks occupied Salonika and advanced on Ioánnina. In Albania, the Montenegrins besieged Shkodër, and the Serbs entered Durrës.” – The First Balkan War – Balkan Military History
Battle of Kumanovo:
- “The Battle of Kumanovo took place on 23/24 October 1912, 15 Kilometres northeast of the Macedonian capital Skopje (then called Uskub).” – The First Balkan War – Balkan Military History
- Battle of Kumanovo – SrpskiKod.org
- BATTEL OF KUMANOVO – Self.Gutenberg.org
- List of First Balkan War Battles – Ranker.com
1911 Orville Wright, remains in the air nine minutes and 45 seconds in a Wright Glider, at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina.
1901 Annie Edson Taylor becomes the first person to go over Niagara Falls, in a barrel.
1861 The First Transcontinental Telegraph line across the United States is completed, spelling the end for the 18-month-old Pony Express.
1857 Sheffield FC, the world’s oldest association football club still in operation, is founded in Sheffield, England.
1851 William Lassell, discovers the moons Umbriel, and Ariel, orbiting Uranus.
Moons of Uranus:
- Moons of Uranus – Wikipedia
- List of all Uranus Moons – JUMK.de
- Mysterious Moons of Uranus – Astronotes – ArmagphPlanet.com
- The Moons of Uranus – SpaceToday.org
- URANUS’S MOON – EnchantedLearning.com
- Moons of Uranus: Facts about the Tilted Planet’s Satellites, by Elizabeth Howell – Space.com
- The Moons of Uranus – UTK.edu
Umbriel:
- Umbriel – SeaSky.org
- Umbriel – NinePlanets.org
- Uranus’s moon Umbriel, by Mat Williams – June 5, 2015 – UniverseToday.com
- Umbriel – PlanetsEdu.com
- Interesting Facts about Umbriel, one of the Moons of Uranus – BrigthHub.com
- Umbriel – Uranus II – SolarViews.com
Ariel:
- Ariel, a Moon of Uranus – SolarViews.com
- Ariel – SeaSky.org
- Ariel – PlanetsEdu.com
- Ariel – Windows to the Universe
- The moon Ariel belongs to the planet Uranus – Unverse-Galaxies-Stars.com
- Uranus’ Moon Ariel – Whillyard.com
1812 Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Maloyaroslavets takes place near Moscow.
1795 Partitions of Poland: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is completely divided among Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
Partitions of Poland:
- Partitions of Poland – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Poland, partitions of – Infoplease.com
- Poland – The Three Partitions 1764-1795 – CountryStudies.us
- What led to Poland’s demise in 1795? – Translated and adapted by Peter K. Gessner from a 1995 essay by Jan Tazbir in Politica – Buffalo.edu
- The Partition of Poland, 1772-1795 – ZUM.de
- Poland – The Period of Partitions (1772-1918) – Buffalo.edu
- Partitions of Poland – MAPS ETC – USF.edu
1648 The Peace of Westphalia is signed, marking the end of the Thirty Years’ War.
Thirty Years’ War:
- THIRTY YEARS’ WAR – History.com
- Thirty Years’ War – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Thirty Years’ War – HowStuffWorks.com
- THE THIRTY YEARS WAR – Pipeline.com
- Thirty Years War – Infoplease.com
- The Thirty Years War – NewAdvent.org
- The Thirty Years War – The History Learning Site – HistoryLearningSite.co.uk
Timeline of the Thirty Years’ War:
- Thirty Years’ War – MACROHISTORY AND WORLD TIMELINE
- Thirty Years’ War – Wars of Religion in Europe – Quatr.us
- TIMELINE FOR THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR 1618-1648 – WLU.edu
- CHRONOLOGY – Thirty Years’ War – Pipeline.com
- TIMELINE INDEX – The Thirty Years’ War – TimelineIndex.com
- Thirty Years War timeline – WorldHistoryProject.org
Peace of Westphalia:
- “The Treaty of Westphalia is signed, ending the Thirty Years War and radically shifting the balance of power in Europe.” – OCT 24, 1648: Thirty Years War ends – History.com
- Text of the Peace of Westphalia – Peace Treaty between the Holy Roman Emperor and the King of France and their respective Allies – Avalon Project – Yale Law School
- Everything Peace of Westphalia – PeaceOfWestphalia.org
- Peace of Westphalia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Westphalia, Peace of – Infoplease.com
- The Treaty of Westphalia – HistoryToday.com
- The Peace of Westphalia – The History Learning Site – HistoryLearningSite.co.uk
- THE LAST OF THE WAR AND THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA – Pipeline.com
- Peace of Westphalia (1648) – Oxford Bibliographies – OxfordBiliographies.com
- The Peace of Westphalia – UOregon.edu – pdf
- Peace of Westphalia – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- Westphalian sovereignty – Wikipedia
- Peace of Westphalia – History Articles – Heeve.com
OCTOBER 25
2009 The October 2009 Baghdad bombings kills 155 and wounds at least 721.
2004 Cuban President Fidel Castro announces that transactions using the American Dollar will be banned.
1997 After a brief civil war which has driven President Pascal Lissouba out of Brazzaville, Denis Sassou Nguesso proclaims himself the President of the Republic of the Congo.
1995 A commuter train slams into a school bus in Fox River Grove, Illinois, killing seven students.
1991 History of Slovenia: Three months after the end of the Ten-Day War, the last soldier of the Yugoslav People’s Army leaves the territory of the Republic of Slovenia.
Ten-Day War of Slovenia:
- Yugoslav Wars – Wikipedia
- Slovenian War of Independence – Local-Life.com
- Ten-Day War – Military.Wikia.com
- The ‘Ten Day War’ & Slovenian Independence – Study.com
- The Ten Day War A Brief Military Conflict History Essay – UKEssay.com
- Slovenia: The Ten Day War, June-July 1991 – Library of Congress – LoC.gov
- SLOVENIAN WAR ON INDEPENDENCE 1991 – OnWar.com
- 1991: Yugoslav troops move against Slovenia – ON THIS DAY JUNE 26 – BBC
- 100 Yugoslavs Dead In ‘War In Slovenia’ – June 28, 1991 | By Los Angeles Time – Orland Sentinel – OrlandSentinel.com
- Slovenia war 1991 – LiveLeak.com
History of Slovenia:
- History of Slovenia – Wikipedia
- Slovenia – History – Slovenia.si
- Slovenia – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- History of Slovenia – Destination360.com
- A BRIEF HISTORY OF SLOVENIA, by Stane Granda – Arnes.si
- Timeline of Slovenian history – Wikipedia
- Slovenia profile – Timeline – BBC
Slovenia:
- Slovenia – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Slovenia – UN Data
- Slovenia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Slovenia – Infoplease.com
- Slovenia – NationsOnline.org
- Slovenia country profile – Overview – BBC
Foreign Relations of Slovenia:
- Foreign relations of Slovenia – Wikipedia
- SLOVENIA: MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
- Slovenia – Foreign Relations – GlobalSecurity.org
- Slovenia-United States relations – Wikipedia
- FOREIGN RELATIONS OF SLOVENIA – Self.Gutenberg.org
- News Articles on the foreign relations of Slovenia – Los Angeles Times – LATimes.com
Economy of Slovenia:
- Economy of Slovenia – Wikipedia
- Slovenia – Country Summary – WORLD BANK
- Slovenia – Data – WORLD BANK
- Slovenia – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- Slovenia – Business – Slovenia.si
1984 USSR performs nuclear test (underground) at Novaya Zemlya USSR.
USSR Nuclear Tests in 1984:
USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
- A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu
Underground Nuclear Tests:
- The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
- Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
- What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
- APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
- Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
- Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
- Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
- Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site:
- Novaya Zemlya – GlobalSecurity.org
- NOVAYA ZEMLYA – AtlasObscura.com
- Novaya Zemlya – GiantBomb.com
- NOVA ZEMLYA (NOVAYA ZEMLYA) 58 MEGA TON H BOMB TEST – ArkCode.com
- Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya – NTI.org
- ICE Case Studies – Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker – American.edu
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – Image – NASA
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – NovayaZemlya.net
- Novaya Zemlya, Russia – Nuclear-Risks.org
- Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated – July 31, 2014 – TASS Russian News Agency
- Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adapt nuclear test site, by Tatyana Sinitsyna – RIA Novosti, Russia – 15 August 2006
1983 Operation Urgent Fury: The United States and its Caribbean allies invade Grenada, six days after Prime Minister Maurice Bishop and several of his supporters are executed in a coup d’état.
1980 Proceedings on the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction conclude at The Hague.
1979 USSR performs underground nuclear test.
USSR Nuclear Tests in 1979:
USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
- A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu
Underground Nuclear Tests:
- The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
- Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
- What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
- APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
- Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
- Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
- Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
- Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
1977 Digital Equipment Corporation releases OpenVMS V1.0.
1971 The United Nations seats the People’s Republic of China and expels the Republic of China (see political status of Taiwan and China and the United Nations)
1964 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.
- For some more pertinent information, see “1984 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR”, mentioned above.
1962 Nelson Mandela is sentenced to five years in prison.
History of Apartheid (South Africa):
- “The Afrikaans word meaning ‘separation’, Apartheid was the racial, social policy introduced by the National Party government of South Africa in 1948.” – Apartheid – About education – About.com
- The History of Apartheid in South Africa – Stanford.edu
- Precursors – Apartheid – Wikipedia
- South African general election, 1948 – Wikipedia
- Apartheid – History of South Africa – History.com
- A Brief History of South African Apartheid – About education – About.com
- Brief history of Apartheid in South Africa – South-Africa-Tours-and-Travel.com
- “In 1948, the National Party (NP), representing Afrikaners, won the national election on a platform of racism and segregation under the slogan of ‘apartheid’. Apartheid built upon earlier laws, but made segregation more rigid and enforced it more aggressively.” – Apartheid and reaction to it – SOUTH AFRICAN HISTORY ONLINE – SAHistory.org.za
- Apartheid History Timeline: On Nelson Mandela’s Death, A Look Back At South Africa’s Legacy Of Racism (PHOTOS), by Kavitha A. Davidson – December 05, 2013 – HuffingtonPost.com
- APARTHEID – History.com
- Apartheid – Infoplease.com
- Apartheid (1948-1994) – BlackPast.org
- Apartheid South Africa – SouthAfrica.to
- Apartheid in South Africa 1948-1994 – WikiSpaces.com – pdf
- South African History [Apartheid] – Australia.edu
- MILESTONES: 1989-1992 – The End of Apartheid – OFFICE HISTORIAN – US Department of State
- The Struggle for Equity: Apartheid in South Africa, by Eilis Hood – UPenn.edu
- South Africa to the end of Apartheid (1625-1993) – Northwestern.edu
- Apartheid Timeline – SoftSchools.com
1962 Uganda joins the United Nations.
Uganda:
- Uganda – The World Factbook – CIA
- Uganda – Data – UN Data
- Uganda – Infoplease.com
- Uganda – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Uganda country profile – Overview – BBC
Foreign Relations of Uganda:
- REPUBLIC OF UGANDA – MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFIARS – Official Site
- Foreign relations of Uganda – Wikipedia
- Foreign relations of Uganda – GardeningIllustratedMagazine.com
- Uganda – FOREIGN RELATIONS – CountryStudies.us
Uganda and the United Nations:
- Permanent Mission of the Republic of Uganda to the United Nations – New York
- Permanent Mission of the Republic of Uganda to the United Nations and Other International Organizations in Geneva
- United Nations – UGANDA
- UNDP Uganda
- Uganda – United Nations Human Rights – Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
History of Uganda:
- History of Uganda – Wikipedia
- HISTORY OF UGANDA – HistoryWorld.net
- Uganda: History – TheCommonWealth.org
- History & Politics – Uganda – Our-Africa.org
- Culture of Uganda – EveryCulture.com
- Uganda profile – Timeline – BBC
Economy of Uganda:
- Economy of Uganda – Wikipedia
- Uganda – Economy – Infoplease.com
- The Economy of Uganda – CountryStudies.us
- Uganda – THE WORLD BANK
- Uganda – Data – THE WORLD BANK
- Economy & Industry – Uganda – Our-Africa.org
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis: Adlai Stevenson shows photos at a meeting of the United Nations Security Council proving that Soviet missiles are installed in Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis:
- CUBAN MISSILE CR2SIS – History.com
- THE WORLD ON THE BRINK – JFKLibrary.org
- Cuban Missile Crisis – JFKLibrary.org
- The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: The Missile of October – NEH.gov
- The Cuban Missile Crisis: A nuclear order of battle, October and November 1962 – SagePub.com
- Cuban Missile Crisis – Articles about the Cuban Missile Crisis – The New York Times
- Cuban Missile Crisis – Harvard Kennedy School – CubanMissileCrisis.org, and About the Crisis
- A chance to save the world – TheGuardian.com
Timeline of the Cuban Missile Crisis:
- Cuban Missile Crisis Timeline – SoftSchool.com
- Cuban Missile Crisis timeline – WorldHistoryProject.org
- The Cuban Missile Crisis – Weebly.com
- THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS TIMELINE – HistoryOfCuba.com
- 13 DAYS OF CRISIS TIMELINE – Cuban Missile Crisis – Weebly.com
- Cuban Missile Crisis Timeline – SDMesa.edu – pdf
1945 The Republic of China takes over administration of Taiwan following Japan’s surrender to the Allies.
1944 World War II: Battle of Leyte Gulf — the largest naval battle in history, takes place in and around the Philippines between the Imperial Japanese Navy and the US Third and US Seventh Fleets. Afterward is the first Kamikaze attack of the war.
Kamikaze:
- OCT 25, 1944: THIS DAY IN HISTORY: First kamikaze attack begins – History.com
- Kamikaze – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Suicide Tactics: The Kamikaze during WWII, by Gerald W. Thomas, VT-4 – AirGroup4.com
- Why Kamikaze volunteered to die, by Yasuho Izawa – WarBirdForum.com
- “Transcend life and death. When you eliminate all thoughts about life and death, you will be able to totally disregard your earthly life….” – Kamikaze – U-S-History.com
- “’Kamikaze’ – it is a word that has become synonymous with all that is crazy, fanatical and self-destructive. I remember as a young schoolboy in Britain learning about the kamikaze pilots. To me, what they had done was inexplicable. For long afterwards, it coloured my view of Japan, and it left me with a nagging question: how did it happen? What caused thousands of ordinary young Japanese men to volunteer to kill themselves? I had long dreamed of asking a kamikaze pilot that question.” – Remembering Japan’s kamikaze pilots – 26 February 2014 – BBC
- “This report will discuss several aspects of the Japanese kamikaze pilots of World War II. First, it will define the term “kamikaze.” It will then give a brief historical background on how that term came into existence in the Japanese culture.” – Honor in Death: Kamikaze Pilots in WWII – MU.edu
Battle of Leyte Gulf:
Be aware that the date of the commencement of the Battle of Leyte is different in accordance with some websites. For example, Battle of Leyte – Wikipedia indicates October 17, 1944, while HistoryOfWar.org writes, “The battle of Leyte Gulf (22-26 October 1944) was one of the largest and most complex naval battles in history…”; Encyclopedia Britannica indicates “October 23, 1944”.
- Battle of Leyte Gulf – History.com
- BATTLE OF LEYTE GULF VIDEOS – History.com
- LEYTE – Army.mil
- Battle of Leyte Gulf, 23-26 October 1944 – HistoryOfWar.org
- Battle of Leyte – Military.Wikia.com
- Battle of Leyte Gulf – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Battle of Leyte Gulf – U-S-History.com
- WWII: Battle for Leyte – AMERICAN EXPERIENCE – PBS.org
- Battle for Leyte – TotallyHistory.com
- The Death of the Japanese Empire: Remembering the Battle of Leyte Gulf – The National Interest – NationalInterest.org
- World War II: Battle of Leyte Gulf – About.com
- Leyte Naval Battles – CombinedFleet.com
Timeline of the Leyte Gulf:
- The End of the Japanese Navy: The Battle of Leyte Gulf – Timeline – SunnyCV.com
- The Battle of Leyte Gulf Timeline – BATTLE OF LEYTE GULF, by Melissa Flint & Rachel Lin – Weebly.com
1944 The Romanian city of Carei is liberated by Romanian and Soviet forces from Nazi–Hungarian occupation.
1944 Heinrich Himmler orders a crackdown on the Edelweiss Pirates, a loosely organized youth culture in Nazi Germany that had assisted army deserters and others to hide from the Third Reich.
1940 Benjamin O Davis, Sr. is named the first African American general in the United States Army.
1938 The Archbishop of Dubuque, Francis J. L. Beckman, denounces swing music as “a degenerated musical system… turned loose to gnaw away at the moral fiber of young people”, warning that it leads down a “primrose path to hell“. His warning is widely ignored.
1927 The Italian luxury liner SS Principessa Mafalda sinks off the coast of Brazil, killing 314.
1924 The Zinoviev letter, which Zinoviev himself denied writing, is published in the Daily Mail. The Labour party would later blame this letter for the Conservatives‘ landslide election win.
1920 After 74 days on hunger strike in Brixton Prison, England, the Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of Cork, Terence MacSwiney dies.
1917 Traditionally understood date of the October Revolution, involving the capture of the Winter Palace, Petrograd, Russia. The date refers to the Julian Calendar date, and corresponds with November 7 in the Gregorian calendar.
1900 The United Kingdom annexes the Transvaal.
Transvaal:
- Transvaal – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Transvaal – Infoplease.com
- Transvaal – Encyclopedia.com
- Transvaal – Colorado.edu
- Transvaal – Online Books Page
History of Transvaal:
- Transvaal – History – Infoplease.com
- Transvaal – Brief History – BritishEmpire.co.uk
- Transvaal Republic (Austria and others) – Wikia.com
- History of Transvaal – LionsWorld.co.za
1861 The Toronto Stock Exchange is created.
1854 The Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War (Charge of the Light Brigade).
Battle of Balaclava:
- Battle of Balaclava – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Battle of Balaclava – Military.Wikia.com
- Battle of Balaclava October 25, 1854 – HistoryOfWar.org
- Crimean War: Battle of Balaclava – About.com
- Battle of Balaclava – BritishBattles.com
- “The British were winning the Battle of Balaclava when Cardigan received his order to attack the Russians. His cavalry gallantly charged down the valley and were decimated by the heavy Russian guns, suffering 40 percent casualties.” – Charge of the Light of the Brigade – OCT 25, 1854: THIS DAY IN HISTORY – History.com
- The Battle of Balaklava, Crimea 1854 – British Battles – NationalArchives.gov.uk
Crimean War:
- CRIMEAN WAR – History.com
- Crimean War 1953-1856 – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Crimean War 1853-1856 – HistoryOfWar.org
- The Crimean War – History – BBC
- THE HISTORY OF THE CRIMEAN WAR – HistoryWorld.net
- The Cause of the Crimean War – Preceden.com
- How The Crimean War Still Echoes Today – March 13, 2014 – Here&Now – WBUR.org
Timeline of Crimean War:
History of Crimea:
- Crimea – Encyclopedia Briatannica
- History of Crimea – Wikipedia
- Crimea – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- Crimea – History – Infoplease.com
- A Brief History of Crimea – Voice of America – VOANews.com, and/or Crimea’s Complicated History in Brief – Voice of America – VOANews.com
- Black Sea – Crimea – History – BlackSea-Crimea.com
- 300 Years of Embattled Crimea in 6 Maps – National Geographic – NationalGeographic.com
1822 Greek War of Independence: The First Siege of Missolonghi begins.
Greek War of Independence:
- War of Greek Independence – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Greece: War of Independence (1821-1829) – CRWFlags.com
- Greek War of Independence – Military.Wikia.com
- Greek War of Independence – HISTORY OF ATHENS – ATHENS INFO GUIDE
- GREEK WAR OF INDPENDENCE 1821-1832 – OnWar.com
- WAR OF INDEPENDENCE – Angelfire.com
- Greek War of Independence – FunIllustratedMagazine.com
- Greek Constitution of 1822 – Wikipedia
Modern History of Greece:
- History of modern Greece – Wikipedia
- HISTORY OF MODERN GREECE, by S. Petmezas – MinPress.gr – pdf
- History of modern Greece – In2Greece.com
- History of modern Greece – MLAHANAS.de
- Greece – History – Infoplease.com
1812 War of 1812: The American frigate, USS United States, commanded by Stephen Decatur, captures the British frigate HMS Macedonian.
War of 1812:
- WAR OF 1812 – history.com
- War of 1812 – Wikipedia
- The War of 1812 101: An Overview – by Kennedy Hickman – about education – about.com
- A Guide to the War of 1812 – loc.gov
- Short History of the War of 1812 – ussconstitutionmuseum.org
- The War of 1812 – si.edu
- War Of 1812 – historynet.com
- The War of 1812 – pbs.org
- Military Resources: War of 1812 – archives.gov
Timelines of the War of 1812:
- War of 1812 Timeline Major Events – pbs.org
- Timeline of the War of 1812 – by Martin Kelly – about education – about.com
- War of 1812 Timeline – softschools.com
- Causes and Events of the War of 1812: A Timeline – THE WAR OF 1812 – warof1812.ca
- THE WAR OF 1812 – shmoop.com
- The War of 1812 – timetoast.com
- War of 1812: Causes, Timeline, Summary, and Resources – thefreeresource.com
- Timeline: War of 1812 – campaign1776.org
OCTOBER 26
2014 Britain withdraws from Afghanistan after the end of Operation Herrick which started on June 20, 2002 after 12 years four months and seven days.
Operation Herrick:
- Operation Herrick – Wikipedia
- UK Forces – Operation Herrick – army.mod.uk
- Operation Herrick, Afghanistan – ref.mod.uk
- Operation Herrick, Afghanistan – airfix.com
- Operation Herrick order of battle – Wikipedia
- Strategy for Operation Herrick – Wikipedia
- UK forces: operations in Afghanistan – gov.uk
- Operation HERRICK Afghanistan – royal-irish.com
- List of operations in the war in Afghanistan (2001-2014) – Wikipedia
Britain’s War in Afghanistan:
- Britain’s war in Afghanistan officially ends – by Kim Hjemdgaard – October 26, 2014 – usatoday.com
- Britain’s 13-year war in Afghanistan comes to an end – telegraph.co.uk
- Britain’s war in Afghanistan: was it worth it? – by Theo Farrell – 30 Jan 2015 – telegraph.co.uk
Classified Documents on the War in Afghanistan:
- Nearly 92.000 Classified Documents Leaked, Exposed Truth of Afghan War – WorldCantWait.net
- The War Logs: Reaction to Disclosure of Military Documents on Afghan War, by The New York Times – AtWar.Blogs.NYTimes.com
- No one who’s been paying attention should be surprised by the Wikileaks documents about the war in Afghanistan. – Slate.com
- “A huge cache of secret US military files today provides a devastating portrait of the failing war in Afghanistan, revealing how coalition forces have killed hundreds of civilians in unreported incidents…” – Afghanistan war logs: Massive leak of secret files exposes truth of occupation – TheGuaridan.com
US Invasion of Afghanistan – War in Afghanistan:
- US invasion of Afghanistan – War in Afghanistan (2001-2014) – Wikipedia
- Invasion by the United States and NATO – Invasions of Afghanistan – Wikipedia
- US War in Afghanistan – Council on Foreign Affairs – CFR.org
- United States’ Invasion of Afghanistan – OhioHistoryCentral.org
- War in Afghanistan, US Invasion, Occupation of Afghanistan – HistoryCommons.org
- Afghanistan War (2001-2014), by Griff Witte – Encyclopedia Britannia
- War in Afghanistan – A Timeline – December 1, 2009 – CBSNews.com
Why Did the US Invade Afghanistan? :
- Why Did the United States Invade Afghanistan? , by Tim Kelly – RAIN.org.za, or the same article on this website of Jamiatul Ulama – Jamiat.org.za
- Did 9/11 Justify the War in Afghanistan? , by David Ray Griffin – 25 June 2005 – GlobalResearch.ca
- Invasion of Afghanistan – ‘War on Terror’ – Why – TheBlackMosaic.com
- Why is the United States Really in Afghanistan? , by Howard Uhal – April 17, 2013 – DissidentVoice.org
- Why Afghanistan? – Trust in Education – TrustInEducation.org
- Why did the United States invade Afghanistan in 2001? (a)to respond to terrorist attacks on U.S. territory (B to protect neighboring countries from a likely invasion (C to prevent a communist – Question and answer – Weegy.com
- YouTube video (9 min. 10 sec.) The REAL reasons behind The US led invasion of Afghanistan and Pakistan
- YouTube video (4 min. 13 sec.) Why us invaded afghanistan
Behind the Official Reasons for the Invasion of Afghanistan:
- The US War in Afghanistan and the Grab for Central Asia Oil – RevolutionaryDemocracy.org
- “The War is Worth Waging”: Afghanistan’s Vast Reserves of Minerals and Natural Gas, by Michel Chossudovsky – 16 June 2010 – GlobalResearch.ca
- A TIMELINE OF OIL AND VIOLENCE – AFGHANISTAN – RingNebula.com
- Complete 911 Timeline – Pipeline Politics – HistoryCommons.org
- Afghanistan – LiesOfBush.com
- Pipelines to 9/11, by Rudo de Ruijter – CourtFool.info
- YouTube video (5 min. 15 sec.) Did We Invade Afghanistan to Build a Gas Pipeline?
- Afghanistan – War and Oil, by George Monbiot – October 23, 2001 – CounterPunch.org
- Afghanistan oil pipeline construction starts – TheInsider.org
- A Brief History of Natural Gas in Afghanistan – Ministry of Mines and Petroleum of Afghanistan – MOM.gov.af
- US Bases in Afghanistan and Oil Pipeline Politics – WantToKnow.info
- Afghanistan: A Pipeline, an Invasion, a Pipeline, an “Exodus” , by By Roger Armbrust – May 21 2012 – The Clyde Fitch Report – ClydeFitchReport.com
- Afghanistan plans gas pipeline – Monday, 13 May 2002 – BBC
- Gas Pipeline, Mineral Deposits – the Real Reasons for US Occupation of Afghanistan – 9 Years Of US Lies And Failure in Afghanistan – 10/14/10 – Sulekha.com
- IT’S ALL ABOUT OIL – 1998 Unocal Statement: Suspenstion of activities of related to proposed natural gas pipeline across Afghanistan – WhatReallyHappened.com
- A Primer On the REAL Global Geopolitical Battle – October 8, 2012- WashingtonsBlog.com
- America’s pipeline dream, by George Monbiot – October 23, 2001 – TheGuardian.com
- IN 1998 AMERICA WANTED NEW GOVERNMENT IN AFGHANISTAN TO ALLOW CONSTRUCTION OF OIL PIPELINE – THEDEBATE.org
- Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline (TAPI) – Wikipedia
- Why did the US really go to war? – Pipeline to 911 – ViewZone.com9
- 9/11 and Afghan pipeline – 911myths.com
- US planned war in Afghanistan long before September 11, by Patrick Martin – 20 November 2001 – WSWS.org
- Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline Still a Dream, by Tel Roll – Monday, September 20, 2010 – CommonDreams.com
- TAPI project or the future of Afghanistan – RT.com
- PAKISTAN, AFGHANISTAN AND TURKMENISTAN GAS PIPELINE – June 10 – 16, 2002 – Finance & Markets – PakistanEconomist.com
- “While the West kills thousands of civilians in Afghanistan and Pakistan and ravages both countries, Russia, China and Iran are acquiring the crucial energy riches of Central Asia and the Caspian area without firing a shot.” – Russia, China, Iran defeat US in the “pipeline wars” , by Asad Ismi – The Reality of Life in Afghanistan – RAWA.org
- “A little-noted energy agenda moving rapidly forward in Afghanistan could exacerbate insecurity and instability, and ensure a prolonged U.S. and foreign military presence.” – Afghanistan’s Energy War, by Antonia Juhasz and Shukria Dellawar, October 5, 2011 – Foreign Policy in Focus – FPIF.org
- The Afghanistan War: Afghanistan’s Vast Reserves of Minerals and Natural Gas – Michel Chossudovsky (CRG) – Friday, April. 5, 2013 – NSNBC.me
- Afghanistan – poppies, pipelines, Al Qaeda and control of Eurasia – OilEmpire.us
- Afghanistan, Energy Geopolitics and the TAPI Pipeline, by John Foster – 23 March 2010 – GlobalResearch.ca
- Pipeline-Istan: Everything You Need to Know About Oil, Gas, Russia, China, Iran, Afghanistan and Obama, by Pepe Escobar – Alternet.org
- Afghanistan, the TAPI Pipeline, and Energy Geopolitics, by John Foster – Tuesday, 23 March 2010 – Journal of Energy Security – ENSEC.org
Afghanistan:
- AFGHANISTAN – WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Afghanistan – UN Data
- Afghanistan – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Afghanistan – Infoplease.com
History of Afghanistan:
- History of Afghanistan – Wikipedia
- Afghanistan – History – Infoplease.com
- A Brief History of Afghanistan: By Adam Ritscher – AfghanGovernment.com
- HISTORY OF AFGHANISTAN – HistoryWorld.net
- Afghanistan – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- Afghanistan | Facts and History – About.com
- A Historical Timeline of Afghanistan – PBS.org
- Chronological History of Afghanistan – Afghan-Web.com
- Afghanistan profile – Timeline – BBC
Economy of Afghanistan:
- Economy of Afghanistan – Wikipedia
- Afghanistan – WORLD BANK
- Afghanistan – Data – WORLD BANK
- Afghanistan: Economy – Asian Development Bank – ADB.org
- Afghanistan – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- Afghanistan – Economy – Infoplease.com
- Afghanistan – Economy – Afghanistan’s Economy
2003 The Cedar Fire, the second-largest fire in California history, kills 15 people, consumes 250,000 acres (1,000 km2), and destroys 2,200 homes around San Diego.
2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis: Approximately 50 Chechen terrorists and 150 hostages die when Russian Spetsnaz storm a theater building in Moscow, which had been occupied by the terrorists during a musical performance three days before.
2001 The United States passes the USA PATRIOT Act into law.
2000 Laurent Gbagbo takes over as president of Côte d’Ivoire following a popular uprising against President Robert Guéï.
1995 Israeli–Palestinian conflict: Mossad agents assassinate Islamic Jihad leader Fathi Shaqaqi in his hotel in Malta.
1994 Jordan and Israel sign a peace treaty.
1992 The London Ambulance Service is thrown into chaos after the implementation of a new CAD, or Computer Aided Dispatch, system which failed.
1992 The Charlottetown Accord fails to win majority support in a Canada wide referendum.
1985 The Australian government returns ownership of Uluru to the local Pitjantjatjara Aborigines.
1984 “Baby Fae” receives a heart transplant from a baboon.
1983 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalatinsk USSR.
USSR Nuclear Tests in 1983:
USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
- A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu
Underground Nuclear Tests:
- The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
- Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
- What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
- APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
- Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
- Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
- Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
- Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site:
- Kazakhstan’s radioactive legacy – Boston.com
- “My home: nuclear base Semipalatinsk – 21”, Episode 02 “Main Testing Field” (Video: 3 min. 14 sec.) – WN.com
- Slow Death In Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Library
- Visit to the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – SPEICAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL
- The Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan – IAEA.org
- Semipalatinsk Test Site – NTI.org
- The Tragic Story of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, by Vincze Miklós – io9.com
- 60 Years After First Soviet Nuclear Test, Legacy Of Misery Lives On In Kazakhstan – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – Monday, August 10, 2015 – RFERL.org
- Soviet nuclear tests leave Kazakh fallout – Sunday, 6 September 2009 – BBC
- In Kazakhstan, the race for uranium goes nuclear, by Philip P. Pan – Thursday, February 25, 2005 – The Washington Post
- Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – NuclearNo.com
- Top 10 Nuclear Test Sites, Michael Affleck, May 15, 2012 – Our World – ListVerse.com
Health, and Ecological Issues in Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk:
- Kazakstan/Kazakhstan – Environmental Problems – Reference.AllRefer.com
- “In Semipalatinsk, the local population was exposed to high levels of radioactivity from nuclear weapon tests for several decades…” – Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Nuclear test site – Nuclear-Risk.org
- Semipalatinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
- Radionuclide Contamination at Kazakhstan’s Semipalatinsk Test Site Implications on Human and Ecological Heath, by T.M. Carlsen, L.E. Peterson, B.A. Ulsh, C.A. Werner, K.L.Purvis, A.C. Sharber
- Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalatinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
- Plutonium and Uranium in Human Bones from Areas surrounding the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – NukeFreeTexas.org
- “Their research done on sample villages near the test site found cancer mortality rates 2-1/2 times greater than those in a control village. The agency says some 356,000 people face radiation risk, with 70 percent of those being descendants of exposed villagers…” – Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – The Christian Science Monitor
- Studies of Health Effects from Nuclear Testing near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site Kazakhstan, by Bernd Grosche, Tamara Zhunussova, Kazbek Apsalikov, Ausrele Kesminiene
- Information Report on Biological Studies Conducted At the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – IDOSI.org
- Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in the Semipalatinsk Historical Cohort, 1960 – 1999, and its Relationship to Radiation Exposure – Europe PubMed Central
1979 Park Chung-hee, President of South Korea is assassinated by Korean Central Intelligence Agency head Kim Jae-gyu. Choi Kyu-hah becomes the acting President; Kim is executed the following May.
1977 US performs nuclear test (underground) at Nevada Test Site.
US Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- The Cold War – AtomCentral.com
Nuclear Weapons and the United States:
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
- US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
- 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
- US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State
Nevada Test Site:
- NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
- NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
- Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
- Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
- Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
- Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
- NUKE TESTING in NEVADA – Archure.net
- ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
- 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
- Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- The Nuclear Matters Handbook
Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:
- Environment and the Quality of Life in Nevada – UNLV.edu
- ECONLGOY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH NARRATIVE SUMMARY, KEY WORD INDEX, AND SPECIES LISTS – DOE/NEV/11718-594
- Nevada Applied Ecology Information Center: a review of technical information support provided to the Nevada Applied Ecology Group – Sci-Tech Connect
- “Between 1951 and 1992, the United States bombed its own soil with nuclear weapons — 945 times. All but 17 of those explosions took place on a stretch of basin-and-range desert northwest of Las Vegas called the Nevada Test Site (NTS),…” – Sovereignty at Shoshone Mountain – EcologyCenter.org
- The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions – Princeton.edu
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center
1977 Ali Maow Maalin, the last natural case of smallpox, develops rash in Merca district, Somalia. The World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention consider this date the anniversary of the eradication of smallpox, the most spectacular success of vaccination.
1973 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.
- For some more information, see “1983 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR,” mentioned above.
1970 Muhammad Ali faces off against Jerry Quarry in Atlanta, Georgia for the first time after Ali’s three-year hiatus from evading to be drafted in the Vietnam War.
Muhammad Ali (a.k.a. Cassius Clay):
- MUHAMMAD ALI 1942-2016 – muhammadali.com
- Muhammad Ali – biography.com
- MUHAMMAD ALI – history.com
- Editorial | Cassius Clay, Muhammad Ali and the CJ – June 14, 2016 – courier-journal.com
- A child of contradiction, Muhammad Ali was an essential American – by Charles P. Pierce – June 4th, 2016 – Sports Illustrated – si.com
- In the Ring, He was Ali, but in the Newspapers, He Was Still Clay – by Victor Mather – June 9, 2016 – The New York Times – nytimes.com
Muhammad Ali and Conscientious Objection:
- Muhammad Ali: the world’s greatest conscientious objector – 14 June 2016 – amnesty.org
- Muhammad Ali Took Conscientious Objector Fight to the Supreme Court – Jun 4, 2016 – bjconline.org
- Muhammad Ali, conscientious objection, and the Supreme Court’s struggle to understand “jihad” and “holy war”: The story of Cassius Clay v. United States – by Marty Lederman – Wed., June 8th, 2016 – scotusblog.com
- Muhammad Ali, conscientious objector – 6/4/16 – msnbc.com
- Supreme Court. CLAY, aka ALI v. UNITED STATES. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1971. – aavw.org
- “On January 31, 2013 – veteran Israeli journalist and author, Gideon Levy, wrote at daily Ha’aretz: “When (Israel’s new rising politician) Yair Lapid says he admires Muhammad Ali, he should remember why Ali became a role model. The boxer was a courageous conscientious objector, exactly the kind that Lapid, would surely find appalling“. Frankly, I have not heard of a single “conscientious objector” among the 4 million Zionist Jews living inside Israel – or for that matter among Jewish leaders around the world.”- Muhammad Ali: ‘A courageous conscientious objector’ – February 1, 2013 – rahmat1.com
- “One of the contentious issues in deciding who is a “draft dodger” and who is not. It’s a derisive term, of course, meant to denigrate and deride those who, for whatever reason, don’t serve in their country’s draft. In the context of the Vietnam War, it applies to a whole host of men who chose to run to Canada, go to prison, or just not show up when they were supposed to, and who did so for a wide variety of reasons. For my post, I’m going to say that a draft dodger is a person who, when called for the draft or when called to register for the draft, does not show up. Feel free to disagree with my definition if you’d like.” – Muhammad Ali: Conscientious Objector. Everyone else: Draft Dodger – reddit.com
Conscientious Objection and Objector:
- OCT 12, 1945: ON THIS DAY IN HISTORY: Conscientious objector wins Medal of Honor – History.com
- Conscientious Objector Fact Sheet – GIRightsHotline.org
- Who is a Conscientious Objector? – SCN.org
- Conscientious objector – Infoplease.com
- Conscientious objector – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Integrity and Selective Conscientious Objection, by Paul Robinson – Graduate School of Public and International Affairs – University of Ottawa – TAMU.edu
History of Conscientious Objection:
- BRIEF HISTORY OF CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION – Primary Sources for Research – Smarthmore.edu
- History of Conscientious Objection in the United States – Backgrounder: Soldiers at War – PBS.org
- Conscription and Conscientious Objection, by Lucy Harris – 30 September 2014 – History of government
- The History of Conscientious Objection – THE NATIONAL PEACE MUSEUM OF CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION AND ANTI-WAR ACTIVISM – NationalPeaceMuseum.org
- Conscientious objection – New Zealand History – NZHistory.net.nz
- Conscientious Objection to Bearing Arms: 1943 – MyBrethren.org
1968 Soviet cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy pilots Soyuz 3 into space for a four-day mission.
1967 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi crowns himself Emperor of Iran and then crowns his wife Farah Empress of Iran.
1964 Eric Edgar Cooke becomes last person in Western Australia to be executed.
1963 US performs underground nuclear test, near Fallon, Nevada.
Project Shoal:
- “Project Shoal was an underground nuclear test that took place on October 26, 1963 within the Sand Springs Range, approximately 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Fallon, Nevada.” – Project Shoal – Wikipedia
- PROJECT SHOAL – October 26, 1963 – nv.gov
Environmental and Pertinent Issues of the Shoal, Fallon Test Site:
- EVALUATION OF THE PROJECT TEST SITE SHOAL: FALLON, NEVADA FOR DISPOSITION, INCLUDING IDENTIFICATION OF RESTRICTIONS, by M.C. Gardner, and W.E. Nork; April 1970, Contract AT (29-2) 1229 – US ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSIONS OFFICE, LAS VAGAS, NEVADA – pdf
- “Southern Nevada, of course, had the Nevada Test Site where all above-ground tests were done. But Nevada also was the site of underground tests. One was the Project Shoal site near Fallon and the other was the Faultless site northeast of Warm Springs.” – Underground atomic test detonated near Fallon in 1963 – RGJ.com
- “One of two major underground nuclear tests in Nevada that were performed off the Nevada Test Site. Conducted in 1963, Shoal was an experiment to study earthquake effects.” – SHOAL NUCLEAR TEST SITE – THE CENTER FOR LAND USE INTERPRETATION
- “On October 26, 1963, the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) (now known as the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE)) detonated a nuclear device with a total yield of 12 kilotons at a depth of 1,204 feet below ground surface in the solid granite of the Sand Springs Range southeast of Fallon, Nevada. Radiological contamination of groundwater resulted from the test. Today, scientists and engineers, contracted by DOE, are working to identify the risks where radiological contamination exists in groundwater, predict the movement of the contaminated groundwater, and define the extent of migration of the radionuclides released during testing.” – Nevada Division of Environmental Protection Bureau of Federal Facilities – nv.gov
- “Preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement for the Nevada Test Site and Other Off-Site Test Locations Within the State of Nevada” – FEDERAL REIGSTER VOL. 59, NO. 153 – GlobalSecurity.org
1962 US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Johnston Island.
Nuclear Tests by the United States:
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Cold War – AtomCentral.com
- List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
- Operation Argus – Wikipedia
- Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearArchive.org
- Nuclear Test Sites – AtomicArchive.com
- United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 Through September 1992 – FAS.org
Atmospheric/High-altitude Nuclear Explosion Testing:
- Atmospheric nuclear explosion – Wikipedia
- High-altitude nuclear explosions, by Wm Robert Johnston – JohnstonsArchive.net
- “Atmospheric testing refers to explosions which take place in the atmosphere.” – TYPES OF NUCLEA WEAPONS TESTS – CTBTO.org
Johnston Atoll:
Various Weapons Tests and Storage at Johnston Atoll, and Permanent Contamination:
- Johnston Atoll, and Kalama Atoll – WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION – GlobalSecurity.org
- South Pacific tests on Johnston Island in 1951 – NIMIA.com
- Contaminants in Fishes from Johnston Atoll, by L. Kerr Lobel and P.S. Lobel – Boston University, Department of Biology
- “During the Cold War era, the US Air Force used JI [Johnston Island] to support several highly classified missions. In the early 1960’s, it was involved with Operation Dominic, which tested a primitive anti-ballistic missile system as well as the impact of EMP on military command and control systems.” – Johnstone Island, by Bob Fish – EarthLink.net
- Aspects of the Biology and Geomorphology of Johnston and Wake Atolls, Pacific Ocean, by Philp S. Lobel and Lisa Kerr Lobel – DODLegacy.org
- “Construction began on a Parsons-designed prototype full-scale chemical weapons incinerator at Johnston Island in the South Pacific Ocean.” – Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (CSDP) – Parsons.com
- “In the 1950’s and 60’s, the United States Air Force conducted 12 test launchings of nuclear missiles on tiny Johnston Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. In 1962, two of the shots were aborted and the missiles exploded over the runway, drenching the area in radioactive contaminants.” – Radioactive Dump on Pacific Wildlife Refuge Raises Liability Concerns, by Katharine Q. Seelye – January 27, 2003 – The New York Times
- Johnston Island – Air Force Space & Missile Museum
- “At sunset one quiet July day an armada of ships was positioned in the ocean waters around Johnston Atoll, upwind from a line of barges with hundreds of cages containing Rhesus monkeys on their decks (figure 4).” – Bio Terror 4 – BiologyWriter – BiologyWriter.com
- Johnston Atoll: “The site was used for high-altitude nuclear tests in the 1950s and 1960s. Until late in 2000 the atoll was maintained as a storage and disposal site for chemical weapons. Munitions destruction, cleanup, and closure of the facility were completed by May 2005.” – THE UNITED STATES PACIFIC ISLAND WILD LIFE REFUGES – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Cleaning up Johnston Atoll – Nautilus Institute
- South Pacific islands fell victim to tragedy of nuclear tests – March 27, 2015 – The Asahi Shimbun
- AGENT ORANGE – Johnston Island, AFB – War-Stories.com
- “Another issue addressed by the investigation was a 2003 U.S. Army report – titled “An Ecological Assessment of Johnston Atoll” – which stated that 25,000 barrels of Agent Orange had been on Okinawa prior to 1972.” – Deny, Deny Until All the Veterans Die” – Pentagon Investigation into Agent Orange in Okinawa – Truth-Out.org
- Summary Document: Agent Orange at Johnston Island – GuamAgentOrange.info
- Johnston Atoll Airport, USA – 14 of the world’s most amazing abandoned airports – SkyScanner.net
- HISTORY OF JOHNSTON ATOLL – GuamAgentOrange.info
- Case Name: Johnston Atoll Chemical Waste – Chemical Weapons Disposal Dispute – TED Case Study
- Johnstone Atoll: An Isolated and Abandoned Military Air Base in the Mid Pacific Ocean – 8 April 2010 – UrganGhostsMedia.com
- Secret Bases – Johnston Atoll – TheLivingMoon.com
- The Forgotten Atoll of Johnston Atoll – Jason-Sevens.com
- History of Johnston Island – Johnston Memories
Nuclear Weapons and the United States:
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
- US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
- 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
- US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State
1958 Pan American Airways makes the first commercial flight of the Boeing 707 from New York City to Paris, France.
1958 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
- For some more pertinent information, see “1977 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site”, mentioned above.
1956 UN’s International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) statute approved.
International Atomic Energy Agency:
History of the IAEA:
- History – Revisiting the Past – IAEA
- The IAEA History Research Project – IAEA
- History of the International Atomic Energy Agency: First Forty Years, by David Fischer – IAEA – pdf
US President Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace” Speech that Initiated an International Atomic Energy Agency:
- “’Atoms for Peace’ was the title of a speech delivered by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower to the UN General Assembly in New York City on December 8, 1953.” – Atoms for Peace – Wikipedia
- Draft of Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace” Speech – Archives.gov – pdf
- President Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace” Speech – December 8, 1953 – Transcript – AtomicArchive.com
- YouTube video (25 min. 52 sec.): Dwight D. Eisenhower Atoms for Peace
- Annotated bibliography for Atoms for Peace from the Also Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
- Documents regarding President Eisenhower’s Atoms for Peace speech, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
- Guide to materials pertaining to the Atoms for Peace speech at the Eisenhower Presidential Library
1955 Ngô Đình Diệm declares himself Premier of South Vietnam.
1955 After the last Allied troops have left the country and following the provisions of the Austrian Independence Treaty, Austria declares permanent neutrality.
1947 The Maharaja of Kashmir and Jammu agrees to allow his kingdom to join India.
1944 World War II: The Battle of Leyte Gulf ends with an overwhelming American victory.
Timeline of the Leyte Gulf:
- The End of the Japanese Navy: The Battle of Leyte Gulf – Timeline – SunnyCV.com
- The Battle of Leyte Gulf Timeline – BATTLE OF LEYTE GULF, by Melissa Flint & Rachel Lin – Weebly.com
Battle of Leyte Gulf:
- “Preliminary operations for the Leyte invasion began at dawn on 17 October with minesweeping operations and the movement of the 6th Rangers toward three small islands in Leyte Gulf… Following four hours of heavy naval gunfire on A-day, 20 October, Sixth Army forces landed on assigned beaches at 1000 hours. Troops from X Corps pushed across a four-mile stretch of beach between Tacloban airfield and the Palo River.” – Leyte – Army.mil
- Battle of Leyte Gulf – History.com
- BATTLE OF LEYTE GULF VIDEOS – History.com
- LEYTE – Army.mil
- Battle of Leyte Gulf, 23-26 October 1944 – HistoryOfWar.org
- Battle of Leyte – Military.Wikia.com
- Battle of Leyte Gulf – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Battle of Leyte Gulf – U-S-History.com
- WWII: Battle for Leyte – AMERICAN EXPERIENCE – PBS.org
- Battle for Leyte – TotallyHistory.com
- The Death of the Japanese Empire: Remembering the Battle of Leyte Gulf – The National Interest – NationalInterest.org
- World War II: Battle of Leyte Gulf – About.com
- Leyte Naval Battles – CombinedFleet.com
1943 World War II: First flight of the Dornier Do 335 “Pfeil”.
1942 World War II: In the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands during the Guadalcanal Campaign, one U.S. aircraft carrier, Hornet, is sunk and another aircraft carrier, Enterprise, is heavily damaged, while two Japanese carriers and one cruiser are heavily damaged.
1940 The P-51 Mustang makes its maiden flight.
1936 The first electric generator at Hoover Dam goes into full operation.
1918 Erich Ludendorff, quartermaster-general of the Imperial German Army, is dismissed by Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany for refusing to cooperate in peace negotiations.
Kaiser Wilhelm II:
- KAISER WILHELM II – History.com
- Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany – WorldWarI.com
- William II – Emperor of Germany – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859-1941) – Biography.com
Aftermath of World War I:
- Aftermath of World War I – Wikipedia
- A SHATTERED PEACE: Versailles 1919 and The Price We Pay Today, by David A. Andelman – AshatteredPeace.com
- Negating Peace Germany Policy Making During World War I, by Tom Degenhart – Academia.edu
- World War I, by Jennifer D. Keene – GliderLehrman.org
Treaty of Versailles:
- WORLD WAR I: TREATIES AND REPARATIONS – Holocaust Encyclopedia – USHMMM.org
- Treaty of Versailles – Wikipedia
- Text of the Versailles Treaty June 28, 1919 – Avalon Project – Yale Law School
Some Evolution of the “Crimes of Aggression” a.k.a. the “Crimes against Peace”:
Treaty of Versailles:
- War of aggression – Wikipedia
- Crimes of aggression – Wikipedia
- AGGRESSION – CRIMES OF WAR – CrimesOfWar.org
- Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles – Wikipedia, or Article 231 of the same treaty on this website
- Article 227 of the Treaty of Versailles – BYU.edu, or Article 227 of the same treaty on this website
Kellogg and Briand Pact of 1928:
- Articles I and II of the Kellogg and Briand Pact
- Full Text of the Kellogg and Briand Pact – Avalon Project – Yale Law School
- Pertinent Documents on the Kellogg and Briand Pact – Avalon Project – Yale Law School
Charters of the Nuremberg and Tokyo Military Tribunals:
- Crimes against Peace and Other Pertinent Crimes: Article 6 of the Charter of the Nuremberg Military Tribunal
- Crimes against Peace and Other Pertinent Crimes: Article 5 of the Charter of the Military Tribunal for the Far East, or the same article on this website.
- Crime against peace – Wikipedia
- Crimes Against Peace, by Allen Ferguson, JD, MFA – CRIMES AGAINST PEACE – CrimesAgainstPeace.org
UN Charter and the UNGA Resolution 3314 (XXIX)
- CHARTER VII: ACTION WITH RESPECT TO THREATS TO THE PEACE, BREACHES OF THE PEACE, AND ACT OF AGGRESSION – THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS
- UN Documents – A/RES/29/3314 3314 (XXIX) Definition of Aggression, Definition of “Aggression” – UN General Assembly 3314 (XXIX) – pdf, or the same resolution on this site – UMN.edu
- Definition of Aggression – General Assembly resolution 3314, by Elizabeth Wilmshurst – AUDIOVISUAL LIBRARY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW – UN.org
- United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314 – Wikipedia
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:
- Crimes of Aggression: Article 8 bis of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
- Crimes of Aggression: Article 15 bis of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
- Crimes of Aggression: Article 15 ter of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
- Full Text of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court – pdf, or the same statute on this website
- Historical Background of the Criminalization of Aggression, by Sergey Sayapin – 11 January 2014, and/or Crimes of Aggression in International Criminal Law
- ON THE CRIMES OF AGGRESSION AND THE ICC IN A QUASI-WESTPHALIAN SYSTEM, by – August 22, 2014 – International Justice Project – InternationalJusticeProject.comr
1917 World War I: Brazil declares war on the Central Powers.
Brazil and World War I:
- OCT 26, 1917: THIS DAY IN HISTORY: Brazil declares war on Germany. – History.com
- “Roderick Barman examines the circumstances surrounding Brazil’s entry into the Great War and appraises the conflict’s legacy on the developing nation.” – Brazil in the First World War – HistoryToday.com
- Primary documents – Brazil’s explanation to the Vatican of Reasons for War, October 1917 – FirstWorldWar.com
- Brazil at War with Germany: Significant Reply to the Pope – JFredMacDonald.com
- Brazil: The only Latin American nation to fight World War I – BenTaverner.com
Countries Involved in World War I:
- Did either of World Wars involve South or Central America? – History beta – StackExchange.com
- The Countries Involved in World War 1 – About.com
- Countries Involved in World War I – MapsOfWorld.com
- World War One: Explore over 500 historical sources from across Europe, together with new insights by World War One experts – BL.uk
History of Brazil:
- History of Brazil – Wikipedia
- History of Brazil – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Brazil – Historical Setting – CountryStudies.us
- BRAZIL – History – Geographia.com
- Brazil History – Brazil.org.za
- HISTORY OF BRAZIL – HistoryWorld.net
- Brazil History – JustBrazil.org
- History of Brazil – WorldFacts.us
- A Brief History of Brazil – The New York Times
- Brazil – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- Timeline for Brazilian History – Chagala.com
- Brazil profile – Timeline – BBC
Brazil:
- Brazil – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Brazil – UN Data
- Brazil – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Brazil – Infoplease.com
Foreign Relations of Brazil:
- Foreign relations of Brazil – Wikipedia
- Ministry of External Relations (Brazil) – Wikipedia
- Brazil – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- US Relations with Brazil – US Department of State
- Brazil-Iran Foreign Relations – IranTracker.org
- Brazilian Foreign Relations – Photius.com
- Foreign Relations of Brazil – The Translation Company
Economy of Brazil:
- Economy of Brazil – Wikipedia
- Brazil – WORLD BANK
- Brazil – Data – WORLD BANK
- Brazil – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- Brazil – Economy – Infoplease.com
1917 World War I: Battle of Caporetto; Italy suffers a catastrophic defeat to the forces of Austria-Hungary and Germany. The young unknown Oberleutnant Erwin Rommel captures Mount Matajur with only 100 Germans against a force of over 7000 Italians.
Battle of Caporetto:
- OCT 24, 1917: THIS DAY IN HISTORY: Battle of Caporetto – History.com
- Battles – Battle of Caporetto, 1917 – FirstWorldWar.com
- Battle of Caporetto – Encyclopedia Britannica
- The Battle of Caporetto 1917, by Robert Wilde – About.com
- Battle of Caporetto, 24 October 1917 – 12 November 1917 (Italy) – HistoyOfWar.org
- Battle of Caporetto – Military.Wikia.com
1912 First Balkan War: The Ottoman occupied city of Thessaloniki, is liberated and unified with Greece on the feast day of its patron saint Demetrius. On the same day, Serbian troops captured Skopje.
Liberation of Thessaloniki:
- Macedonia: Liberation of Thessalonica (26 October 1912) – History-Of-Macedonia.com
- THESSALONIKI – THE METROPOLIS OF MACEDONIA – Macedonia.com
- 26/October/1912 The Liberation of Thessaloniki – Illyria Forums
- Thessaloniki: Brief history – InTheThessaoloniki.com
Balkan Wars:
- Balkan Wars – Wikipedia
- Balkan Wars – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Balkan Wars – Infoplease.com
- Balkan Wars, 1912-13, The – RussiansAbroad.com
First Balkan War:
- Balkan Wars – Encyclopedia Britannica
- First Balkan War 1912 – NZHistory.net.nz
- The First Balkan War 1912-1913 – ThenAgain.info
- Balkan Military History – BalkanHistory.com
- TCA Fact Sheet: The 1912-1913 Balkan Wars – Turkish Coalition of America – TC-America.org
- The First Balkan War 1912-1913 – ThenAgain.info
- “In Macedonia, the Serbian army defeated the Turks at Kumanovo that enabled it to join forces with the Montenegrins and enter Skopje. Meanwhile, the Greeks occupied Salonika and advanced on Ioánnina. In Albania, the Montenegrins besieged Shkodër, and the Serbs entered Durrës.” – The First Balkan War – Balkan Military History
- First Balkan War – HellenicaWorld.com
1909 Itō Hirobumi, four time Prime Minister of Japan (the 1st, 5th, 7th and 10th) and Resident-General of Korea, is assassinated by An Jung-geun at the Harbin train station in Manchuria.
1905 Sweden accepted the independence of Norway.
Independence of Norway:
- Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden – Wikipedia
- Norwegian-Swedish War of 1905 (Alt for Norge) – Wikia.com
- Norway-Sweden 1905: How the labour movement prevented war, by Jonathan Clyne, Kerstin Alfredsson and Lena Höijer
- Norway and 1905 – HistoryToday.com
- 1905 Norway – Wikipedia
- The War between Norway and Sweden 1808, by Kai Isaksen – MilitaryHistoryOnline.com
- Swedish-Norwegian War (1814) – Wikipedia
- Norway in 1814 – Wikipedia
History of Norway:
- History of Norway – Wikipedia
- HISTORY OF NORWAY – HistoryWorld.net
- A SHORT H ISTORY OF NORWAY – LocalHistories.org
- Norway History – Destination360.com
- Norway – History – LonleyPlanet.com
- Norway Timeline – WorldAtlas.com
- Norway – History and Tradition – VisitNorway.com
Norway-Sweden Relationship:
- Norway-Sweden relations – Wikipedia
- Union between Sweden and Norway – Wikipedia
- Relations entre la Norvège et la Suède – Wikipédia
- Relationer mellan Norge och Sverige – Wikipedia
- Neutral Sweden allowed Nazis to use their railways to occupy Norway…and transfer Jews to death camps, new book claims – 5 June 2012 – DailyMail.co.uk
- How Norwegian oil wealth and Swedish migrant work have reversed the centuries-old Scandinavian power dynamic, by David J. Michael – DEC. 11, 2012 – Slate.com
- “Swedish people live in the central Scandinavian country of Sweden, which shares land borders with Norway and Finland and is also near Denmark. The Swedish language is in the North Germanic family and is closely related to Norwegian and Danish.” – Swedish Genetics – Abstracts and Summaries – Khazaria.com
- Sweden – more similar to Norway or Finland? (life, country, people) – City-Data.com
Norway:
- Norway – THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Norway – UN Data
- Norway – Infoplease.com
- Norway profile – Overview – BBC
Foreign Relations of Norway:
- Foreign relations of Norway – Wikipedia
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Norway
- Norway – Foreign Relations – GlobalSecurity.org
- Norway – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- The Foreign Policy of Norway – Baltic21.org
- US Relations with Norway – US Department of State
Economy of Norway:
History of Sweden:
- History of Sweden – Wikipedia
- HISTORY OF SWEDEN – Sweden.se
- A BRIEF HISTORY OF SWEDEN – LocalHistories.org
- HISTORY OF SWEDEN – HistoryWorld.net
- Heritage and History of Sweden – Geographia.com
- Sweden – History – Infoplease.com
- Sweden – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- A Short History of Sweden – SverigeTurism.se
- History of Sweden – HowStuffWorks.com
- Timeline of Swedish history – Wikipedia
- Sweden profile – Timeline – BBC
Sweden:
- Sweden – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Sweden – UN Data
- Sweden – Official Site
- Sweden – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Sweden – Infoplease.com
- Sweden country profile – Overview – BBC
Foreign Relations of Sweden:
- Foreign relations of Sweden – Wikipedia
- Foreign and security policy – Government Offices of Sweden
- Issues in Swedish Foreign Policy, by Herbert Tingsten – ForeingAffairs.com
- Sweden-Iran Foreign Relations – IranTracker.org
- Sweden-Turkey relations – Wikipedia
- Bilateral Relations – Sweden – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia
- Sweden-United States relations – Wikipedia
- US Relations with Sweden – US Department of State
- Sweden Foreign Relations – Articles – LATimes.com
Economy of Sweden:
- Economy of Sweden – Wikipedia
- Sweden – Economy – Infoplease.com
- Sweden – WORLD BANK
- Sweden – Data – WORLD BANK
- Sweden – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- HOW SWEDEN CREATED A MODEL ECONOMY – Sweden.se
- The Economy and the Economic History of Sweden – San José State University Department of Economics – SJSU.edu
1861 The Pony Express officially ceases operations.
1860 Meeting of Teano. Giuseppe Garibaldi, conqueror of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, gives it to King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy.
1811 The Argentine government declare the freedom of expression for the press by decree.
1776 Benjamin Franklin departs from America for France on a mission to seek French support for the American Revolution.
1775 King George III of Great Britain goes before Parliament to declare the American colonies in rebellion, and authorized a military response to quell the American Revolution.
OCTOBER 27
- Today is the WORLD DAY FOR AUDIOVISUAL HERITAGE:
2005 Riots begin in Paris after the deaths of two Muslim teenagers.
Riots in France:
- “On October 27, 2005, two French youths of Malian and Tunisian descent were electrocuted as they fled the police in the Parisian suburb of Clichy-sous-Bois. Their deaths sparked nearly three weeks of rioting in 274 towns throughout the Paris region, France, and beyond…” – Civil Unrest in French Suburbs, November 2005 – RIOTS IN FRANCE – SSRC.org
- Paris riots: Information on immigrants and the suburbs, 2005 – Libcom.org
- 2005: French Was a Riot
Timeline of the 2005 French Riots:
- Timeline of the 2005 French Riots – Wikipedia
- A chronology of key events – Timeline: French riots – BBC
Pertinent Articles on the French Riots of 2005:
- Understanding Urban Riots in France, by Jonathan Laurence and Justin Vaisse – Brookings.edu
- The Problem of Clichy: After 2005 Riots, France’s Suburbs Are Still Miserable, by Bruce Crumley – Dec.07.2012 – TIME
- The Autumn 2005 Riots in France – Part I, by Manfred Gerstenfeld, – February 1, 2006 – JCPA.org
- The Nature of French Riots, by Olivier Roy – Nov.18, 2005 – SSRC.org
- North African Riots In Paris Paris [sic], by Juan Cole – Nov.3, 2005 – JualCole.com
- 1964 New York Police Riot Déjà Vu in 2005 Paris, by J. Paul Johnson – July 24, 2013 – AMERICAN.edu
- French accused of ‘judicial apartheid’ over officers’ acquitted over deaths that sparked 2005 riots, by Henry Samuel – 18 May 2015 – Telegraph.co.uk
1999 Gunmen open fire in the Armenian Parliament, killing Prime Minister Vazgen Sargsyan, Parliament Chairman Karen Demirchyan, and six other members.
1997 October 27, 1997 mini-crash: Stock markets around the world crash because of fears of a global economic meltdown. The Dow Jones Industrial Average plummets 554.26 points to 7,161.15.
1995 Former Prime Minister of Italy Bettino Craxi is convicted in absentia of corruption.
1995 Latvia applies for membership in the European Union.
Latvia:
- Latvia – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Latvia – UN Data
- Latvia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Latvia – Infoplease.com
- Latvia – NationsOnline.org
- Latvia – European Union – Euopa.eu
Foreign Relations of Latvia:
- Foreign relations of Latvia – Wikipedia
- MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA
- US Relations with Latvia – US Department of State
History of Latvia:
- History of Latvia – Wikipedia
- History of Latvia – CountryStudies.us
- Latvian History – LatvianHistory.com
- Latvia profile – Timeline – BBC
Economy of Latvia:
- Economy of Latvia – Wikipedia
- Latvia – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- Latvia – Financial Sector Assessment – THE WORLD BANK – pdf
- Latvia – Data – THE WORLD BANK
1994 Gliese 229B is the first Substellar Mass Object to be unquestionably identified.
1992 United States Navy radioman Allen R. Schindler, Jr. is brutally murdered by shipmate Terry M. Helvey for being gay, precipitating first military, then national, debate about gays in the military that resulted in the United States “Don’t ask, don’t tell” military policy.
1991 Turkmenistan achieves independence from the Soviet Union.
Turkmenistan:
- Turkmenistan – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Turkmenistan – UN Data
- Turkmenistan – Infoplease.com
- Turkmenistan – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Turkmenistan – NationsOnline.org
- Turkmenistan country profile – BBC
Human Rights in Turkmenistan:
- “Turkmenistan remains one of the world’s most repressive countries, with a disastrous human rights record.” – Turkmenistan – Human Rights Watch
- “Turkmenistan’s human rights record has been heavily criticized by various countries and scholars worldwide.” – Human rights in Turkmenistan – Wikipedia
- Turkmenistan Human Rights – Amnesty International
- Turkmenistan – Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Foreign Relations of Turkmenistan:
- Foreign Relations of Turkmenistan – Wikipedia
- Turkmenistan – Foreign Relations – GlobalSecurity.org
- Turkmenistan-United States relations – Wikipedia
- Turkmenistan-Iran Foreign Relations – IranTracker.org
- Turkmenistan – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
History of Turkmenistan:
- History of Turkmenistan – Wikipedia
- Turkmenistan | Facts and History – About.com
- Turkmenistan – History – CountryStudies.us
- Turkmenistan – History – Infoplease.com
- Turkmenistan History – Avantour.com
- Turkmenistan country profile – Timeline – BBC
Economy of Turkmenistan:
- Economy of Turkmenistan – Wikipedia
- Turkmenistan – WORLD BANK
- Turkmenistan – Data – WORLD BANK
- Turkmenistan – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- Turkmenistan: Economy – ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
1988 Ronald Reagan decides to tear down the new U.S. Embassy in Moscow because of Soviet listening devices in the building structure.
1986 The British government suddenly deregulates financial markets, leading to a total restructuring of the way in which they operate in the country, in an event now referred to as the Big Bang.
Deregulation of the British Financial Markets of 1986:
- “The day of deregulation for the securities market in London, England on October 27, 1986, in which the London Stock Exchange (LSE) became a private limited company. The event revitalized the LSE because outside corporations were allowed to enter its member firms and automated price quotation was established.” – Big Bang – Investopedia
- “The “Big Bang” is a term used to mark the changes which occurred in late 1986 to the organizations and practices of the City of London as Britain’s financial center. Changes occurred as a result of the sudden deregulation that swept through the London Stock Exchange (the market place for trading corporate equity shares and U.K. government securities). Deregulation took place on October 27, 1986, and has dramatically changed both the Exchange and its members.” – The Big Bang – UIOWA.edu
- Did 1986’s stock market big bang make the financial crisis inevitable? – 10 October 2011 – Mindful Money – MindfulMoney.co.uk
1984 USSR performs nuclear test (underground) at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalatinsk USSR.
USSR Nuclear Tests in 1984:
USSR Nuclear Tests Overview:
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
- Slow Death of Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFRL.org
- Semipalitinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
- The lasting toll of Semipalitinsk’s nuclear testing – TheBulletin.org
- External Doses of Residents near Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site – ResearchGate.net
- Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalitinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site:
- YouTube video (4 min. 21 sec.): Semipalatinsk Test Site – Kazakhstan – Nuclear Threat Initiative
- THE SOVIET UNION’S NUCLEAR TESTING PROGRAMME – CTBTO
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Nuclear weapons tests in history – HistoryOrb.com
Health, and Ecological Issues in Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk:
- Kazakstan/Kazakhstan – Environmental Problems – Reference.AllRefer.com
- “In Semipalatinsk, the local population was exposed to high levels of radioactivity from nuclear weapon tests for several decades…” – Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Nuclear test site – Nuclear-Risk.org
- Semipalatinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
- Radionuclide Contamination at Kazakhstan’s Semipalatinsk Test Site Implications on Human and Ecological Heath, by T.M. Carlsen, L.E. Peterson, B.A. Ulsh, C.A. Werner, K.L.Purvis, A.C. Sharber
- Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalatinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
- Plutonium and Uranium in Human Bones from Areas surrounding the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – NukeFreeTexas.org
- “Their research done on sample villages near the test site found cancer mortality rates 2-1/2 times greater than those in a control village. The agency says some 356,000 people face radiation risk, with 70 percent of those being descendants of exposed villagers…” – Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – The Christian Science Monitor
- Studies of Health Effects from Nuclear Testing near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site Kazakhstan, by Bernd Grosche, Tamara Zhunussova, Kazbek Apsalikov, Ausrele Kesminiene
- Information Report on Biological Studies Conducted At the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – IDOSI.org
- Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in the Semipalatinsk Historical Cohort, 1960 – 1999, and its Relationship to Radiation Exposure – Europe PubMed Central
1981 The Soviet submarine U 137 runs aground on the east coast of Sweden.
1979 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gains its independence from the United Kingdom.
1973 A chondrite-type meteorite of 1.4 kg strikes in Cañon City, Colorado.
1971 The Democratic Republic of the Congo is renamed Zaire.
1969 Nobel prize for economy awarded to Jan Tinbergen.
1967 Catholic priest Philip Berrigan and others of the ‘Baltimore Four’ protest the Vietnam War by pouring blood on Selective Service records.
1966 China performs nuclear test at Lop Nor, PRC.
Lop Nor Nuclear Weapons Test Site:
- Lop Nor Nuclear Weapons Test Base – NTI.org
- “US satellite intelligence imagery of 6-9 August 1964 showed that the previously suspect facility near Lop Nor in Sinkiang was almost certainly a nuclear testing site.” – Base 21 Lop Nor – FAS.org, or the same aticle on the website of org
- “Between 1964 and 1996, the People’s Republic of China conducted 45 nuclear tests in Lop Nor, a lake region in the Western province of Xinjiang.” – Lop Nor, China – Nuclear-Risks.org
- History of Lop Nor – The Shihezi Report
- Nuclear Explosion Location at the Lop Nor test site, China
China’s Nuclear Weapon Programs:
- CHINA’S NUCLEAR TESTING PROGRAMMES – CTBTO
- List of nuclear weapons tests of China – Wikipedia
- 16 OCTOBER 1964 – FIRST CHINESE NUCLEAR TEST – CTBTO
- China and weapons of mass destruction – Wikipedia
- China – Overview – NTI.org
- China – NuclearFiles.org
- The Chinese Nuclear Weapons Program: Problems of Intelligence Collection and Analysis, 1964-1972– edited by William Burr – – published March 30, 2000 – GWU.edu
- China’s Nuclear Weapons – Present Capabilities – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- The China’s Nuclear Weapons Program and its Threat to the United States and Her Allies, by Erik Fogg – December 6, 2006 – MIT.edu – pdf
- “As such, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is improving its nuclear deterrent to undermine the coercive effects of other countries nuclear weapons. The People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA) Second Artillery Force is building a next generation intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), and the PLA Navy is gradually working toward the goal of fielding nuclear submarines capable of launching a new submarine launched ballistic missile (SLBM).” – HALVE LIVES: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT CHINA’S NUCLEAR WARHEAD LIFE EXTENSION AND SAFETY PROGRAM – Project 2049 Institute – June 29, 2013 – pdf
- “The first Chinese nuclear test was conducted at Lop Nor on 16 October 1964 (CHIC 1). It was a tower shot involving a fission device with a yield of 25 kilotons. Uranium 235 was used as the nuclear fuel, which indicates Beijing’s choice of the path of creating high-yield nuclear weapons right away.” – Nuclear Weapons – FAS.org
- China’s Nuclear Weapons – China’s Nuclear Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Nuclear Power in China – WORLD NUCLEAR ASSOCIATION – World-Nuclear.org
- THE NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION INTERNATIOAL HISTORY PROJECT WORKING PAPER SERIES – Between Aid and Restriction: Changing Soviet Policies toward China’s Nuclear Weapons Program: 1954-1960, by Zhihua Shen and Yafeng Xia – NPIHP Working Paper #2 – May 2012 – WilsonCenter.org – pdf
- China Nuclear Stockpile as India Matches Pakistan Rise, by Robert Wall – June 3, 2013 – Bloomberg.com
- Should America Fear China’s Nuclear Weapons? ,by Robert Farley – August 10, 2014 – The National Interest – NationalInterest.org
- Timeline of China’s nuclear program – Wikipedia
1966 USSR performs nuclear test (underground) at Novaya Zemlya USSR.
USSR Nuclear Tests in 1966:
USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
Underground Nuclear Tests:
- The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
- Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
- What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
- APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
- Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
- Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
- Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
- Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
- A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu
Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site:
- Novaya Zemlya – GlobalSecurity.org
- NOVAYA ZEMLYA – AtlasObscura.com
- Novaya Zemlya – GiantBomb.com
- NOVA ZEMLYA (NOVAYA ZEMLYA) 58 MEGA TON H BOMB TEST – ArkCode.com
- Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya – NTI.org
- ICE Case Studies – Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker – American.edu
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – Image – NASA
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – NovayaZemlya.net
- Novaya Zemlya, Russia – Nuclear-Risks.org
- Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated – July 31, 2014 – TASS Russian News Agency
- Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adapt nuclear test site, by Tatyana Sinitsyna – RIA Novosti, Russia – 15 August 2006
- UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRPAPHICAL SURVEY – Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501 – Reston, Virginia – 1993
1964 Ronald Reagan delivers a speech on behalf of Republican candidate for president, Barry Goldwater. The speech launched his political career and came to be known as “A Time for Choosing“.
1962 US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Johnston Island.
Operation Dominic:
Nuclear Tests by the United States:
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Cold War – AtomCentral.com
- List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
- Operation Argus – Wikipedia
- Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearArchive.org
- Nuclear Test Sites – AtomicArchive.com
- United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 Through September 1992 – FAS.org
Atmospheric/High-altitude Nuclear Explosion Testing:
- Atmospheric nuclear explosion – Wikipedia
- High-altitude nuclear explosions, by Wm Robert Johnston – JohnstonsArchive.net
- “Atmospheric testing refers to explosions which take place in the atmosphere.” – TYPES OF NUCLEA WEAPONS TESTS – CTBTO.org
Johnston Atoll:
Various Weapons Tests and Storage at Johnston Atoll, and Permanent Contamination:
- Johnston Atoll, and Kalama Atoll – WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION – GlobalSecurity.org
- South Pacific tests on Johnston Island in 1951 – NIMIA.com
- Contaminants in Fishes from Johnston Atoll, by L. Kerr Lobel and P.S. Lobel – Boston University, Department of Biology
- “During the Cold War era, the US Air Force used JI [Johnston Island] to support several highly classified missions. In the early 1960’s, it was involved with Operation Dominic, which tested a primitive anti-ballistic missile system as well as the impact of EMP on military command and control systems.” – Johnstone Island, by Bob Fish – EarthLink.net
- Aspects of the Biology and Geomorphology of Johnston and Wake Atolls, Pacific Ocean, by Philp S. Lobel and Lisa Kerr Lobel – DODLegacy.org
- “Construction began on a Parsons-designed prototype full-scale chemical weapons incinerator at Johnston Island in the South Pacific Ocean.” – Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (CSDP) – Parsons.com
- “In the 1950’s and 60’s, the United States Air Force conducted 12 test launchings of nuclear missiles on tiny Johnston Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. In 1962, two of the shots were aborted and the missiles exploded over the runway, drenching the area in radioactive contaminants.” – Radioactive Dump on Pacific Wildlife Refuge Raises Liability Concerns, by Katharine Q. Seelye – January 27, 2003 – The New York Times
- Johnston Island – Air Force Space & Missile Museum
- “At sunset one quiet July day an armada of ships was positioned in the ocean waters around Johnston Atoll, upwind from a line of barges with hundreds of cages containing Rhesus monkeys on their decks (figure 4).” – Bio Terror 4 – BiologyWriter – BiologyWriter.com
- Johnston Atoll: “The site was used for high-altitude nuclear tests in the 1950s and 1960s. Until late in 2000 the atoll was maintained as a storage and disposal site for chemical weapons. Munitions destruction, cleanup, and closure of the facility were completed by May 2005.” – THE UNITED STATES PACIFIC ISLAND WILD LIFE REFUGES – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Cleaning up Johnston Atoll – Nautilus Institute
- South Pacific islands fell victim to tragedy of nuclear tests – March 27, 2015 – The Asahi Shimbun
- AGENT ORANGE – Johnston Island, AFB – War-Stories.com
- “Another issue addressed by the investigation was a 2003 U.S. Army report – titled “An Ecological Assessment of Johnston Atoll” – which stated that 25,000 barrels of Agent Orange had been on Okinawa prior to 1972.” – Deny, Deny Until All the Veterans Die” – Pentagon Investigation into Agent Orange in Okinawa – Truth-Out.org
- Summary Document: Agent Orange at Johnston Island – GuamAgentOrange.info
- Johnston Atoll Airport, USA – 14 of the world’s most amazing abandoned airports – SkyScanner.net
- HISTORY OF JOHNSTON ATOLL – GuamAgentOrange.info
- Case Name: Johnston Atoll Chemical Waste – Chemical Weapons Disposal Dispute – TED Case Study
- Johnstone Atoll: An Isolated and Abandoned Military Air Base in the Mid Pacific Ocean – 8 April 2010 – UrganGhostsMedia.com
- Secret Bases – Johnston Atoll – TheLivingMoon.com
- The Forgotten Atoll of Johnston Atoll – Jason-Sevens.com
- History of Johnston Island – Johnston Memories
Nuclear Weapons and the United States:
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
- US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
- 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
- US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State
1962 A plane carrying Enrico Mattei, post-war Italian administrator, crashes in mysterious circumstances.
1962 Major Rudolf Anderson of the United States Air Force becomes the only direct human casualty of the Cuban Missile Crisis when his U-2 reconnaissance airplane is shot down in Cuba by a Soviet-supplied SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missile.
1961 USSR performs nuclear test (barge) at Novaya Zemlya, USSR.
USSR Nuclear Tests in 1961:
USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site:
- Novaya Zemlya – GlobalSecurity.org
- NOVAYA ZEMLYA – AtlasObscura.com
- Novaya Zemlya – GiantBomb.com
- NOVA ZEMLYA (NOVAYA ZEMLYA) 58 MEGA TON H BOMB TEST – ArkCode.com
- Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya – NTI.org
- ICE Case Studies – Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker – American.edu
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – Image – NASA
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – NovayaZemlya.net
- Novaya Zemlya, Russia – Nuclear-Risks.org
- Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated – July 31, 2014 – TASS Russian News Agency
- Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adapt nuclear test site, by Tatyana Sinitsyna – RIA Novosti, Russia – 15 August 2006
- UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRPAPHICAL SURVEY – Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501 – Reston, Virginia – 1993
1961 Mauritania and Mongolia join the United Nations.
Mauritania:
- Mauritania – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Mauritania – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Mauritania – Infoplease.com
- Mauritania – UN Data
- Mauritania – FactMonster.com
- Culture of Mauritania – EveryCulture.com
- Mauritania country profile – Overview – BBC
Foreign Relations of Mauritania:
- Foreign relations of Mauritania – Wikipedia
- History of the foreign relations of Mauritania – Wikipedia
- Mauritania – FOREIGN RELATIONS – PHOTIUS.com
- Mauritania – FOREIGN RELATIONS – CountryStudies.us
- Mauritania – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
Mauritania and the United Nations:
- Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania to the United Nations
- Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania to the United Nations and other international organizations in Geneva
- Mauritania – United Nations Office for High Commissioner for Human Rights
History of Mauritania:
- History of Mauritania – Wikipedia
- Mauritania – History – CountryStudies.us
- History of Mauritania – Encyclopedia Britannica
- A Brief History of Mauritania – About.com
- Mauritania 1920-1939 – WORLD HITORY AT KLMA – Zum.de
- Mauritania – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- Mauritania profile – Timeline – BBC
Economy of Mauritania:
- Economy of Mauritania – Wikipedia
- Mauritania – Economy – Infoplease.com
- Mauritania – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- Mauritania – WORLD BANK
- Mauritania – Data – WORLD BANK
Mongolia:
- Mongolia – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Mongolia – UN Data
- Mongolia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Mongolia – Infoplease.com
- Mongolia – NationsOnline.org
- Mongolia country profile – BBC
Foreign Relations of Mongolia:
- Foreign relations of Mongolia – Wikipedia
- Mongolia – Foreign Relations – PHOTIUS.com
- Mongolia – Foreign Relations – GlobalSecurity.org
- Backgrounds: Mongolia Foreign Relations – NCBuy.com
- Mongolia – Council on Foreign Relations
Mongolia and the United Nations:
- Permanent Mission of Mongolia to the United Nations
- Permanent Mission to the United Nations of Mongolia in Geneva
History of Mongolia:
- History of Mongolia – Wikipedia
- MONGLIA – History – CountryStudies.us
- HISTORY OF MONGOLIA – HistoryWorld.net
- History of Mongolia – HowStuffWorks.com
- History of Mongolia – HistoryOfMongolia.com
- Timeline of Mongolian history – Wikipedia
- Mongolia Timeline – About.com
- Mongolia profile – Timeline – BBC
Economy of Mongolia:
- Economy of Mongolia – Wikipedia
- Mongolia: Economy – Asian Development Bank
- Mongolia – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATAION
- Mongolia – WORLD BANK
- Mongolia – Data – WORLD BANK
1961 NASA tests the first Saturn I rocket in Mission Saturn-Apollo 1.
1958 Iskander Mirza, the first President of Pakistan, is deposed in a bloodless coup d’état by General Ayub Khan, who had been appointed the enforcer of martial law by Mirza 20 days earlier.
1954 Benjamin O Davis, Jr. becomes the first African-American general in the United States Air Force.
1953 British nuclear test Totem 2 is carried out at Emu Field, South Australia.
British Nuclear Tests:
- Operation Totem – Wikipedia
- British nuclear tests at Maralinga – Wikipedia
- Emu Field – AustralianMap.net
- Emu Field, Australia – Nuclear.Risks.org
- “After testing its first nuclear weapons off the west coast of Australia in 1952, the UK sought to test its newer models on land. At Emu Field, the British detonated their two “Totem” nuclear devices in October of 1953, exposing a large population to radioactivity.” – Emu Field, Australia nuclear test site – Breaking the Nuclear Chain
- British Nuclear Testing – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Emu Field, Australia – Nuclear Weapons Test Site – pdf
- The brumby and bomb: archeology at Maralinga, by Alice Gorman – pdf downloadable
1948 Léopold Sédar Senghor founds the Senegalese Democratic Bloc.
1944 World War II: German forces capture Banská Bystrica during Slovak National Uprising thus bringing it to an end.
1936 Mrs Wallis Simpson files for divorce which would eventually allow her to marry King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, thus forcing his abdication from the throne.
1930 Ratifications exchanged in London for the first London Naval Treaty, signed in April modifying the 1925 Washington Naval Treaty and the arms limitation treaty‘s modified provisions, go into effect immediately, further limiting the expensive naval arms race among its five signatories.
London Naval Treaty of 1930:
- London Naval Treaty – TotallyHistory.com
- THE 1930 LONDON NAVAL TREATY – WW2Ships.com
- London Naval Conference 1930 – OFFICE of the HISTORIAN – US Department of State
- Text of the London Naval Treaty 1930 – Northwestern.edu – pdf or the same treaty text INTERNATIONAL TREATY FOR THE LIMITATION AND REDUCTION OF NAVAL ARMAMENT – MicroWorks.net
1924 The Uzbek SSR is founded in the Soviet Union.
Soviet Union and the Uzbek Socialist Republic:
- Soviet Union – Wikipedia
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics – Scholastic.com
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics – Encyclopedia.com
- Republics of the Soviet Union – Wikipedia
- COUNTRIES IN THE SOVIET UNION – HISTORY OF RUSSIA – HistoryOfRussia.org
- Post-Soviet world: what you need to know about the 15 states – June 09, 2014 – TheGuardian.co.uk
- Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic – TheFreeDictionary.com
- “In 1924 the borders of political units in Central Asia were changed, and the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) was formed from territories of the Turkistan ASSR, the Bukharan People’s Soviet Republic, and the Khorezmian People’s Soviet Republic. The same year the Uzbek SSR became one of the republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), which had been created in 1922.” – History, Soviet Period – CountriesQuest.com
- Uzbekistan; Another Big Forward, by Alimov, Alif – 1960 – Archive.org
- “From the start, the USSR paid considerable attention to the emancipation of women. The task was linked to the need to achieve economic and cultural regeneration in the Central Asian Republic. This, in turn, helped to eliminate the economic and legal inequality of women. The elimination of illiteracy and land and water reform were of great importance among the measures designed to assure the equality of Uzbek women in the 1920s and 1930s.” – Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, by Kvasha AYa; Sudoplatov AP; Ata-Mirzaev AB; Kalinyuk IL; Moiseenko VM; Ubaidullayeva RA – Pipeline.org
History of Uzbekistan:
- History of Uzbekistan – Wikipedia
- Uzbekistan – History – Infoplease.com
- History of Uzbekistan: General Information – Avantour.com
- Uzbekistan – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- Uzbekistan | Facts and History – About.com
- ABOUT UZBEKISTAN – History – EMBASSY OF UZBEKISTAN TO THE UNITED STATES
- Uzbekistan profile – Timeline – BBC
Uzbekistan:
- Uzbekistan – Wikipedia
- Uzbekistan – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Uzbekistan – UN Data
- Uzbekistan – Infoplease.com
- Uzbekistan – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Uzbekistan Facts – PhraseBase.com
- Uzbekistan – FactMonster.com
- Uzbekistan – NationsOnline.org
- Uzbekistan – Culture – EveryCulture.com
- Uzbekistan country profile – BBC
Human Rights in Uzbekistan:
- Human rights in Uzbekistan – Wikipedia
- Uzbekistan Human Rights – Amnesty International
- “Uzbekistan’s human rights record is atrocious. Thousands are imprisoned on politically-motivated charges. Torture is endemic in the criminal justice system.” – Human Rights Watch
- CUT OFF $500 MILLION LOAN TAINED BY UZBEK SLAVERY – Uzbek Slavery – WalkFree.org
Foreign Relations of Uzbekistan:
- Foreign relations of Uzbekistan – Wikipedia
- Uzbekistan – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- Uzbekistan Foreign Relations – Photius.com
- Pakistan-Uzbekistan foreign relations – Wikipedia
- Uzbekistan – Foreign Relations – GlobalSecurity.org
- Uzbekistan – Foreign Relations – CountryStudies.us
- US Relations with Uzbekistan – US Department of State
Economy of Uzbekistan:
- Economy of Uzbekistan – Wikipedia
- Uzbekistan – WORLD BANK
- Uzbekistan – Data – WORLD BANK
- Uzbekistan – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- Uzbekistan: Economy – ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
1922 A referendum in Rhodesia rejects the country’s annexation to the South African Union.
History of Rhodesia:
- Rhodesia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Rhodesia – Brief History – BritishEmpire.co.uk
- A brief history of Rhodesia – PeterBaxterAfrica.com
- History of Colonialism in Rhodesia – Stockton.edu
- Southern Rhodesia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Southern Rhodesia – Wikipedia
- Northern Rhodesia (Zambia pre-independence) – CRWFlags.com
- Historical Notes on Northern Rhodesia – GreatNorthRoad.org
- Rhodesia, facts and history of Rhodesia – Wikipedy.com
- “Rhodesia is a historical region in southern Africa whose formal boundaries evolved between the 1890s and 1980. Demarcated and named by the British South Africa Company, which governed it until the 1920s, it thereafter saw administration by various authorities. It was bisected by a natural border, the Zambezi. The territory to the north of the Zambezi was officially designated Northern Rhodesia by the Company, and has been Zambia since 1964; that to the south, which the Company dubbed Southern Rhodesia, became Zimbabwe in 1980. Northern and Southern Rhodesia were sometimes informally called “the Rhodesias“.” – Rhodesia (region) – Wikipedia
- “The Rhodesia Regiment (RR) was one of the oldest and largest regiments in the Rhodesian Army. It served on the side of the United Kingdom in the Second Boer War and the First and Second World Wars and served the Republic of Rhodesia in the Rhodesian Bush War.” – Rhodesia Regiment – Wikipedia
- Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland – About.com
- History of Rhodesia (1965-79) – Wikipedia
- Rhodesia’s Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) – Wikipedia
1916 Battle of Segale: Negus Mikael, marching on the Ethiopian capital in support of his son Emperor Iyasu V, is defeated by Fitawrari abte Giyorgis, securing the throne for Empress Zewditu I.
1914 The British lose their first battleship of World War I: The British super-dreadnought battleship HMS Audacious (23,400 tons), is sunk off Tory Island, north-west of Ireland, by a minefield laid by the armed German merchant-cruiser Berlin.The loss was kept an official secret in Britain until November 14 1918. The sinking was witnessed and photographed by passengers on RMS Olympic sister ship of RMS Titanic.
1907 Černová massacre: Fifteen people are killed in the Hungarian half of Austria-Hungary when a gunman opens fire on a crowd gathered at a church consecration. This would led to protests over the treatment of minorities in Austria-Hungary.
Some Ethnic Issues in the Austro-Hungarian Empire:
- Chapter 1: THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MONARCHY BEFORE 1914: NATIONS AND ETHNIC CONFLICTS – HungarianPublications.org – pdf
- The Ties that Bind? : Ethnic, Cultural, and Political Diversity in the Austro-Hungarian Army, 1914-1918, uploaded by Jason Engle – Academia.edu
1904 The first underground New York City Subway line opens; the system becomes the biggest in United States, and one of the biggest in world.
1870 Marshal François Achille Bazaine surrenders to Prussian forces at the conclusion of the Siege of Metz along with 140,000 French soldiers in one of the biggest French defeats of the Franco-Prussian War.
1810 United States annexes the former Spanish colony of West Florida.
1806 The French Army enters Berlin, following the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt.
1795 The United States and Spain sign the Treaty of Madrid, which establishes the boundaries between Spanish colonies and the U.S.
OCTOBER 28
- Today is the INTERNATIONAL ANIMATION DAY:
2014 An unmanned Antares rocket carrying NASA‘s Cygnus CRS Orb-3 resupply mission to the International Space Station explodes seconds after taking off from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport in Virginia.
2013 Five people are killed and 38 are injured after a car crashes into barriers just outside the Forbidden City in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China.
2009 NASA successfully launches the Ares I-X mission, the only rocket launch for its later-cancelled Constellation program.
2009 The 28 October 2009 Peshawar bombing kills 117 and wounds 213.
2007 Cristina Fernández de Kirchner becomes the first woman elected President of Argentina.
2006 A group of ferocious activists of Bangladesh Awami League attacked one of their rival political party meeting in Dhaka with oars and sculls and killed their 14 activists.
2006 The funeral service takes place for those executed at Bykivnia forest, outside Kiev, Ukraine. Eight hundred seventeen Ukrainian civilians (out of some 100,000) executed by Bolsheviks at Bykivnia in 1930s – early 1940s are reburied.
2005 Plame affair: Lewis Libby, Vice-president Dick Cheney‘s chief of staff, is indicted in the Valerie Plame case. Libby resigns later that day.
1998 An Air China jetliner is hijacked by disgruntled pilot Yuan Bin and flown to Taiwan.
1995 Two hundred eighty-nine people are killed and 265 injured in Baku Metro fire, the deadliest subway disaster.
1990 The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic holds the first multiparty legislature election in the country’s history.
History of Georgia:
- History of Georgia (country) – Wikipedia
- Georgia – History – Infoplease.com
- Georgia – History – CountryStudies.us
- Georgia – Country profile – Overview – BBC
Republic of Georgia:
- GEORGIA – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Georgia – UN Data
- Georgia (country) – Wikipedia
- Georgia – Infoplease.com
- Georgia – NationsOnline.org
- Georgia – Facts and Culture – CountryReports.org
- Georgia – Encyclopedia Britannica
Foreign Relations of the Republic of Georgia:
- Foreign relations of Georgia – Wikipedia
- Georgia – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- Stability, Security and Sovereignty in the Republic of Georgia – CFR.org
- Georgia – Foreign Relations – CountryStudies.us
- US Relations with Georgia – US Department of State
- Georgia – Foreign Relations – GlobalSecurity.org
- Relations between Turkey and Georgia – REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
- Georgia-Germany relations – Wikipedia
- Cyprus-Georgia relations – Wikipedia
- France-Georgia relations – Wikipedia
Economy of the Republic of Georgia:
- Economy of Georgia (country) – Wikipedia
- Georgia – Economy – Infoplease.com
- Georgia – WORLD BANK
- Georgia – Data – WORLD BANK
- Georgia – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
1982 The Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party wins elections, leading to the first Socialist government in Spain after death of Franco. Felipe González becomes Prime Minister-elect.
1979 USSR performs nuclear test (underground) at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.
USSR Nuclear Tests in 1979:
USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
- A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu
Underground Nuclear Tests:
- The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
- Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
- What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
- APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
- Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
- Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
- Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
- Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site:
- Kazakhstan’s radioactive legacy – Boston.com
- “My home: nuclear base Semipalatinsk – 21”, Episode 02 “Main Testing Field” (Video: 3 min. 14 sec.) – WN.com
- Slow Death In Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Library
- Visit to the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – SPEICAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL
- The Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan – IAEA.org
- Semipalatinsk Test Site – NTI.org
- The Tragic Story of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, by Vincze Miklós – io9.com
- 60 Years After First Soviet Nuclear Test, Legacy Of Misery Lives On In Kazakhstan – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – Monday, August 10, 2015 – RFERL.org
- Soviet nuclear tests leave Kazakh fallout – Sunday, 6 September 2009 – BBC
- In Kazakhstan, the race for uranium goes nuclear, by Philip P. Pan – Thursday, February 25, 2005 – The Washington Post
- Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – NuclearNo.com
- Top 10 Nuclear Test Sites, Michael Affleck, May 15, 2012 – Our World – ListVerse.com
Health, and Ecological Issues in Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk:
- Kazakstan/Kazakhstan – Environmental Problems – Reference.AllRefer.com
- “In Semipalatinsk, the local population was exposed to high levels of radioactivity from nuclear weapon tests for several decades…” – Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Nuclear test site – Nuclear-Risk.org
- Semipalatinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
- Radionuclide Contamination at Kazakhstan’s Semipalatinsk Test Site Implications on Human and Ecological Heath, by T.M. Carlsen, L.E. Peterson, B.A. Ulsh, C.A. Werner, K.L.Purvis, A.C. Sharber
- Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalatinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
- Plutonium and Uranium in Human Bones from Areas surrounding the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – NukeFreeTexas.org
- “Their research done on sample villages near the test site found cancer mortality rates 2-1/2 times greater than those in a control village. The agency says some 356,000 people face radiation risk, with 70 percent of those being descendants of exposed villagers…” – Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – The Christian Science Monitor
- Studies of Health Effects from Nuclear Testing near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site Kazakhstan, by Bernd Grosche, Tamara Zhunussova, Kazbek Apsalikov, Ausrele Kesminiene
- Information Report on Biological Studies Conducted At the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – IDOSI.org
- Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in the Semipalatinsk Historical Cohort, 1960 – 1999, and its Relationship to Radiation Exposure – Europe PubMed Central
1974 US performs nuclear test (underground) at Nevada Test Site.
US Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- The Cold War – AtomCentral.com
Nuclear Weapons and the United States:
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
- US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
- 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
- US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State
Nevada Test Site:
- NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
- NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
- Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
- Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
- Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
- Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
- NUKE TESTING in NEVADA – Archure.net
- ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
- 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
- Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- The Nuclear Matters Handbook
Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:
- Environment and the Quality of Life in Nevada – UNLV.edu
- ECONLGOY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH NARRATIVE SUMMARY, KEY WORD INDEX, AND SPECIES LISTS – DOE/NEV/11718-594
- Nevada Applied Ecology Information Center: a review of technical information support provided to the Nevada Applied Ecology Group – Sci-Tech Connect
- “Between 1951 and 1992, the United States bombed its own soil with nuclear weapons — 945 times. All but 17 of those explosions took place on a stretch of basin-and-range desert northwest of Las Vegas called the Nevada Test Site (NTS),…” – Sovereignty at Shoshone Mountain – EcologyCenter.org
- The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions – Princeton.edu
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center
1971 Britain launches the satellite Prospero into low Earth orbit atop a Black Arrow carrier rocket, the only British satellite to date launched by a British rocket.
1965 Nostra aetate, the “Declaration on the Relation of the Church with Non-Christian Religions” of the Second Vatican Council, is promulgated by Pope Paul VI; it absolves the Jews of responsibility for the death of Jesus, reversing Innocent III‘s 760 year-old declaration.
Vatican Council II:
- Vatican Council, Second – Infoplease.com
- Vatican Council II – Overview, by Rev. Benjamin P. Bradshaw – pdf – FRBEN.com
- Why Is Vatican II So Important? ,by Jordan G. Teicher – October 10, 2012 – NPR.org
- Second Vatican Council, Heresies, Documents, Summary, and Fact – Vatican Council II – DoomsDayProficies.info
Vatican Council II Documents:
- Vatican II – Summary and Reflection of Vatican II Documents – pdf – Serchlightsvs.com
- A Summary and Guide to the Documents of the Second Vatican Counci – CatholicCulture.org
- DOGMATIC CONSTITUTION ON THE CHURCH LUMEN GENTIUM SOLEMNLY PROMULGATED BY HIS HOLINESS POPE PAUL VI ON NOVEMBER 21, 1964 – Vatican.va
- DOGMATIC CONSTITUTION ON DIVINE REVELATION DEI VERBUM SOLEMNLY PROMULGATED BY HIS HOLINESS POPE PAUL VI ON NOVEMBER 18, 1965 – Vatican.va
- SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL – The 16 Documents – EWTN.com
1964 Vietnam War: US officials deny any involvement in bombing North Vietnam.
Vietnam War in 1964:
US Denial of the North Vietnam Bombing:
- OCT 28, 1964: THIS DAY IN HISTORY: US officials deny any involvement in bombing North Vietnam. – History.com
- August 5, 1964 US begins bombing North Vietnam
- “March 1964 – Secret US –backed bombing raids begin against the Ho Chi Minh trail inside Laos, conducted by mercenaries flying old American fighter planes.” – The War in Vietnam: Escalation Phase – UCSB.edu
- Chapter 1. The Tonkin Gulf August 1964 – Excerpt from Ellsberg’s Memoir, Secrets – PBS.org
- “More recent analysis of that data and additional information gathered on the 4 August episode, now makes it clear that North Vietnamese naval forces did not attack Maddox and Turner Joy that night in the summer of 1964.” – GULF OF TONKIN INCIDENT – DOCUMENTS – AUDIORECORDINGS – PHOTOS – PaperlessArchives.com
- US Planned Before Tonkin For War on North, Files Show, by Murrey Marder and Chalmers M. Roberts – June 14, 1971 – The Washington Post
- The History Place presents The Vietnam War: America commits 1961 – 1964 – HistoryPlace.com
1962 End of Cuban Missile Crisis: Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev orders the removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis:
- OCT 28, 1962: THIS DAY IN HISTORY: The Cuban Missile Crisis comes to an end – History.com
- OCT 22, 1962: THIS DAY IN HISTORY: Cuban Missile Crisis – History.com
- CUBAN MISSILE CR2SIS – History.com
- THE WORLD ON THE BRINK – JFKLibrary.org
- Cuban Missile Crisis – JFKLibrary.org
- The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: The Missile of October – NEH.gov
- The Cuban Missile Crisis: A nuclear order of battle, October and November 1962 – SagePub.com
- Cuban Missile Crisis – Articles about the Cuban Missile Crisis – The New York Times
- Cuban Missile Crisis – Harvard Kennedy School – CubanMissileCrisis.org, and About the Crisis
- A chance to save the world – TheGuardian.com
Timeline of the Cuban Missile Crisis:
- Cuban Missile Crisis Timeline – SoftSchool.com
- Cuban Missile Crisis timeline – WorldHistoryProject.org
- The Cuban Missile Crisis – Weebly.com
- THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS TIMELINE – HistoryOfCuba.com
- 13 DAYS OF CRISIS TIMELINE – Cuban Missile Crisis – Weebly.com
- Cuban Missile Crisis Timeline – SDMesa.edu – pdf
1962 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.
- For some more pertinent information, see “1979 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalatinsk USSR”, mentioned above.
1958 John XXIII is elected Pope.
John XXIII:
- John XXIII – Infoplease.com
- Saint John XXIII – Encyclopedia Britannica
- BIOGRAPHICAL PROFILE – JOHN XXIII (1881 – 1963) – Vatican.va
- John XXIII – HOLY FATHER – S. Ioannes PP. XXIII – Vatican.va
- POPE JOHN XXIII – Vactican.va
- The Life of Pope John XXIII – FoxNews.com
- Pope John XXIII timeline – WorldHistoryProject.org
1951 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
- For some more pertinent information, see “1974 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site” , mentioned above.
1949 An Air France Lockheed Constellation crashes in the Azores killing all people on board, including the French former middleweight world champion boxer Marcel Cerdan and French violinist Ginette Neveu
1948 Swiss chemist Paul Müller is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the insecticidal properties of DDT.
1942 The Alaska Highway (Alcan Highway) is completed through Canada to Fairbanks, Alaska.
1940 World War II: Greece rejects Italy’s ultimatum. So, Greco-Italian War began. Italy invades Greece through Albania, marking Greece’s entry into World War II.
Greco-Italian War:
- Italian Invasion of Greece 1940-41: Part One – ComandoSupremo.com
- Greco-Italian War – Military.Wikia.com
- Greco-Italian War, October 1940-April 1941 – AxisHistory.com
- “At the time of the Nazi German invasion, Greece was at war with Fascist Italy, following the Italian invasion on 28 October 1940. The Greeks joined the Allies and defeated the initial Italian attack and the counter-attack of March 1941.” – Battle of Greece – Wikipedia
- Greco-Italian War – HellenicaWorld.com
- Greco-Italian War – Mlahanas.de
- Italy invades Greece in 1940 – THE NEW YORK TIMES October 31, 1940 – RareNewspaper.com
- The Greco-Italian War – SlideShare.net
1929 Black Monday, a day in the Wall Street Crash of 1929, which also saw major stock market upheaval.
Great Depression of 1929:
- THE GREAT DEPRESSION – History.com
- Great Depression – Encyclopedia Britannica
- About the Great Depression – Illinois.edu
- Great Depression, by Gene Smiley – Library of Economics and Liberty
- The Great Depression of 1929 – About.com
- The Great Depression (1929-1939) – Teaching Eleanor Roosevelt Glossary – GWU.edu
- The Great Depression of the 1930s and Its Origins – SJSU.edu
- The Great Depression: The Wall Street Crash of 1929 and Other Causes – Study.com
Timeline of the Great Depression:
- Timeline of the Great Depression – AMECRIAN EXPERIENCE – PBS.org
- THE TIMELINE OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION – HyperHistory.com
1928 Declaration of the Youth Pledge in Indonesia, the first time Indonesia Raya, now the national anthem, was sung.
Indonesian National Anthem – “Indonesia Rasa”:
- YouTube video (2 min. 11 sec.): Indonesian National Anthem “Indonesian Rasa”, or YouTube video (2 min. 25 sec.): Indonesia National Anthem (All Artist) – INDONESIA RASA
World National Anthems:
- List of national anthems – Wikipedia
- National Anthems – NationalAnthems.net
- National Anthems of the World – Flagdom.com
- World View: National Anthems Around the World – NationalGeographic.com
- VocalNationalAnthems – YouTube.com
1922 March on Rome: Italian fascists led by Benito Mussolini march on Rome and take over the Italian government.
Benito Mussolini:
- BENITO MUSSOLINI – History.com
- Who Was Benito Mussolini? – About.com
- Benito Mussolini – Summary of Mussolini – About.com
- Benito Mussolini (1983-1945) – Biography.com
- Benito Mussolini – CommandoSupremo.com
- “Benito Mussolini’s Italy posed another threat to world peace. Mussolini, Italy’s ruler from 1922 to 1943, promised to restore his country’s martial glory. Surrounded by storm troopers dressed in black shirts, Mussolini delivered impassioned speeches from balconies, while crowds chanted, ‘Duce! Duce!’” – Italy – Digital History ID 3486 – Digital History – UH.edu
- 9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini – HISTORY IN THE HEADLINES – History.com
Mussolini’s Doctrine:
- THE DOCTRINE OF FASCISM – BENITO MUSSOLIN (1932) – WorldFutureFund.org
- The Basic Philosophy of Fascism: Benito Mussolini – Chapter 35 – WWNorton.com
- Mussolini, Doctrine of Fascism (1932) – The History Guide – HistoryGuide.org
- The Religion and Political Views of Benito Mussolini – HallowVerse.com
- Fascism – Wikipedia
- “Italian Fascism (in Italian, Fascismo) is the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini (1883 – 1945). It is the original model which inspired other Fascist ideologies, and is generally referred to simply as Fascism.” – The Basics of Philosophy – PhilosophyBasics.com
- Fascism and Philosophy – MACRO HISTORY AND THE TIMELINE
- Mussolini and Jews – THE ITALIAN HOLOCAUST
- Mussolini and the Rise of Fascism – CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS FOUNDATION – Bill of Rights in Action – SUMMER 2010 (Volume 25, No. 4)
- Archive for the Benito Mussolini Speeches’ Category – HISTORICAL SPEECHES – WordPress.com
Timeline – Mussolini:
- Timeline – Benito Mussolini – HistoryMole.com
- Mussolini Timeline – SoftSchools.com
- Mussolini Timeline – Skepticism.org
- Family of Benito Mussolini – Timeline – WhenInTime.com
- History – Benito Mussolini (1983-1945) – BBC
1919 The US Congress passes the Volstead Act over President Woodrow Wilson‘s veto, paving the way for Prohibition to begin the following January.
1918 A new Polish government in Western Galicia is established.
1918 World War I: Czechoslovakia is granted independence from Austria-Hungary marking the beginning of an independent Czechoslovak state, after 300 years.
1904 Panama and Uruguay establish diplomatic links.
1886 In New York Harbor, President Grover Cleveland dedicates the Statue of Liberty.
1848 The first railroad in Spain between Barcelona and Mataró is opened.
1835 The United Tribes of New Zealand is established with the signature of the Declaration of Independence.
1834 The Pinjarra massacre occurred in the Swan River Colony at present-day Pinjarra, Western Australia. An estimated 30 Noongar people were killed by British colonists.
OCTOBER 29
- Today is the WORLD STROKE DAY:
2014 A mudslide in south-central Sri Lanka kills at least 16 people and more than 100 people missing.
2013 Turkey opens a sea tunnel connecting Europe and Asia across the Bosphorus Strait in Istanbul.
2005 Bombings in Delhi kill more than 60.
2004 The Arabic-language news network Al Jazeera broadcasts an excerpt from a 2004 Osama bin Laden video in which the terrorist leader first admits direct responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks and references the 2004 U.S. presidential election.
2002 Ho Chi Minh City ITC fire, a fire destroys a luxurious department store where 1500 people are shopping. Over 60 people die and over 100 are unaccounted for. It is the deadliest disaster in Vietnam during peacetime.
1999 A large cyclone devastates Odisha, India.
1998 While en route from Adana to Ankara, a Turkish Airlines flight with a crew of six and 33 passengers is hijacked by a Kurdish militant who orders the pilot to fly to Switzerland. The plane instead lands in Ankara after the pilot tricked the hijacker into thinking that he is landing in the Bulgarian capital of Sofia to refuel.
1998 ATSC HDTV broadcasting in the United States is inaugurated with the launch of STS-95 space shuttle mission.
1998 Space Shuttle Discovery blasts off on STS-95 with 77-year-old John Glenn on board, making him the oldest person to go into space.
Space Shuttle Discovery on October 29, 1998:
- OCT 29, 1998: THIS DAY IN HISTORY: John Glenn returns to space
- NASA – John Glenn Returns to Space – NASA History – NASA.gov
- Glenn Research Center – John H Glenn – A Journey – NASA.gov
1998 Apartheid: In South Africa, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission presents its report, which condemns both sides for committing atrocities.
History of Apartheid (South Africa):
- “The Afrikaans word meaning ‘separation’, Apartheid was the racial, social policy introduced by the National Party government of South Africa in 1948.” – Apartheid – About education – About.com
- The History of Apartheid in South Africa – Stanford.edu
- Precursors – Apartheid – Wikipedia
- South African general election, 1948 – Wikipedia
- Apartheid – History of South Africa – History.com
- A Brief History of South African Apartheid – About education – About.com
- Brief history of Apartheid in South Africa – South-Africa-Tours-and-Travel.com
- “In 1948, the National Party (NP), representing Afrikaners, won the national election on a platform of racism and segregation under the slogan of ‘apartheid’. Apartheid built upon earlier laws, but made segregation more rigid and enforced it more aggressively.” – Apartheid and reaction to it – SOUTH AFRICAN HISTORY ONLINE – SAHistory.org.za
- Apartheid History Timeline: On Nelson Mandela’s Death, A Look Back At South Africa’s Legacy Of Racism (PHOTOS), by Kavitha A. Davidson – December 05, 2013 – HuffingtonPost.com
- APARTHEID – History.com
- Apartheid – Infoplease.com
- Apartheid (1948-1994) – BlackPast.org
- Apartheid South Africa – SouthAfrica.to
- Apartheid in South Africa 1948-1994 – WikiSpaces.com – pdf
- South African History [Apartheid] – Australia.edu
- MILESTONES: 1989-1992 – The End of Apartheid – OFFICE HISTORIAN – US Department of State
- The Struggle for Equity: Apartheid in South Africa, by Eilis Hood – UPenn.edu
- South Africa to the end of Apartheid (1625-1993) – Northwestern.edu
- Apartheid Timeline – SoftSchools.com
1991 The American Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid.
1985 Major General Samuel K. Doe is announced the winner of the first multi-party election in Liberia.
1980 Demonstration flight of a secretly modified C-130 for an Iran hostage crisis rescue attempt ends in crash landing at Eglin Air Force Base‘s Duke Field, Florida leading to cancellation of Operation Credible Sport.
1977 USSR performs nuclear test (underground) at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalatinsk USSR.
USSR Nuclear Tests in 1977:
USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
- A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu
Underground Nuclear Tests:
- The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
- Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
- What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
- APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
- Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
- Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
- Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
- Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site:
- Kazakhstan’s radioactive legacy – Boston.com
- “My home: nuclear base Semipalatinsk – 21”, Episode 02 “Main Testing Field” (Video: 3 min. 14 sec.) – WN.com
- Slow Death In Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Library
- Visit to the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – SPEICAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL
- The Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan – IAEA.org
- Semipalatinsk Test Site – NTI.org
- The Tragic Story of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, by Vincze Miklós – io9.com
- 60 Years After First Soviet Nuclear Test, Legacy Of Misery Lives On In Kazakhstan – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – Monday, August 10, 2015 – RFERL.org
- Soviet nuclear tests leave Kazakh fallout – Sunday, 6 September 2009 – BBC
- In Kazakhstan, the race for uranium goes nuclear, by Philip P. Pan – Thursday, February 25, 2005 – The Washington Post
- Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – NuclearNo.com
- Top 10 Nuclear Test Sites, Michael Affleck, May 15, 2012 – Our World – ListVerse.com
Health, and Ecological Issues in Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk:
- Kazakstan/Kazakhstan – Environmental Problems – Reference.AllRefer.com
- “In Semipalatinsk, the local population was exposed to high levels of radioactivity from nuclear weapon tests for several decades…” – Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Nuclear test site – Nuclear-Risk.org
- Semipalatinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
- Radionuclide Contamination at Kazakhstan’s Semipalatinsk Test Site Implications on Human and Ecological Heath, by T.M. Carlsen, L.E. Peterson, B.A. Ulsh, C.A. Werner, K.L.Purvis, A.C. Sharber
- Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalatinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
- Plutonium and Uranium in Human Bones from Areas surrounding the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – NukeFreeTexas.org
- “Their research done on sample villages near the test site found cancer mortality rates 2-1/2 times greater than those in a control village. The agency says some 356,000 people face radiation risk, with 70 percent of those being descendants of exposed villagers…” – Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – The Christian Science Monitor
- Studies of Health Effects from Nuclear Testing near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site Kazakhstan, by Bernd Grosche, Tamara Zhunussova, Kazbek Apsalikov, Ausrele Kesminiene
- Information Report on Biological Studies Conducted At the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – IDOSI.org
- Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in the Semipalatinsk Historical Cohort, 1960 – 1999, and its Relationship to Radiation Exposure – Europe PubMed Central
1972 The three surviving perpetrators of the Munich massacre are released from prison in exchange for the hostages of hijacked Lufthansa Flight 615.
1969 The first-ever computer-to-computer link is established on ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet.
1969 USSR performs underground nuclear test.
USSR Nuclear Tests in 1969:
USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
- A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu
Underground Nuclear Tests:
- The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
- Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
- What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
- APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
- Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
- Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
- Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
- Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
1969 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
US Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- The Cold War – AtomCentral.com
Nuclear Weapons and the United States:
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
- US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
- 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
- US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State
Nevada Test Site:
- NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
- NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
- Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
- Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
- Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
- Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
- NUKE TESTING in NEVADA – Archure.net
- ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
- 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
- Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- The Nuclear Matters Handbook
Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:
- Environment and the Quality of Life in Nevada – UNLV.edu
- ECONLGOY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH NARRATIVE SUMMARY, KEY WORD INDEX, AND SPECIES LISTS – DOE/NEV/11718-594
- Nevada Applied Ecology Information Center: a review of technical information support provided to the Nevada Applied Ecology Group – Sci-Tech Connect
- “Between 1951 and 1992, the United States bombed its own soil with nuclear weapons — 945 times. All but 17 of those explosions took place on a stretch of basin-and-range desert northwest of Las Vegas called the Nevada Test Site (NTS),…” – Sovereignty at Shoshone Mountain – EcologyCenter.org
- The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions – Princeton.edu
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center
1968 USSR performs nuclear test (underground) at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan.
USSR Nuclear Tests in 1968:
USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
- A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu
Underground Nuclear Tests:
- The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
- Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
- What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
- APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
- Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
- Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
- Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
- Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site:
- Kazakhstan’s radioactive legacy – Boston.com
- “My home: nuclear base Semipalatinsk – 21”, Episode 02 “Main Testing Field” (Video: 3 min. 14 sec.) – WN.com
- Slow Death In Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Library
- Visit to the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – SPEICAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL
- The Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan – IAEA.org
- Semipalatinsk Test Site – NTI.org
- The Tragic Story of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, by Vincze Miklós – io9.com
- 60 Years After First Soviet Nuclear Test, Legacy Of Misery Lives On In Kazakhstan – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – Monday, August 10, 2015 – RFERL.org
- Soviet nuclear tests leave Kazakh fallout – Sunday, 6 September 2009 – BBC
- In Kazakhstan, the race for uranium goes nuclear, by Philip P. Pan – Thursday, February 25, 2005 – The Washington Post
- Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – NuclearNo.com
- Top 10 Nuclear Test Sites, Michael Affleck, May 15, 2012 – Our World – ListVerse.com
Health, and Ecological Issues in Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk:
- Kazakstan/Kazakhstan – Environmental Problems – Reference.AllRefer.com
- “In Semipalatinsk, the local population was exposed to high levels of radioactivity from nuclear weapon tests for several decades…” – Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Nuclear test site – Nuclear-Risk.org
- Semipalatinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
- Radionuclide Contamination at Kazakhstan’s Semipalatinsk Test Site Implications on Human and Ecological Heath, by T.M. Carlsen, L.E. Peterson, B.A. Ulsh, C.A. Werner, K.L.Purvis, A.C. Sharber
- Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalatinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
- Plutonium and Uranium in Human Bones from Areas surrounding the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – NukeFreeTexas.org
- “Their research done on sample villages near the test site found cancer mortality rates 2-1/2 times greater than those in a control village. The agency says some 356,000 people face radiation risk, with 70 percent of those being descendants of exposed villagers…” – Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – The Christian Science Monitor
- Studies of Health Effects from Nuclear Testing near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site Kazakhstan, by Bernd Grosche, Tamara Zhunussova, Kazbek Apsalikov, Ausrele Kesminiene
- Information Report on Biological Studies Conducted At the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – IDOSI.org
- Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in the Semipalatinsk Historical Cohort, 1960 – 1999, and its Relationship to Radiation Exposure – Europe PubMed Central
1965 US performs underground nuclear test at Amchitka Island Aleutians.
Amchitka and Military:
- Military history of Amchitka Island – Wikipedia
- Amchitka – Military.Wikia.com
- Amchitka Air Force Base – Wikipedia
Amchitka and Nuclear Testing:
- Nuclear testing – Amchitka – Wikipedia
- Amchitka’s nuclear legacy, by Doug Schneider, Alaska Sea Grant Program, February 2006 – UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS – UAFCornerstone.net
- “The US Atomic Energy Commission created a nuclear testing facility on Amchitka in the early 1960’s. A total of three subterranean nuclear test explosions were conducted on Amchitka during the 1960’s and 1970’s. The first detonation was of an 80 kiloton bomb known as “Long Shot” some 2,359 below the surface on the 29th of October, 1965.” – AMCHITKA HOME PAGE
- AMCHITKA SITE – Surveying Ground Zero of America’s Largest Underground Nuclear Explosion – NevadaSurveyor.com
- Amchitka – Military – Wikia.com
- Cannikin Atomic Test at Amchitka Island, Alaska – The Untold Story
- Amchitka Island and Nuclear Weapons Testing – UAF.edu
- Former Amchitka Underground Test Site – Environmental Radiation
- Amchitka Nuclear Tests – Everything2.com
- Amchitka: the founding voyage – GreemPeace.org
- Video of underground nuclear test that led to the creation of Greenpeace – AmericaBlog.com
- Amchitka Island, Alaska, special sampling project 1997 – SciTech Connect – Osti.gov
- Amchitka and the Bomb: Nuclear Testing in Alaska, by Douglas Dasher – ResearchGate.net
- 5 Seismic detection of nuclear explosions
Pertinent Documents on the Nuclear Testing at the Amchitka Island Test Site:
- Waste Lands: America’s Forgotten Nuclear Legacy – Amchitka Island Test Center – THE WALL STREET JOURNAL or see the pertinent documents as follows:
- *Document title and URL extracted from Department of Energy “Considered Sites” database. [Click the document, and it will be downloaded to your computer. Note that Adobe Reader may be necessary to read the document.]
- An Assessment of the Reported Leakage of Anthropogenic Radionuclides From the Underground Nuclear Test Sites at Amchitka Island, Alaska, USA to the Surface Environment.(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Conceptual Site Models as a Tool in Evaluation Ecological health; The Case of the Department of Energys Amchitka Island Nuclear Test Site.(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Developing a Health and Safety Plan for Hazardous Field Work in Remote Areas.(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Do Scientists and Fishermen Collect the Same Size Fish? Possible Implications for Exposure Assessment.(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Nuclear Stewardship: Lessons from a Not-So-Remote Island.(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Radionuclide Concentrations in Benthic Invertebrates from Amchitka and Kiska Islands in the Aleutian Chain, Alaska(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Radionuclides in Marine Fishes and Birds From Amchitka and Kiska Islands in the Aleutians; Establishing a Baseline.(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Radionuclides in Marine Macroalgae from Amchitka and Kiska Islands in the Aleutians: Establishing a Baseline for Future Biomonitoring.(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Science, Policy and Stakeholders: Developing a Consensus Science Plan for Amchitka Island, Aleutians, Alaska.(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Scientific Research, Stakeholders and Policy: Continuing Dialogue During Research on Radionuclides on Amchitka Island, Alaska.(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Scuba Techniques Used in Risk Assessment of Possible Nuclear Leakage Around Amchitka Island, Alaska.(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Selecting Species for Marine Assessment of Radionuclides Around Amchitka: Planning for Diverse Goals and Interests.(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- The Use of Biota Sampling for Environmental Contaminant Analysis for Characterization of Benthic Communities in the Aleutians.(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Hydrologic Processes and Radionuclide Distribution in a Cavity and Chimney Produced by the Cannikin Nuclear Explosion, Amchitka Island, Alaska. (PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Subsurface Completion Report for Amchitka Underground Nuclear Test Sites: Long Shot, Milrow, and Cannikin, September 2006.(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Amchitka Bioenvironmental Program Amchitka Biological Information Summary, May 1971(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Modeling Approach for Amchitka Island. (PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Contamination Assessment Report Amchitka Island Aleutian Island, Alaska, Delevery Order No. 007, May 1992. (PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Bathymetry of Cannikin Lake, Amchitka Island, Alaska, with an Evaluation of Computer-Mapping Techniques (Amchitka-41) October 1974.(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Analysis of Cleanup Alternatives and Supplemental Characterization Data Amchitka Island, Alaska, October 2000.(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Amchitka Bioenvironmental Program Bioenvironmental Safety Studies, Amchitka Island, Alaska Cannikin D+2 Month Report, June 1972. (PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Site Screening Memorandum Phase II Remedial Investigation Former Amchitka Army Air Base Amchitka Island, Alaska, February 1999(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Amchitka Mud Pit Sites 2006 Post-Closure Monitoring and Inspection Report Amchitka Island, Alaska, September 2006. (PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- The Environment of Amchitka Island, Alaska; TID-26712; 1977(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Amchitka, Alaska, Site Fact Sheet(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Plan for the U.S. Department of Energy Amchitka, Alaska, Site September 2008 (PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Modeling Groundwater Flow and Transport of Radionuclides at Amchitka Island’s Underground Nuclear Tests: Milrow, Long Shot, and Cannikin; DOE/NV/11508-51; October 2002(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Post-Closure Monitoring and Inspection Plan for Amchitka Island Mud Pit Release Sites, Well Abandonment, and Infantry Road Repair Amchitka, Alaska. LMS/AMC/S07053. March 2011(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- US Department of Energy Office of Legacy Management Record of Decision for Amchitka Surface Closure, Alaska August 2008 (PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Sampling Plan for the Amchitka, Alaska, Site 2011 Sampling Event. LMS/AMC/S05725. March 2011(PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
- Amchitka Island Surface Closure Report. Revision No. 1. DOE/NV-819-Rev. 1. July 2003 (PDF), DOE Office of Legacy Management*
1964 The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar is renamed the United Republic of Tanzania.
Tanzania:
- TANZANIA – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Tanzania – UN Data
- Tanzania – Country Profile – The United Republic of Tanzania – MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
- Tanzania – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Tanzania – Infoplease.com
- Tanzania – Facts and Information – About.com
- Tanzania country profile – Overview – BBC
Foreign Relations of Tanzania:
- Foreign relations of Tanzania – Wikipedia
- Tanzania – The United Republic of Tanzania – MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
- Tanzania – Foreign Policy – ForeignPolicy.com
History of Tanzania:
- History of Tanzania – Wikipedia
- Tanzania – History – Infoplease.com
- Tanzania – Colonization – Weebly.com
- HISTORY OF TANZANIA – HistoryWorld.net
- A BRIEF HISTORY OF TANZANIA – LocalHistories.org
- A Very Short History of Tanzania – About.com
- Tanzania – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- Tanzania profile – Timeline – BBC
Economy of Tanzania:
- Economy of Tanzania – Wikipedia
- Tanzania – WORLD BANK
- Tanzania – Data – WORLD BANK
- Tanzania – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- Tanzania – Economy – Infoplease.com
1961 Syria exits from the United Arab Republic.
Syria:
- SYRIA – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Syria – UN Data
- Syria – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Syria – Infoplease.com
- Syria – Military Guide – GlobalSecurity.org
United Arab Republic:
- United Arab Republic – CountryStudies.us
- United Arab Republic – Infoplease.com
- United Arab Republic – Encyclopedia Britannica
- The United Arab Republic – THE ROBINSON LIBRARY – RobinsonLibrary.com
Foreign Relations of Syria:
- Foreign Relations of Syria – Wikipedia
- Syria – Foreign Relations – Foreign Affairs – ForeignAffairs.com
- Syria – Council on Foreign Relations
- US Relations with Syria – US Department of State
- Russia-Syria relations – Wikipedia
History of Syria:
- History of Syria – Wikipedia
- Syria | Facts and History – About.com
- History of Syria – NationsOnline.org
- History of Syria – LonelyPlanet.com
- Syria History – Archaeolink.com
- Syria – History – Infoplease.com
- Syria – History – Military – GlobalSecurity.org
- Syria profile – Timeline – BBC
Economy of Syria:
- Economy of Syria – Wikipedia
- Syria – WORLD BANK
- Syria – Data – WORLD BANK
- Syria – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
1961 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
- For some more pertinent information, see “1969 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site”, mentioned above.
1960 In Louisville, Kentucky, Cassius Clay (who later takes the name Muhammad Ali) wins his first professional fight.
1958 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
- For some more pertinent information, see “1969 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site”, mentioned above.
1957 Israel‘s prime minister David Ben-Gurion and five of his ministers are injured when a hand grenade is tossed into Israel’s parliament, the Knesset.
1956 The Tangier Protocol is signed: The international city Tangier is reintegrated into Morocco.
History of Morocco:
- History of Morocco – Wikipedia
- HISTORY OF MOROCCO – HistoryWorld.net
- A Brief History of Morocco – About.com
- History & Culture – Morocco – Geographia.com
- A SHORT HISTORY OF MOROCCO – LocalHistories.org
- History of Morocco – MagicMorocco.com
- A Brief History of Morocco – Moroccan-Moments.com
- Morocco – History – Infoplease.com
1956 Suez Crisis begins: Israeli forces invade the Sinai Peninsula and push Egyptian forces back toward the Suez Canal.
Suez Crisis of 1956:
- SUEZ CRISIS – History.com
- OCT 29, 1956: THIS DAY IN HISTORY – Israel Invades Egypt; Suez Crisis begins – History.com
- Suez Crisis – Encyclopedia Britannica
- The Suez Crisis 1956 – OFFICE of the HISTORIAN – US Department of State
- Suez Crisis, 1956 – AmericanForeignPolicy.PBWorks.com
- The Suez Crisis, by Laurie Milner – History – BBC
- The 1956 Suez Canal Crisis!! – Reformation.org
1948 Safsaf massacre: Israeli soldiers capture Palestinian village of Safsaf in the Galilee and massacre villagers after they surrender.
Safsaf Massacre:
- Safsaf massacre – Military.Wikia.com
- Jews assassinate and rape Arabs in Safsaf massacre – FIRST LIGHT FORUM – WordPress.com
Massacres in Israel:
1945 Getúlio Vargas, president of Brazil, resigns.
1944 World War II: The Soviet Red Army enters Hungary.
1944 The city of Breda in the Netherlands is liberated by 1st Polish Armoured Division.
1942 The Holocaust: In the United Kingdom, leading clergymen and political figures hold a public meeting to register outrage over Nazi Germany‘s persecution of Jews.
- OCT 29, 1942: THIS DAY IN HISTORY: The British protest against the persecution of Jews – History.com
- 1942 The British protest against the persecution of Jews – World War History for October 29 – WORLD WAR II HISTORY – WWARII.com
- Prominent Britons, Czechoslovaks, Poles Protest Persecution of Slovakian Jews – June 11, 1942 – Jewish Telegraph Agency – JTA.org
- Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust – Wikipedia
- Catholic Church and Nazi Germany during World War II – Wikipedia
- Persecution of Jews – Wikipedia
- Timeline of Jewish Persecution (1932-1945) – Holocaust – Jewish Virtual Library
1941 The Holocaust: In the Kaunas Ghetto over 10,000 Jews are shot by German occupiers at the Ninth Fort, a massacre known as the “Great Action”.
Kaunas (Kovno) massacre of October 29, 1941:
- Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941 – Wikipedia
- Kaunas massacre of 29 October 1941 – The largest mass murder of Lithuanian Jews – WilNews.com
- Kaunas Ghetto Massacre – 29 October 1941 – Cannonade.net
- Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941 – Pertinent web links – DBPedia.org
Kaunas (Kovno) Ghetto:
- Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania – Jewish Virtual Library
- Kaunas Ghetto: An entire urban district turned into a merciless death camp – WilNews.com
- KAUNAS MASSACRE OF OCTOBER 29, 1941 – WORLD PUBLIC LIBRARY – WorldLibrary.org
Holocaust:
- The Holocaust – Wikipedia
- The Holocaust – Jewish Virtual Library
- Holocaust – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Holocaust – Infoplease.com
- Holocaust Facts – About.com
- Holocaust Encyclopedia – USHMM.org
- The Holocaust – World War II – History.com
- The Holocaust – About.com
- Holocaust – Table of Data Points – Pertinent web links – Cannade.org
- Holocaust Survivors – HolocaustSurvivors.org
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – USHMM.org
- Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC – About.com
1929 The New York Stock Exchange crashes in what will be called the Crash of ’29 or “Black Tuesday”, ending the Great Bull Market of the 1920s and beginning the Great Depression.
Black Tuesday of October 29, 1929:
Great Depression of 1929:
- THE GREAT DEPRESSION – History.com
- Great Depression – Encyclopedia Britannica
- About the Great Depression – Illinois.edu
- Great Depression, by Gene Smiley – Library of Economics and Liberty
- The Great Depression of 1929 – About.com
- The Great Depression (1929-1939) – Teaching Eleanor Roosevelt Glossary – GWU.edu
- The Great Depression of the 1930s and Its Origins – SJSU.edu
- The Great Depression: The Wall Street Crash of 1929 and Other Causes – Study.com
Timeline of the Great Depression:
- Timeline of the Great Depression – AMECRIAN EXPERIENCE – PBS.org
- THE TIMELINE OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION – HyperHistory.com
1923 Turkey becomes a republic following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.
History of the Ottoman Empire:
- History of the Ottoman Empire – Wikipedia
- Ottoman Empire – History – Infoplease.com or Ottoman Empire – Infoplease.com
- A Brief History of Ottoman Empire – UMICH.edu
- History – The Ottomans – TheOttomans.org
- Ottoman Empire (1301-1922) – BBC
- THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE – 1600 – 1023 – Turizm.net
- The Ottoman Empire – About.com
History of Turkey:
- History of Turkey – Wikipedia
- History – Turkey – CountryStudies.us
- Turkey – History – Infoplease.com
- History of Turkey – HistoryOfTurkey.com
- History and Culture of Turkey: From Anatolian Civilization to Modern Republic – Chatham.edu – pdf
- HISTORY OF TURKEY – HistoryWorld.net
- History – All About Turkey – AllAboutTurkey.com
- Turkey – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- History – Turkey – CountryStudies.us
- Turkey | Facts and History – About.com
- History of Turkey – CBSNews.com
- History of Turkey – HowStuffWorks.com
- Turkey profile – Timeline – BBC
Turkey:
- TURKEY – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Turkey – UN Data
- Turkey – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Turkey – Infoplease.com
- Turkey – CountryStudies.us
- Turkey: Country Profile – About.com
- Turkey country profile – Overview – BBC
Foreign Relations of Turkey:
- Foreign relations of Turkey – Wikipedia
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey
- FOREIGN RELATIONS OF TURKEY – WorldHeritage.org
- Turkey – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- US Relations with Turkey – US Department of State
- Turkey-EU Relations – REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Economy of Turkey:
- Economy of Turkey – Wikipedia
- Turkey – WORLD BANK
- Turkey – Data – WORLD BANK
- Turkey – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- Turkish Economy – EnjoyTurky.com
1922 King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, appoints Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister.
Benito Mussolini:
- BENITO MUSSOLINI – History.com
- Who Was Benito Mussolini? – About.com
- Benito Mussolini – Summary of Mussolini – About.com
- Benito Mussolini (1983-1945) – Biography.com
- Benito Mussolini – CommandoSupremo.com
- “Benito Mussolini’s Italy posed another threat to world peace. Mussolini, Italy’s ruler from 1922 to 1943, promised to restore his country’s martial glory. Surrounded by storm troopers dressed in black shirts, Mussolini delivered impassioned speeches from balconies, while crowds chanted, ‘Duce! Duce!’” – Italy – Digital History ID 3486 – Digital History – UH.edu
- 9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini – HISTORY IN THE HEADLINES – History.com
Mussolini’s Death:
- Death of Benito Mussolini – Wikipedia
- Execution of Mussolini – Custermen.com
- Death and Execution of Benito Mussolini 1945 – WN.com
- The Execution of Mussolini – a summary – History in an hour – HistoryInAnHour.com
Timeline – Mussolini:
- Timeline – Benito Mussolini – HistoryMole.com
- Mussolini Timeline – SoftSchools.com
- Mussolini Timeline – Skepticism.org
- Family of Benito Mussolini – Timeline – WhenInTime.com
- History – Benito Mussolini (1983-1945) – BBC
Mussolini’s Doctrine:
- THE DOCTRINE OF FASCISM – BENITO MUSSOLIN (1932) – WorldFutureFund.org
- The Basic Philosophy of Fascism: Benito Mussolini – Chapter 35 – WWNorton.com
- Mussolini, Doctrine of Fascism (1932) – The History Guide – HistoryGuide.org
- The Religion and Political Views of Benito Mussolini – HallowVerse.com
- Fascism – Wikipedia
- “Italian Fascism (in Italian, Fascismo) is the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini (1883 – 1945). It is the original model which inspired other Fascist ideologies, and is generally referred to simply as Fascism.” – The Basics of Philosophy – PhilosophyBasics.com
- Fascism and Philosophy – MACRO HISTORY AND THE TIMELINE
- Mussolini and the Rise of Fascism – CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS FOUNDATION – Bill of Rights in Action – SUMMER 2010 (Volume 25, No. 4)
- Archive for the Benito Mussolini Speeches’ Category – HISTORICAL SPEECHES – WordPress.com
1921 Second trial of Sacco and Vanzetti in the United States of America.
1921 The Link River Dam, a part of the Klamath Reclamation Project, is completed.
1918 The German High Seas Fleet is incapacitated when sailors mutiny on the night of the 29th-30th, an action which would trigger the German Revolution of 1918–19.
1901 Capital punishment: Leon Czolgosz, the assassin of U.S. President William McKinley, is executed by electrocution.
1888 The Convention of Constantinople is signed, guaranteeing free maritime passage through the Suez Canal during war and peace.
Suez Canal:
- 9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal – History.com
- Building the Suez Canal 1859-1869 – GlobalSecurity.org
- Suez Canal, Egypt – BUILDING THE WORLD – UMB.edu
- Suez Canal Authority
- NOV 17, 1869: Suez Canal opens – THIS DAY IN HISTORY – History.com
- NOV 17 1869 – The Suez Canal Opens – WorldHistoryProject.org
History of the Suez Canal:
- The Suez Canal – A History, by Margaret Penfold and Ami Isseroff – MideastWeb.org
- A Brief History of Suez Canal – MarineInsight.com
- Creation of the Canal – History – BBC
OCTOBER 30
2014 Sweden is the first European Union member state to officially recognize the State of Palestine.
- Sweden Gives Recognition to Palestine, by Isabel Kershner – Oct. 30, 2014 – The New York Times – NYTimes.com
- Sweden Recognizes Palestine State, by Karl Ritter – 10/30/2014 – HuffingtonPost.com
- ‘MidEast not IKEA simple’ – Israeli FM spaps at Sweden over Palestine – RT.com
2013 45 people die after a bus fuel tank catches fire in the Indian city of Mahbubnagar.
2005 The rebuilt Dresden Frauenkirche (destroyed in the firebombing of Dresden during World War II) is reconsecrated after a thirteen-year rebuilding project.
1995 Quebec citizens narrowly vote (50.58% to 49.42%) to remain a province of Canada in their second referendum on national sovereignty.
1993 The Troubles: The Ulster Defence Association, an Ulster loyalist paramilitary, carry out a mass shooting at a Halloween party in Greysteel, Northern Ireland. Eight civilians are murdered and thirteen wounded.
1991 The Madrid Conference for Middle East peace talks opens.
1987 In Japan, NEC releases the first 16-bit (fourth generation) video game console, the PC Engine, which is later sold in other markets under the name TurboGrafx-16.
1985 Space Shuttle Challenger lifts off for mission STS-61-A, its final successful mission.
1983 The first democratic elections in Argentina after seven years of military rule are held.
1980 El Salvador and Honduras sign a peace treaty to put the border dispute fought over in 1969‘s Football War before the International Court of Justice.
1978 Uganda troops attack Tanzania.
1975 Prince Juan Carlos becomes Spain’s acting head of state, taking over for the country’s ailing dictator, Gen. Francisco Franco.
1974 The Rumble in the Jungle boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman takes place in Kinshasa, Zaire.
1973 The Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey is completed, connecting the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosphorus for the second time.
1970 In Vietnam, the worst monsoon to hit the area in six years causes severe floods, kills 293, leaves 200,000 homeless and virtually halts the Vietnam War.
1968 Nobel prize for physics awarded to Luis Alvarez (bubble chamber).
1968 Nobel prize for chemistry awarded to Lars Onsager (thermodynamics).
1965 Vietnam War: Near Da Nang, United States Marines repel an intense attack by Viet Cong forces, killing 56 guerrillas.
1962 US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Johnston Island.
Nuclear Tests by the United States:
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Cold War – AtomCentral.com
- List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
- Operation Argus – Wikipedia
- Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearArchive.org
- Nuclear Test Sites – AtomicArchive.com
- United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 Through September 1992 – FAS.org
Atmospheric/High-altitude Nuclear Explosion Testing:
- Atmospheric nuclear explosion – Wikipedia
- High-altitude nuclear explosions, by Wm Robert Johnston – JohnstonsArchive.net
- “Atmospheric testing refers to explosions which take place in the atmosphere.” – TYPES OF NUCLEA WEAPONS TESTS – CTBTO.org
Johnston Atoll:
Various Weapons Tests and Storage at Johnston Atoll, and Permanent Contamination:
- Johnston Atoll, and Kalama Atoll – WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION – GlobalSecurity.org
- South Pacific tests on Johnston Island in 1951 – NIMIA.com
- Contaminants in Fishes from Johnston Atoll, by L. Kerr Lobel and P.S. Lobel – Boston University, Department of Biology
- “During the Cold War era, the US Air Force used JI [Johnston Island] to support several highly classified missions. In the early 1960’s, it was involved with Operation Dominic, which tested a primitive anti-ballistic missile system as well as the impact of EMP on military command and control systems.” – Johnstone Island, by Bob Fish – EarthLink.net
- Aspects of the Biology and Geomorphology of Johnston and Wake Atolls, Pacific Ocean, by Philp S. Lobel and Lisa Kerr Lobel – DODLegacy.org
- “Construction began on a Parsons-designed prototype full-scale chemical weapons incinerator at Johnston Island in the South Pacific Ocean.” – Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (CSDP) – Parsons.com
- “In the 1950’s and 60’s, the United States Air Force conducted 12 test launchings of nuclear missiles on tiny Johnston Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. In 1962, two of the shots were aborted and the missiles exploded over the runway, drenching the area in radioactive contaminants.” – Radioactive Dump on Pacific Wildlife Refuge Raises Liability Concerns, by Katharine Q. Seelye – January 27, 2003 – The New York Times
- Johnston Island – Air Force Space & Missile Museum
- “At sunset one quiet July day an armada of ships was positioned in the ocean waters around Johnston Atoll, upwind from a line of barges with hundreds of cages containing Rhesus monkeys on their decks (figure 4).” – Bio Terror 4 – BiologyWriter – BiologyWriter.com
- Johnston Atoll: “The site was used for high-altitude nuclear tests in the 1950s and 1960s. Until late in 2000 the atoll was maintained as a storage and disposal site for chemical weapons. Munitions destruction, cleanup, and closure of the facility were completed by May 2005.” – THE UNITED STATES PACIFIC ISLAND WILD LIFE REFUGES – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Cleaning up Johnston Atoll – Nautilus Institute
- South Pacific islands fell victim to tragedy of nuclear tests – March 27, 2015 – The Asahi Shimbun
- AGENT ORANGE – Johnston Island, AFB – War-Stories.com
- “Another issue addressed by the investigation was a 2003 U.S. Army report – titled “An Ecological Assessment of Johnston Atoll” – which stated that 25,000 barrels of Agent Orange had been on Okinawa prior to 1972.” – Deny, Deny Until All the Veterans Die” – Pentagon Investigation into Agent Orange in Okinawa – Truth-Out.org
- Summary Document: Agent Orange at Johnston Island – GuamAgentOrange.info
- Johnston Atoll Airport, USA – 14 of the world’s most amazing abandoned airports – SkyScanner.net
- HISTORY OF JOHNSTON ATOLL – GuamAgentOrange.info
- Case Name: Johnston Atoll Chemical Waste – Chemical Weapons Disposal Dispute – TED Case Study
- Johnstone Atoll: An Isolated and Abandoned Military Air Base in the Mid Pacific Ocean – 8 April 2010 – UrganGhostsMedia.com
- Secret Bases – Johnston Atoll – TheLivingMoon.com
- The Forgotten Atoll of Johnston Atoll – Jason-Sevens.com
- History of Johnston Island – Johnston Memories
Nuclear Weapons and the United States:
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
- US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
- 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
- US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State
1961 Because of “violations of Vladimir Lenin‘s precepts”, it is decreed that Joseph Stalin‘s body be removed from its place of honour inside Lenin’s tomb and buried near the Kremlin Wall with a plain granite marker instead.
1961 Nuclear testing: USSR performs nuclear test (atmospheric) at Novaya Zemlya USSR: The USSR detonates the hydrogen bomb Tsar Bomba over Novaya Zemlya; at 50 megatons of yield, it remains the largest explosive device ever detonated, nuclear or otherwise.
USSR Nuclear Tests in 1961:
Soviet Atmospheric Nuclear Tests:
- Soviet Atmospheric Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- USSR Atmospheric Nuclear Tests Database – Zvis.com
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
- Slow Death of Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFRL.org
- Semipalitinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
- The lasting toll of Semipalitinsk’s nuclear testing – TheBulletin.org
- External Doses of Residents near Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site – ResearchGate.net
- Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalitinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site:
- Novaya Zemlya – GlobalSecurity.org
- NOVAYA ZEMLYA – AtlasObscura.com
- Novaya Zemlya – GiantBomb.com
- NOVA ZEMLYA (NOVAYA ZEMLYA) 58 MEGA TON H BOMB TEST – ArkCode.com
- Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya – NTI.org
- ICE Case Studies – Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker – American.edu
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – Image – NASA
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – NovayaZemlya.net
- Novaya Zemlya, Russia – Nuclear-Risks.org
- Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated – July 31, 2014 – TASS Russian News Agency
- Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adapt nuclear test site, by Tatyana Sinitsyna – RIA Novosti, Russia – 15 August 2006
- UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRPAPHICAL SURVEY – Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501 – Reston, Virginia – 1993
1960 Michael Woodruff performs the first successful kidney transplant in the United Kingdom at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.
1953 Cold War: US President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally approves the top secret document National Security Council Paper No. 162/2, which states that the United States’ arsenal of nuclear weapons must be maintained and expanded to counter the communist threat.
National Security Council Paper No. 162/2:
- OCT 30, 1953: THIS DAY IN HISTORY: Eisenhower approves NSC 162/2 – History.com
- NSC 162/2 – A REPORT TO THE NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL BY THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY on BASIC NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY – October 30, 1953 – WASHINGTON – pdf, or October 30, 1953 – NOTE BY THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
to the NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL on BASIC NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY – The Pentagon Papers Gravel Edition Volume 1 Document 18, Statement of Policy by the National Security Council on Basic National Security Policy, 30 October 1953, pp. 412-429 – MTHOLYOKE.edu - Eisenhower moves to expand US nuclear weapons, October 30, 1953, by Suzanne Deffree – October 30, 2014 – EDN Network – EDN.com
- New Look-NSC-162/2 – Ramapo.edu
1951 US performs nuclear test (atmospheric) at Nevada Test Site.
Atmospheric Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site:
Atmospheric/High-altitude Nuclear Explosion Testing:
- Atmospheric nuclear explosion – Wikipedia
- High-altitude nuclear explosions, by Wm Robert Johnston – JohnstonsArchive.net
- “Atmospheric testing refers to explosions which take place in the atmosphere.” – TYPES OF NUCLEA WEAPONS TESTS – CTBTO.org
- US Atmospheric Nuclear Test Page – Nuclear Weapons – Zvis.com
Atmospheric Nuclear Tests of the United States and Radioactive Fallout:
- Atmospheric Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site – OnlineNevada.org
- The Years of Atmospheric Testing 1945-1963 – Trinity Atomic Web Site – Abomb1.org
- High-altitude nuclear explosions – JohnstonArchive.org
- RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT FROM NUCLEAR TESTING AT NEVADA TEST SITE, 1950-60 – GPO.gov – pdf
- Cancer Mortality at the US Nuclear Weapons Tests – US Department of Veterans Affairs – VA.gov
- Atmospheric Nuclear Testing and The US Navy – A BILIOGRAPHY – FMD-INC.org
- Feasibility Study of Weapons Testing Fallout – CDC.gov
- “Between 16 July 1945 and 23 September 1992 the United States of America conducted (by official count) 1054 nuclear tests, and two nuclear attacks….These pages focus principally (although not exclusively) on the period from 16 July 1945 to 4 November 1962, the era of atmospheric testing.” – RADIOCHEMISTORY SOCIETY – US NUCLEAR TESTS – Info Gallery – Radiochemistry.org
- When We Tested Nuclear Bombs, by Alan Taylor – May 06, 2011 – TheAtlantic.com
- US ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR TESTING – The Connection Between John Wayne and Radioactive Fallout, and Other Tales, by Bruce W Church – October 22, 2000 – FalloutRadiation.com – pdf
- Marshall Islands, site of largest-ever U.S. nuclear weapons test, sues 9 superpowers including USA – June 6, 2015 – BoingDoing.net
- YouTube video (13 min. 49 sec.): Declassified US Nuclear Test Film #55
- YouTube video (14 min. 35 sec.): High-altitude Atomic Tests – Operation Dominic parts 1-2 – 1962
Nuclear Weapons and the United States:
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
- US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
- 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
- US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State
US Nuclear Tests at Nevada Site:
- List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- The Cold War – AtomCentral.com
- NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
- NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
- Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
- Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
- Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
- Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
- NUKE TESTING in NEVADA – Archure.net
- ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
- 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
- Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- The Nuclear Matters Handbook
Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:
- Environment and the Quality of Life in Nevada – UNLV.edu
- ECONLGOY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH NARRATIVE SUMMARY, KEY WORD INDEX, AND SPECIES LISTS – DOE/NEV/11718-594
- Nevada Applied Ecology Information Center: a review of technical information support provided to the Nevada Applied Ecology Group – Sci-Tech Connect
- “Between 1951 and 1992, the United States bombed its own soil with nuclear weapons — 945 times. All but 17 of those explosions took place on a stretch of basin-and-range desert northwest of Las Vegas called the Nevada Test Site (NTS),…” – Sovereignty at Shoshone Mountain – EcologyCenter.org
- The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions – Princeton.edu
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center
1950 Pope Pius XII witnesses the “Miracle of the Sun” while at the Vatican.
Pope Pius XII and the Miracle of the Sun on October 30, 1950:
- Pius XII and the Miracle of the Sun – HALLOWEDGROUND – WordPress.com
- Pope Pius XII and the Miracle of the Sun – DEFEAT MODERNISM – DefeatModernism.com
- Pius XII saw “Miracle of the Sun” – Zenit.org
Miracle of the Sun in Fátima on October 13, 1917:
- Oct 13, 1917 – Miracle of the Sun – WorldHistoryProject.org
- The Miracle of the Sun – Fatima.org
- Apparitions and Miracles of the Sun, by Auguste Meessen – International Forum in Porto “Science, Religion and Conscience” October 23 -25, 2003, Actas do Forum International, Centro Transdisciplinar de Estudos da Consciência, 2005 Consciências, 2, Editores: J. Fernandes, N.L. Santos, ISSN: 1645-6564, p. 199-222.. – Meesen.net – pdf
- Top Ten Scientific Explanation of Miracle of Sun in Fatima – Creative Minority Report – CreativeMinorityReport.com
- The Lady of Fatima & the Miracle of the Sun, by Benjamin Radford – May 02, 2013 – Live Science – LiveScience.com
- Marks in the evolution of western thinking about nature – ScienceTimeline.net
1947 The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which is the foundation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), is founded.
GATT/WTO:
- GATT/WTO – Duke.edu
- World Trade Organization – Official Site
- The World Trade Organization – GATT.org
- GATT and Goods Council – WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
- General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade – GATT – INVESOPEDIA – Investopedia.org
- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) – Encyclopedia Britannica
- The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) – Infoplease.com, and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (former agency of the United Nations) – Infoplease.com
1945 Jackie Robinson of the Kansas City Monarchs signs a contract for the Brooklyn Dodgers to break the baseball color barrier.
1944 Anne and Margot Frank are deported from Auschwitz to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where they die from disease the following year, shortly before the end of WWII.
Anne and Margot Frank:
- ANNE FRANK – HISTORY – History.com
- Anne Frank – Biography.com
- BIOGRAPHY – ANNE FRANK – AnneFrank.ch
- The Diary of Anne Frank – BBC
- ANNE FRANK – OVERVIEW AND BACKGROND – Holocaust Encyclopedia – USHMM.org
- Margot Frank – AnneFrank.org
- The Silent Sister Margot Frank – TheSilentSister.com
- MARGOT FRANK – Marge and in Charge – Shmoop.com
- Margot Betti Frank – FindAGrave.com
- Margot Frank (1926-1945) – Anglefire.com
- Anne Frank died earlier than thought, new study says – March 31, 2015 – Yahoo.com
Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp:
- Concentration Camps: Auschwitz-Birkenau – Jewish Virtual Library
- Auschwitz: a short history of the largest mass murder site in human history – TheGuardian.com
- GATE TO HELL: AUSCHWITZ – Auschwitz.dk
- AUSCHWTIZ – Holoccaust Encyclopedia – USHMM.org
- AUSCHWITZ – HISTORY – History.com
- AUSCHWITZ-BIRKENAU MEMORIAL AND MUSEUM – Auschwitz.org
Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp:
- Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp – History & Overview – Jewish Virtual Library
- Bergen-Belsen – KZ camp – Aushwitz.dk
- Bergen-Belsen – Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team – HolocaustResearchProject.org
- “Forget You Not”: Bergen-Belsen Death Camp – Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project
- Stalag XIC (311) and KZ Bergen-Belsen, A History from 1935 – BegenBelsen.co.uk
- Bergen-Belsen – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Bergen-Belsen – Teaching the Holocaust with Primary Sources – EIU.edu
1942 Lt Tony Fasson, Able Seaman Colin Grazier and canteen assistant Tommy Brown from HMS Petard board U-559, retrieving material which would lead to the decryption of the German Enigma code.
1941 One thousand five hundred Jews from Pidhaytsi (in western Ukraine) are sent by Nazis to Bełżec extermination camp.
Bełżec Extermination Camp:
- Belzec Concentration Camp – Jewish Virtual Library
- Belzec Camp History – DeathCamps.org
- The Belzec Death Camp – HolocastResearchProject.org
- “Established November 1st, 1941, Belzec extermination center consisted of two camps divided into three parts: administration section, barracks and storage for plundered goods, and extermination section. Initially, there were three gas chambers using carbon monoxide housed in a wooden building. They were later replaced by six gas chambers in a brick and concrete building. Belzec extermination center began operations March 17th, 1942 and ended operations December 1942. The estimated number of deaths is 500-600,000, mainly Jews.” – Belzec (Poland) – Jewishgen.org
- Belzec Death Camp Memorial and Museum, Poland – UMN.edu
- Belzec – Holocaust Encyclopedia – USHMM.org
- MAJOR DEPORTATIONS TO BELZEC – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED
1941 World War II: Franklin Delano Roosevelt approves U.S. $1 billion in Lend-Lease aid to the Allied nations.
1938 Orson Welles broadcasts his radio play of H. G. Wells‘s The War of the Worlds, causing anxiety in some of the audience in the United States.
1929 The Stuttgart Cable Car is constructed in Stuttgart, Germany.
1925 John Logie Baird creates Britain’s first television transmitter.
1920 The Communist Party of Australia is founded in Sydney. The Communist Party of Australia is founded in Sydney.
1918 The Ottoman Empire signs an armistice with the Allies, ending the First World War in the Middle East.
Armistice of the Ottoman Empire:
- OCT 30, 1918: Ottoman Empire signs treaty with the Allies – History.com
- The Ottoman Empire and the Armistice of Moudros, by Erik Jan Zurcher – Academia.edu – pdf downloadable
Ottoman Empire and World War I:
- Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire – Wikipedia
- Middle Eastern theater of World War I – Wikipedia
- The Fall of the Ottoman Empire – HistoryGuy.com
- The Ottoman Empire – page 9 – Collapse of the Ottoman Empire1918-1920 – NZHistory.net.nz
History of the Ottoman Empire:
- History of the Ottoman Empire – Wikipedia
- Ottoman Empire – History – Infoplease.com or Ottoman Empire – Infoplease.com
- A Brief History of Ottoman Empire – UMICH.edu
- History – The Ottomans – TheOttomans.org
- Ottoman Empire (1301-1922) – BBC
- THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE – 1600 – 1023 – Turizm.net
- The Ottoman Empire – About.com
History of Turkey:
- History of Turkey – Wikipedia
- History – Turkey – CountryStudies.us
- Turkey – History – Infoplease.com
- History of Turkey – HistoryOfTurkey.com
- History and Culture of Turkey: From Anatolian Civilization to Modern Republic – Chatham.edu – pdf
- HISTORY OF TURKEY – HistoryWorld.net
- History – All About Turkey – AllAboutTurkey.com
- Turkey – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- History – Turkey – CountryStudies.us
- Turkey | Facts and History – About.com
- History of Turkey – CBSNews.com
- History of Turkey – HowStuffWorks.com
- Turkey profile – Timeline – BBC
Turkey:
- TURKEY – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Turkey – UN Data
- Turkey – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Turkey – Infoplease.com
- Turkey – CountryStudies.us
- Turkey: Country Profile – About.com
- Turkey country profile – Overview – BBC
Foreign Relations of Turkey:
- Foreign relations of Turkey – Wikipedia
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey
- FOREIGN RELATIONS OF TURKEY – WorldHeritage.org
- Turkey – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- US Relations with Turkey – US Department of State
- Turkey-EU Relations – REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Economy of Turkey:
- Economy of Turkey – Wikipedia
- Turkey – WORLD BANK
- Turkey – Data – WORLD BANK
- Turkey – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- Turkish Economy – EnjoyTurky.com
1905 Czar Nicholas II of Russia grants Russia’s first constitution, creating a legislative assembly.
Russian Constitution of 1906:
Nicholas II:
- Nicholas II – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Nicholas II – About.com
- Nicholas II – Infoplease.com
- Nicholas II (Russia) – Encyclopedia.com
- Prominent Russians: Nicholas II – RUSSIAPEDIA.RT.com
- Nicholas II of Russia – Military.Wikia.com
- Tsar Nicholas II – Spartacus-Educational.com
- Tar Nicholas II – a summary – History in an hour – HistoryInAnHour.com
- NICHOLAS II (NIKOLAI ALEXANDROVICH) – 1968-1918 – EMPEROR OF ALL RUSSIA 1894-1917 – St. Petersburg Times – SPTimes.com
1864 Helena, Montana is founded after four prospectors discover gold at “Last Chance Gulch”.
1864 Second Schleswig War ends. Denmark renounces all claim to Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg, which come under Prussian and Austrian administration.
1831 In Southampton County, Virginia, escaped slave Nat Turner is captured and arrested for leading the bloodiest slave rebellion in United States history.
1817 The independent government of Venezuela is established by Simón Bolívar.
1806 Believing he is facing a much larger force, Prussian Lieutenant General Friedrich von Romberg, commanding 5,300 men, surrendered the city of Stettin to 800 French soldiers commanded by General Lassalle.
1657 Spanish forces fail to retake Jamaica at the Battle of Ocho Rios during the Anglo-Spanish War.
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(Sources and references: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/october24 to october_30; http://www.onthisday.com/events/october/24 to october/30; http://www.brainyhistory.com/days/october_24.html. to october_30.html; and other pertinent web sites and/or documents, mentioned above.)
- The views expressed in the cited or quoted websites and/or documents in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the author of this article. These websites and/or documents are cited or quoted for academic or educational purposes. Neither the author of this article nor the Transcend Media Service (TMS) is responsible for the contents, information, or whatsoever contained in these websites and/or documents.
- One of the primary purposes of this article is to provide the readers with opportunities to think about “peace”, including positive peace and negative peace as well as external/outer peace and internal/inner peace, and more, directly or indirectly, from various angles and/or in the broadest sense, through historical events. It is because this article is prepared specifically for the TMS whose main objective is to address “peace”.
Satoshi Ashikaga, having worked as researcher, development program/project officer, legal protection/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, prefers a peaceful and prudent life, especially that in communion with nature. His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, remind him of the invaluableness of peace. His interest and/or expertise includes international affairs, international law, jurisprudence, economic and business affairs, project/operations or organizational management, geography, history, the environmental/ecological issues, science and technology, visual/audio documentation of nature and culture, and more. Being a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, he is currently compiling This Week in History on TMS.
This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 24 Oct 2016.
Anticopyright: Editorials and articles originated on TMS may be freely reprinted, disseminated, translated and used as background material, provided an acknowledgement and link to the source, TMS: This Week in History, is included. Thank you.
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