This Week in History
HISTORY, 20 Feb 2017
Satoshi Ashikaga – TRANSCEND Media Service
Feb 20-26
QUOTE OF THE WEEK:
“You’re never too old, never too bad, never too late and never too sick to start from the scratch once again.” – Bikram Choudhury
FEBRUARY 20
Today is the WORLD DAY OF SOCIAL JUSTICE:
2014 Dozens of Euromaidan anti-government protesters died in Ukraine’s capital Kiev, many reportedly killed by snipers.
Euromaidan Anti-government Protect and Its Deadly Clash on February 20, 2014:
- “The Ukrainian revolution of 2014 (also known as the Euromaidan Revolution or Revolution of Dignity; Ukrainian: Революція гідності, Revoliutsiya hidnosti) took place in Ukraine in February 2014, when a series of violent events involving protesters, riot police, and unknown shooters in the capital, Kiev,…” – 2014 Ukrainian revolution – Wikipedia
- Euromaidan – Wikipedia
- 18-23 February 2014 – Timeline of the Euromaidan – Wikipedia
- Ukraine’s bloodiest day: dozens of dead as Kiev protesters regain territory from police – February 20, 2014 – theguardian.com
- Ukraine crisis: deadly clashes shatter truce – Thursday, 20 February – theguardian.com
- Responding to the Situation in Ukraine – February 20, 2014 – whitehouse.gov
- Diplomatic talks in Ukraine last until dawn, a day after 100 may have died – February 20, 2014 – CNN – cnn.com
- Dmitry Tymchuck – FSB Presence in Ukraine on February 20-21, 2014 – Voices of Ukraine – Maidantranslations.com
- Kiev snipers: Who was behind them? – Security Watch – Mike Eckel – March 8, 2014 – csmonitor.com
- Reporter’s notebook: The worst day I’ve seen in Kiev, by Todd Baxster and Lateef Mungin – February 24, 2014 – CNN – cnn.com
- Questions – Ukraine – February 20-21, 2014 – National Survey of 1,000 Likely Voters – rasmessenreports.com
- Statement by Secretary Kerry on the Situation in Ukraine – February 20 2014 – Embassy of the United States to Ukraine – Ukraine.usembassy.gov
History of Ukraine:
- Western Ukraine – Wikipedia
- History of Ukraine – Wikipedia
- Behind the Headlines: History and Geography Help Explain Ukraine Crisis, by Eve Conant – NationalGeographic.com
- Western Ukraine – UkraineTrek.com
- BRAMA – History of Ukraine – 20th Century – Chronologically Synchronized Tables – BRAMA.com
- Ukraine – Culture – EveryCulture.com
- The Conflict in Ukraine – a Historical Perspective, by Lauren McLaughlin – Harvard.edu
- Ukraine History – Chronological Table – UAZone.net
Ukraine-Russian Relations:
- History of relations – Russia-Ukraine relations – Wikipedia
- Category Archives: Russian-Ukraine relations – UkraineAnalysis.WordPress.com
- Ukraine after the Russian Revolution – Wikipedia
- Ukraine-Russian Relations – GlobalSecuirty.org
- Ukraine Russian Relations – Pertinent Articles – The Huffington Post – HuffingtonPost.com
- Russia – Foreign relations of Ukraine – Wikipedia
- In Ukraine, A Conflict Over Russian Relations – published September 5, 2008 – NPR.org
- Category: Russian-Ukrainian relations – UkraineAnalysis.WordPress.com
- “Developments in Ukraine were especially important. Its large territorial size and population (just under a fifth of the total population of Russia in 1917), economic importance, and strategic geographic location made it a key area.” – Mine Creek Battlefield – Bolshevik Revolution – MineCreek.info
- Putin’s Zugzwang: The Russia-Ukraine Standoff – July/August 2014 – Alexander J. Motyl – WorldAffairsJournal.org
Ukraine-the West Relations:
- Ukraine: Walking the Line Between the West and Russia – January 28, 2011 – Brookings.edu
- Ukraine’s Relations with the West: Disinterest, Partnership, Disillusionment, by Taras Kuzio – TrasKuzio.net – pdf
- Ukraine’s relations with the West since the Orange Revolution – Taylors & Francis Online – tandfonline.com
- The EU’s relations with Ukraine – Europa.eu
- Ukraine: Relations With The West On ‘Pause’ – July 28, 2006 – Radio Free Europe Liberty – RFEL.org
- n + 1 Magazine: Ukraine, Putin, and the West – March 7, 2014 – Council on Foreign Affairs – CFR.org
- The Ukraine crisis and NATO-Russia relations – NATO.int
- Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault? , by John J Mearsheimer – ForeignAffiairs.com
- The West Should Arm Ukraine: Here’s Why-And How, by Alexander J. Motyl – February 10, 2015 – ForeignAffairs.com
- Fyodor Lukyanov: Russia’s relations with the West are ruined for long time – Russia Beyond The Headlines – September 28, 2014 – RBHL.com
- Crimea ‘chill’ in Russian-Western relations will be short-lived – Russia’s UN envoy – 6 Apr 2014 – RT.com
- Russia Says West Doesn’t Understand Its ‘Close Relations’ With Ukraine, by Anna Dolgov – Aug. 29, 2014 – TheMoscowTimes.com
- Council On Foreign Relations: The Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s – Not Putin’s – Fault – posted August 20, 2014 – WashingtonPostBlog.com
- Ukraine: Which way to Europe and for Europe? , by Dr Alexander Yakovenko, Russian Ambassador to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Deputy foreign minister (2005-2011) – 14 Apr 2015 – RT.com
- The Origins of Russia’s New Conflict with the West – European Council on Foreign Relations – ECFR.eu
- Interview: A Tag of War between East and West – Interviewee: Jan Techau, Director, Carnegie Europe – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- China paper slams West’s “Cold War mentality” over Ukraine – Wed Feb 26, 2014 – Reuters.com
2013 The smallest extrasolar planet, Kepler-37b is discovered.
Kepler-37b:
- Kepler-37b – NASA
- NASA: Kepler-37b – the smallest planet – does not support life – February 21, 2013 – SpaceRecorder.com
- Smallest Alien Planet Kepler-37b Explained (Infographic), by Karl Tate – Space.com
- Kepler-37b – Pediaview.com
- Kepler-37b Worth Notice – Space FTW – SpaceFTW.com
- How Does Tiny Kepler-37b Measure Up? – FEB 20, 2013 – News.Discovery.com
2009 Two Tamil Tigers aircraft packed with C4 explosives en route to the national airforce headquarters are shot down by the Sri Lankan military before reaching their target, in a suicide attack.
Tamil Tigers:
- Tamil Tigers – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Tamil Tigers (Liberation of Tigers of Tamil Eelam) – About.com
- Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam – Wikipedia
- Tamil Tigers – Channel 4 – Channel4.com
- Tamil Tigers – CHRONOLOGY OF COVERAGE – The New York Times – NYTimes.com
- Tamil Tigers – Relevant Articles – HuffingtonPost.com
- Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam – The Times of India – TimesOfIndia.com
- The Tamil Tigers, by Kate Pickert – Sunday, Jan. 04, 2009 – TIME
Sri Lankan Civil War:
- The Sri Lankan Civil War – About.com
- The Sri Lankan Conflict – Backgrounder – CFR.org
- Sri Lankan Civil War – FindTheData.com
- Casualties of the Sri Lankan Civil War – Wikipedia
- Sri Lankan Civil War (1983-2009) – 2011/04/16 – WordPress.com
History of the Sri Lankan Civil War:
- History of the Civil War in Sri Lanka since 1983, by Kim, Kyung Mook – Korean Minjok Leadership Academy International Program – Term Paper, AP World History Class, November 2006 – Zum.de
- Sri Lankan Civil War – SRI LANKA HISTORY – Weebly.com
- Sri Lanka’s civil war – The history of the Tamil conflict – The Telegraph – Telegraph.co.uk
- Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war – Wikipedia
- Sri Lankan Civil War History: The Closing Days for the LTTE Rebels – November 20, 2015 – My Apologetics – WordPress.com
- YouTube video (7 min. 52 sec.): Short History of Sri Lankan Civil War
- YouTube video (4 min. 14 sec.): History of the war in Sri Lanka – BBC
- YouTube video (26 min. 12 sec.): Truth of the LTTE – Full documentary
- The historical roots of Sri Lanka’s civil war – 12 June 2000 – WSWS.org
- The Sri Lankan Civil War: A Personal Reminiscence, by COL Sylvester Perera;, Sri Lankan Army – GlobalEcco.org
- Birth of the Tigers, Attempts at peace – History of Sri Lanka – LonenlyPlanet.com
History of Sri Lanka:
- History of Sri Lanka – Wikipedia
- History of Sri Lanka – LonelyPlanet.com
- Sri Lanka History – LankaLibrary.com
- History of Sri Lanka – Lanka.com
- Sri Lanka | Facts & History – About.com
- A BRIEF HISTORY OF SRI LANKA – LocalHistories.org
- Sri Lanka – History – Infoplease.com
- The history of Sri Lanka – CBC News – CBC.ca
- History of Sri Lanka – Mahavamsa.org
- Sri Lanka profile – Timeline – BBC
Sri Lanka:
- Sri Lanka – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Sri Lanka – UN Data
- Sri Lanka – Infoplease.com
- Sri Lanka country profile – BBC
Foreign Relations of Sri Lanka:
- Foreign relations of Sri Lanka – Wikipedia
- Sri Lanka – FOREIGN RELATIONS – CountryStudies.us
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka
- US Relations With Sri Lanka – US Department of State
- Sri Lanka – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- Sri Lanka – ForeignAffairs.com
Economy of Sri Lanka:
- Economy of Sri Lanka – Wikipedia
- Sri Lanka – WORLD BANK
- Sri Lanka – Data – WORLD BANK
- Sri Lanka – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- Sri Lanka – Economy – Infoplease.com
- Sri Lanka – Economy – Asia Development Bank – ADB.org
2006 In South Korea the United Liberal Democrats, the three top political parties was merged into Grand National Party.
Grand National Party of the South Korea:
- Saenuri Party (Grand National Party) – Wikipedia
- Saenuri Party – New Frontier Party – globalseurity.org
- Grand National Party (South Korea) – The Economist – economist.com
2005 Spain becomes the first country to vote in a referendum on ratification of the proposed Constitution of the European Union, passing it by a substantial margin, but on a low turnout.
Spain’s Referendum on the Proposed Constitution:
- Spain: record abstention in referendum on European Union constitution, by Julie Hyland – 23 February 2005 – Intsse.com – pdf
- February 20, 2005 – Spanish Referendum on EU Constitution – Mehr-Demokratie.de – pdf
- Spanish European Constitution referendum, 2005 – Freebase.com
1991 A gigantic statue of Albania‘s long-time leader, Enver Hoxha, is brought down in the Albanian capital Tirana, by mobs of angry protesters.
Enver Hoxha:
- Enver Hoxha – Encyclopedia Britannica
- ENVER HOXHA BIOGRAPHY – EnverHoxha.info
- Enver Hoxha Page – The Espresso Stalinist – EspressoStalinist.com
- Enver Hoxha – Moreorless.net.au
- Albania and Enver Hoxha’s legacy – OpenDemocracy.net
History of Albania:
- History of Albania – Wikipedia
- History of Albania – Encyclopedia Britannica
- History of Albania – MotherEarthTravel.com
- History of Albania – Academia.edu
- Albania profile – Timeline – BBC
- Illyrian people – History of Albania – WN.com
- Texts and Documents of Albanian History – AlbanianHistory.net
1989 An IRA bomb destroys a section of a British Army barracks in Ternhill, England.
IRA’s Attack on Ternhill Barracks of 20 February 1989:
- ON THIS DAY: 20 February 1989: IRA bombs Ternhill barracks – BBC
- “On 20 February 1989, two IRA bombers activated two bombs within the accommodation barracks at Tern Hill. At that time the 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment (who had arrived in 1987) and the 1st Battalion, The Duke of Wellington’s Regiment (who had arrived in 1989) were located at the base.” – Clive Barracks – Wikipedia
Irish Republican Army (IRA)/Provisional Republican Army (PIRA):
- Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) (aka, PIRA, “the provos,” Óglaigh na hÉireann) (UK separatists) – Council on Foreign Relations, by Kathryn Gregory – CFR.org
- Irish Republican Army (IRA), Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) the Provos Direct Action Against Drugs (DADD) – GlobalSecurity.org
- Provisional Irish Republican Army – Military.Wikia.com
- Provisional IRA: War, ceasefire, endgame? – BBC
- PROVISIONAL IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY – Tumblr.com
- Irish Republican Army – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Irish Republican Army – Wikipedia
- Irish Republican Army – News Archives – The Huffington Post
- Guide to the Irish Republican Army – About.com
- Irish Republican Army – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Irish Republican Army – Infoplease.com
- Irish Republican Army (IRA) – Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) – the Provos – Direct Action Against Drugs (DADD) – GlobalSecurity.org
- Guide to the Irish Republican Army – About.com
- Terrorism – Irish Republican Army, by Michele Koznicki, Corey Willett, Michal Griffin, Eric Manley, and Ronald Matten – Eastern Michigan University
History of the IRA:
- History of the Irish Republican Army – Irish History
- History of the Irish Republican Army History Essay – UKEssays.com
- History of the Irish Republican Army – Video – TimeToast.com
Sinn Féin:
- Sinn Féin – Official Site
- National Website of Republican Sinn Féin
- OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS AND PRESS RELEASES – SINN FÉIN – SinnFein.org
- THE IRA & SINN FEIN – FRONTLINE – PBS.org
- Sinn Féin – Wikipedia
- Sinn Féin – Infoplease.com
- History of Sinn Féin – Wikipedia
- Leaders of Sinn Féin – Wikipedia
- Sinn Féin – News Archive – TheGuardian.com
- Sinn Feinn – News Archive – The New York Times – NYTimes.com
- Sinn Fein News – ABC.go.com
- Articles on Sinn Fein – Philly.com
History of Sinn Féin:
- History of Sinn Féin – Wikipedia
- History – Sinn Féin – Official Site
- A Brief History of Sinn Fein – Corks Sinn Fein
Sinn Féin, IRA and the Catholic Church:
- The Catholic Church vs. the IRA Hunger Strikes of 1923, by Lily Murphy – July 10, 2015 – CounterPunch.org
- The Catholic Church and the Revolution in Ireland – Academia.edu
- In Catholic Church Belfast, IRA Becomes Public Enemy – March 14, 2005 – Los Angeles Times – LATimes.com
- Sinn Fein chief says he met Catholic priest involved in 1972 bombing, didn’t discuss it – September 8, 2010 – FoxNews.com
- THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN IRELAND AND SINN FEIN – THE SPECTATOR ARCHIVE – Spectator.co.uk
- Questions for Catholic Church over Sinn Fein – 03/09/2013 – Belfast Telegraph – BelfastTelegraph.co.uk
- Gross hypocrisy from DUP/Sinn Fein and Catholic Church over brutal murder. – YouTube video (12 min. 17 sec.)
1988 The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast votes to secede from Azerbaijan and join Armenia, triggering the Nagorno-Karabakh War.
Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast:
- The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijan SSR – REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN MINISTORY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS – MFA.gov.az
- Military conflict – Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast – Wikipedia
- Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast – Wikipedia
- Former Soviet Union Carnage in Karabakh – TIME
Nagorno-Karabakh War:
- Background – Nagorno-Karabakh War – Wikipedia
- Key Issues – NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT – AzerbaijanAmericaAlliance.org
- Nagorno-Karabakh – GlobalSecurity.org
- Tensions reignite in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, by Anna Nigmatulina – 09 Mar 2015 – Aljazeera.com
- Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict (brief history) – YouTube video (12 min. 11 sec.)
History of Azerbaijan:
- History of Azerbaijan – Wikipedia
- HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN – AZERBAIJAN AMERICA ALLIANCE
- History of Azerbaijan – Orexca.com
- Azerbaijan – History – Infoplease.com
- Azerbaijan – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- Azerbaijan profile – Timeline – BBC
Azerbaijan:
- Azerbaijan – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Azerbaijan – UN Data
- Azerbaijan – CountryStudies.us
- Azerbaijan – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Azerbaijan – Infoplease.com
- Azerbaijan profile – BBC
History of Armenia:
- History of Armenia – Wikipedia
- History of Armenia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Armenian History – Armeniapedia.org
- Historical development of Armenia – Advantour.com
- HISTORY OF ARMENIA – Hayastan.com
- Armenia – Armenian History – WelcomeArmenia.com
- THE HISTORY OF ARMENIA – LittleArmenia.com
- Armenia – History – Infoplease.com
- Timeline of Armenian history – Wikipedia
- Timeline: Armenia – BBC
Armenia:
- The Government of Republic of Armenia – Official Site
- Armenia – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Armenia – CountryStudies.us
- Armenia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Armenia – Infoplease.com
- Armenia – FactMonster.com
Foreign Relations of Armenia:
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia – Official Site
- Armenia – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- Foreign relations of Armenia – Wikipeida
Economy of Armenia:
- Economy of Armenia – Wikipedia
- Ministry of Economy of Armenia – Official Site
- Armenia – Overview – The World Bank
- Armenia: Economy – Asian Development Bank
1987 Unabomber: In Salt Lake City, a bomb explodes in a computer store.
1986 The Soviet Union launches its Mir spacecraft. Remaining in orbit for 15 years, it is occupied for ten of those years.
1978 The last Order of Victory is bestowed upon Leonid Brezhnev.
1975 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.
USSR Nuclear Tests in 1975:
USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
- A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu
Underground Nuclear Tests:
- The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
- Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
- What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
- APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
- Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
- Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
- Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
- Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site:
- Kazakhstan’s radioactive legacy – Boston.com
- “My home: nuclear base Semipalatinsk – 21”, Episode 02 “Main Testing Field” (Video: 3 min. 14 sec.) – WN.com
- Slow Death In Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Library
- Visit to the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – SPEICAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL
- The Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan – IAEA.org
- Semipalatinsk Test Site – NTI.org
- The Tragic Story of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, by Vincze Miklós – io9.com
- 60 Years After First Soviet Nuclear Test, Legacy Of Misery Lives On In Kazakhstan – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – Monday, August 10, 2015 – RFERL.org
- Soviet nuclear tests leave Kazakh fallout – Sunday, 6 September 2009 – BBC
- In Kazakhstan, the race for uranium goes nuclear, by Philip P. Pan – Thursday, February 25, 2005 – The Washington Post
- Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – NuclearNo.com
- Top 10 Nuclear Test Sites, Michael Affleck, May 15, 2012 – Our World – ListVerse.com
Health, and Ecological Issues in Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk:
- Kazakstan/Kazakhstan – Environmental Problems – Reference.AllRefer.com
- “In Semipalatinsk, the local population was exposed to high levels of radioactivity from nuclear weapon tests for several decades…” – Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Nuclear test site – Nuclear-Risk.org
- Semipalatinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
- Radionuclide Contamination at Kazakhstan’s Semipalatinsk Test Site Implications on Human and Ecological Heath, by T.M. Carlsen, L.E. Peterson, B.A. Ulsh, C.A. Werner, K.L.Purvis, A.C. Sharber
- Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalatinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
- Plutonium and Uranium in Human Bones from Areas surrounding the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – NukeFreeTexas.org
- “Their research done on sample villages near the test site found cancer mortality rates 2-1/2 times greater than those in a control village. The agency says some 356,000 people face radiation risk, with 70 percent of those being descendants of exposed villagers…” – Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – The Christian Science Monitor
- Studies of Health Effects from Nuclear Testing near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site Kazakhstan, by Bernd Grosche, Tamara Zhunussova, Kazbek Apsalikov, Ausrele Kesminiene
- Information Report on Biological Studies Conducted At the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – IDOSI.org
- Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in the Semipalatinsk Historical Cohort, 1960 – 1999, and its Relationship to Radiation Exposure – Europe PubMed Central
- Slow Death of Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFRL.org
- The lasting toll of Semipalitinsk’s nuclear testing – TheBulletin.org
- External Doses of Residents near Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site – ResearchGate.net
1971 The United States Emergency Broadcast System is accidentally activated in an erroneous national alert.
1965 Ranger 8 crashes into the Moon after a successful mission of photographing possible landing sites for the Apollo program astronauts.
1962 Mercury program: While aboard Friendship 7, John Glenn becomes the first American to orbit the earth, making three orbits in four hours, 55 minutes.
1959 The Avro Arrow program to design and manufacture supersonic jet fighters in Canada is cancelled by the Diefenbaker government amid much political debate.
1956 The United States Merchant Marine Academy becomes a permanent Service Academy.
1952 Emmett Ashford becomes the first African-American umpire in organized baseball by being authorized to be a substitute umpire in the Southwestern International League.
1944 World War II: The United States takes Eniwetok Island.
1944 World War II: The “Big Week” began with American bomber raids on German aircraft manufacturing centers.
1943 The Saturday Evening Post publishes the first of Norman Rockwell‘s Four Freedoms in support of United States President Franklin Roosevelt‘s 1941 State of the Union address theme of Four Freedoms.
1943 The Parícutin volcano begins to form in Parícutin, Mexico.
1943 American movie studio executives agree to allow the Office of War Information to censor movies.
1942 Lieutenant Edward O’Hare becomes America’s first World War II flying ace.
1935 Caroline Mikkelsen becomes the first woman to set foot in Antarctica.
1933 Adolf Hitler secretly meets with German industrialists to arrange for financing of the Nazi Party‘s upcoming election campaign.
Adolf Hitler:
- Adolf Hitler – Wikipedia
- The Rise of Adolf Hitler – The History Place – historyplace.com
- ADOLF HITLER – history.com
- Adolf Hitler – Biography.com
- Adolf Hitler, by Jennifer Rosenberg – about.com
- Hitler Facts, by Jennifer Rosenberg – About education – about.com
- Adolf Hitler – Jewish Virtual Library
- Hitler Historical Museum – hitler.org
- ADOLF HITLER – adolfhitler.dk
- Adolf Hitler – Spartacus-educational.com
- Adolf Hitler Biography – imdb.com
- Adolf Hitler – encyclopedia.com
- Adolf Hitler – newencyclopedia.org
- Adolf Hitler Biography – who2.com
- Articles on Adolf Hitler – TMS Search
- Death of Adolf Hitler – Wikipedia
- Books related to Adolf Hitler – Amazon.com
Hitler and the German Industrialists:
- Secret Meeting of 20 February 1933 – Wikipedia
- Georg von Schnitzler über Hitlers Appell an führende deutsche Industrielle am 20. Februar 1933 (eidesstattliche Erklärung, 10. November 1945)
- COLLABORATION OF THE INDUSTRIALISTS IN REARMAMENT – Nazi Conspiracy & Aggression – The Nizkor Project – Nizkor.org
- KRUPPBOHLEN INVITED RESPECTFULLY TO A CONFERENCE IN THE HOUSE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REICHSTAG, FRIDRICHEBERTSTR [sic] ON MONDAY FEBRUARY 20TH 6 O’CLOCK AFTERNOON, DURING WHICH THE REICH CHANCELLOR WILL EXPLAIN HIS POLICIES. – Web.Archive.org
- CHAPTER SEVEN: Who Financed Adolf Hitler? – Reformed-Theology.org
- Nazi Germany – Fritz-Thyssen – Wikipedia
- For Nazi Industrialists And Hitler’s Banker “All Was Forgiven” ,by Tayler Durden – April 27, 2015 – RewRockwell.com
History of the Nazi Party:
- History – Nazi Party – Wikipedia
- The Nazis – about education – about.com
- Nazi Party is Formed – The Rise of Hitler – historyplace.com
- Nazi Party – Encyclopedia Britannica
- NAZI PARTY – NAZI PARTY VIDEOS – history.com
- The Nazi Party – historylearningsite.co.uk
- Nazi Party History – play.google.com
- YouTube video (7 min. 06 sec.): Brief History of Nazi Party (NASDAP) – in Colour
History of Nazi Germany:
- History of Nazi Germany – World War II History – 123HelpMe.com
- THE ORIGINS OF NAZISM – alphahistory.com
- Nazi Germany – Spartacus-educational.com
- Nazi Regime in Germany – Jewish Virtual Library
- Nazi Germany – history.co.uk
- Nazi Germany – An Austro-Historical Analysis – hiddenhistoryhumanity.com
- The Revisiting The Rise and the Fall of the Third Reich – smithsonianmag.com
- THE SS – history.com
- BLACK HISTORY IN NAZI GERMANY, A BRIEF HISTORY – aaregistry.org
- Nazi Germany Timeline – historyonthenet.com
- NAZI PARTY – history.com
- History – Nazi Germany – Wikipedia
- Nazi Germany – historylearningsite.co.uk
- Nazi Germany and the Jews 1933-1939 – Rise of the Nazis and Beginning of Persecution – Yadvashem.org
1933 The Congress of the United States proposes the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution that will end Prohibition in the United States.
1931 The Congress of the United States approves the construction of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge by the state of California.
1921 The Young Communist League of Czechoslovakia is founded.
1913 King O’Malley drives in the first survey peg to mark commencement of work on the construction of Canberra.
1909 Publication of the Futurist Manifesto in the French journal Le Figaro.
1901 The legislature of Hawaii Territory convenes for the first time.
History of Hawaii:
- History of Hawaii – Wikipedia
- History of Hawaii – gohawaii.com
- A brief history of Hawaii 300 AD – 1900
- The Hawaiian Historical Society – HawaiianHistory.org
- Hawaii – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- Hawaiian History – Destination360.com
- Hawaii – history.com
- Hawaii – Infoplease.com
- Hawaii History – HawaiiHistory.org
- History of Hawaii – HistoryOf.net
- Hawaii History – Hawaiian Roots – Hawaiian-Roots.com
- Polynesian Cultural Center – Polynesia.com
1877 Tchaikovsky‘s ballet Swan Lake receives its première performance at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.
Swan Lake:
- Swan Lake (Music) – YouTube videos
- Origins of Swan Lake story – Swan Lake – Wikipedia
- Swan Lake – Tchaikovsky Research – Tchaikovsky-Research.net
1873 The University of California opens its first medical school in San Francisco.
1872 In New York City the Metropolitan Museum of Art opens.
1865 End of the Uruguayan War, with a peace agreement between President Tomás Villalba and rebel leader Venancio Flores, setting the scene for the destructive War of the Triple Alliance.
1846 Polish insurgents lead an uprising in Kraków to incite a fight for national independence.
FEBRUARY 21
Today is the INTERNATIONAL MOTHER LANGUAGE DAY:
1995 Steve Fossett lands in Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada becoming the first person to make a solo flight across the Pacific Ocean in a balloon.
1975 Watergate scandal: Former United States Attorney General John N. Mitchell and former White House aides H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman are sentenced to prison.
Haldeman and Ehrlichman in the Watergate Scandal:
- “Former U.S. Attorney General John Mitchell and President Richard Nixon’s former top White House aides H.R. Bob Haldeman and John Ehrlichman were all convicted on this day of crimes related to the Watergate scandal. Mitchell was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury; Haldeman was convicted of conspiracy and obstruction of justice; and Ehrlichman was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury. They were sentenced to prison on February 21, 1975.” – January 1, 1975: Top Nixon Administration Officials Convicted of Watergate Conspiracy – TODAY IN CIVIL LIBERTY HISTORY – TodayInCLH.com
- Watergate Seven – Wikipedia
Watergate Scandal:
- Watergate scandal – Wikipedia
- WATERGATE SCANDAL – History.com
- WATERGATE SANDAL – Videos – History.com
- What Was The Watergate Scandal? – About.com
- What was Watergate? – Overview – Watergate.info
- Watergate scandal – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Watergate Scandal – UNITED STATES HISTORY – U-S-History.com
- THE WATERGATE SCANDAL – TIMLINE – The Washington Post – WashingtonPost.com
- Watergate Scandal Timeline – AuthenticHistory.com
Watergate Tapes:
- Watergate Collection – Miller Center – MillerCenter.org
- Watergate Tapes – Archived Posts – Watergate.info
- Richard M. Nixon – The Watergate Tapes – Berkeley.edu
- Watergate Tapes Online – The Washington Post
- Watergate-Related Tapes – For Researchers – Nixon Presidential Library & Museum – Nixon.Archives.gov
- Nixon White House Tapes – Online – Virtual Library – Nixon Presidential Library & Museum
- Watergate ‘18-Minute Gap’ May be Recovered – 06/17/02 – About.com
- Nixon 1973 Watergate Tapes – April 1, 1973 – C-SPAN
- Last batch of Nixon tapes on Watergate released, by Matt Smith – August 22, 2013 – CNN
- Audio & Transcripts – NixonTapes.org
- Watergate Tapes – Discogs.com
- Correcting the Historic Record – Watergate.com
- Watergate Tape: More Than 18 Minutes Of History Remain A Mystery (VIDEO) – 06/16/11 – Huffington Post
- Who erased 18 minutes of Nixon Watergate Tapes? – August 22, 2013 – CBS News
1974 The last Israeli soldiers leave the west bank of the Suez Canal pursuant to a truce with Egypt.
Yom Kippur War:
- YOM KIPPUR WAR – History.com
- Yom Kippur War – Israel’s War & Operations – Jewish Virtual Library
- The Yom Kippur War: Background & Overview (October 1973) – Jewish Virtual Library
- The Yom Kippur War – MYTHS & FACTS – A Guide to the Arab-Israel Conflict – Jewish Virtual Library
- “The Yom Kippur War of 1973, the most recent ‘full’ war in Middle East history, is so-called because it began on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), the holiest day of prayer and fasting in the Jewish calendar. The Yom Kippur War is also known as the October War. At the time of Yom Kippur, Israel was led by Golda Meir and Egypt by Anwar Sadat.” – The Yom Kippur War of 1973 – The History Learning Site – HistoryLearningSite.co.uk
- Arab-Israel Wars – The 1973-74 War (The Yom Kippur War) – Infoplease.com
- Yom Kippur War – Middle East [1973] – Encyclopedia Britannica
- The 1973 Yom Kippur War – ADL.org
- The Yom Kippur War (1973) – YnetNews.com
- 1973 October War (Yom Kippur War) – Egyptian Front – Mid East Maps
Yom Kippur War and the US Policy:
- “This collection highlights the causes and consequences of US Intelligence Community’s (IC) failure to foresee the October 1973 Arab-Israeli War, also known as the October War or the Yom Kippur War. A coalition of Arab nations led by Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel on October 6, the day of Yom Kippur.” – President Nixon and the Role of Intelligence in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War – Library – CIA
- The October War and US Policy – Yom-Kippur-1973.info
- US Foreign Policy in the Yom Kippur War, 1973 – About.com
- Declassified documents reveal failure of Yom Kippur War – YnetNews.com
Yom Kippur War and the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs:
- Yom Kippur War (October 1973) – Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- 1973 Yom Kippur War: Day by Day – Israel Defense Forces
- Yom Kippur War – The Israel Forever Foundation
- Israel, Nuclear Weapons and the 1973 Yom Kippur War – Arms Control Wonk
- The Yom Kippur War – 1973 – ThenAgain.info
- What was the course [sic] of the 1973 Yom Kippur War? – PalestineFacts.org
- What was the result of the Yom Kippur War? – PalestineFacts.org
Timeline of the Yom Kippur War:
- Timeline of Yom Kippur War – JTA.org
- A timeline of the events of the Yom Kippur War – Jweekly.com
- Timeline: Israeli Intelligence, Espionage and Covert Operations – From 1968 to the Yom Kippur War (1973) – Zionism-Israel.com
- Suez Canal Timeline – AbsoluteAstronomy.com
1972 Over the Sinai Desert, Israeli fighter aircraft shoot down Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 jet killing 108.
1972 The Soviet unmanned spaceship Luna 20 lands on the Moon.
1972 United States President Richard Nixon visits the People’s Republic of China to normalize Sino-American relations.
Richard Nixon:
- Richard Nixon – Wikipedia
- Richard M. Nixon – whitehouse.gov
- RICHARD M. NIXON – history.com
- Richard Nixon – biography.com
- Richard Nixon – Encyclopedia Britannica
- RICHARD NIXON FOUNDATON – Nixonfoundation.org
Nixon’s Visit to People’s Republic of China:
- 1972 Nixon visit to China – Wikipedia
- Nixon’s Trip to China, by Willian Burr – posted December 11, 2003 – The National Security Archive – GWU.edu
- Nixon’s China Visit Marked Turning Point in Sino-American Relations, by William Ide – February 22, 2012 – Voice of America – VOANews.com
- Record of Historic Richard Nixon-Zhou Enlai Talks in February 1972 Now Declassified – GWU.edu
- Nixon – General Article: Foreign Policy – AMERICAN EXPERIENCE – PBS.org
Sino-US Relations:
- Normalization – China-United States relations – Wikipedia
- Why Did China Normalize Relations With The United States in 1972? – Vuntz Domain – Vnutz.com
- US Relations With China – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- Uncoiling the Modern Sino-American Relationship, by Amanda McAtee – January 2012 – UNLV.edu
- China’s Elite Politics and Sino-American Rapprochement, January 1969-February 1972, by Yafeng Xia – From: Journal of Cold War Studies Volume 8, – Number 4, Fall 2006 – pp. 3-28 – MUSE.JHU.edu
- Sino-US Relations – Documents – Academia.edu
- China: Sino-American Relations – CountryStudies.us
- Sino-US Relations – Relevant Articles – HuffingtonPost.com
- Sino-US Relations – EssaysForStudent.com
1971 The Convention on Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna.
- Text of the Convention on Psychotropic Substance – UNODC – pdf
- List of controlled psychotropic substances – Convention on Psychotropic Substances – Wikipedia
1965 Malcolm X is assassinated at the Audubon Ballroom in New York City.
Malcolm X:
- Biography – MALCOLM X – MalcolmX.com
- MALCOLM X – History.com
- Malcolm X – Civil Rights Activist, minister – Biography.com
- Malcolm X- About education – About.com
Assassination of Malcolm X:
- FEB 21, 1965: THIS DAY IN HISTORY – Malcolm X assassinated – History.com
- Malcolm X Shot to Death at Rally Here, by Peter Kihss – February 22, 1065 – The New York Times – NYTimes.com
- Malcolm X’s death froze separatist image in time – February 19, 2015 – USAToday.com
- Recalling The Assassination of Malcolm X – TheSmokingGun.com
1963 US performs nuclear test (atmospheric) at Nevada Test Site.
Atmospheric Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site:
Atmospheric/High-altitude Nuclear Explosion Testing:
- Atmospheric nuclear explosion – Wikipedia
- High-altitude nuclear explosions, by Wm Robert Johnston – JohnstonsArchive.net
- “Atmospheric testing refers to explosions which take place in the atmosphere.” – TYPES OF NUCLEA WEAPONS TESTS – CTBTO.org
- US Atmospheric Nuclear Test Page – Nuclear Weapons – Zvis.com
US Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- The Cold War – AtomCentral.com
Nevada Test Site:
- NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
- NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
- Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
- Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
- Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
- Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
- NUKE TESTING in NEVADA – Archure.net
- ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
- 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
- Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- The Nuclear Matters Handbook
Nuclear Weapons and the United States:
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
- US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
- 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
- US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State
1958 The peace symbol, commissioned by Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in protest against the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment, is designed and completed by Gerald Holtom.
Peace Symbol:
- The Origin of Peace Symbol – DocsPopuli.org
- Keep the Peace: A History of the Peace Sign – Atlas Space and Place
- Articles about the Peace Symbol – HartfortCourant.com
1952 The Bengali Language Movement protests occur at the University of Dhaka in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
1952 The British government, under Winston Churchill, abolishes identity cards in the UK to “set the people free”.
Identity Cards and the UK:
- Identity cards in Britain: past experience and policy implications, by Jon Ager – 04 November 2005 – Policy Papers – History & Policy – HistoryAndPolicy.org
- Identity cards in UK – a lesson from history – StateWatch.org
- Identity document – Wikipedia
- Identity Cards Act of 2006 – Wikipedia
1948 NASCAR is incorporated.
History of NASCAR:
- THIS DAY IN HISTORY: FEB 21, 1948: NASCAR founded – history.com
- History – NASCAR – Wikipedia
- History of NASCAR – nascar.com
- History of NASCAR – about sports – about.com
- NASCAR History “The Beginning” – decadesofracing.net
- A BRIEF HISTORY OF NASCAR – nascarnation.us
- A Brief History of Nascar: From Moonshine Runners to Dale Earnhardt Jr. – by Meridith Levinson – FEB 1, 2006 – cio.com
- NASCAR HISTORY – WINS – cbssports.com
- A TIMELINE OF NASCAR – nascar.com
1947 In New York City, Edwin Land demonstrates the first “instant camera“, the Polaroid Land Camera, to a meeting of the Optical Society of America.
1945 World War II: Japanese kamikaze planes sink the escort carrier USS Bismarck Sea and damage the USS Saratoga.
1937 The League of Nations bans foreign national “volunteers” in the Spanish Civil War.
1921 The New Yorker publishes its first issue.
1921 Rezā Shāh takes control of Tehran during a successful coup
1921 Constituent Assembly of the Democratic Republic of Georgia adopts the country’s first constitution.
Democratic Republic of Georgia and Its First Constitution:
- Background – Democratic Republic of Georgia – Wikipedia
- A Restrospective on the 1921 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, by George Papusashvili – May 09, 2012 – Fed-Soc.org
History of Georgia (country):
- History of Georgia (country) – Wikipedia
- Georgia – History – Infoplease.com
- Georgia – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- History of Georgia – Tripod.com
- Learning about Georgia’s Facts and History – Georgia.gov
- Country of Georgia History – Archaeolink.com
- Georgia – Sak’art’velo – Background – NationalOnline.org
- Georgia – History – FactMonster.com
- Georgia – EveryCulture.com
- Origins of the Georgian nation – Georgia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Georgia country profile – Overview – BBC
- History of Georgia – Wow.com
Democracy and Georgia:
- Democracy Index – Wikipedia
- Rule of Law – Democracy and Human Rights – UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, and the Human Rights of Georgia
- George: Flickering Beacon of Democracy – Human Rights in Georgia in 2007, by Human Rights Centre (HRIDC) – pdf
Georgia:
- GEORGIA – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Georgia – UN Data
- Georgia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Georgia – Infoplease.com
- Georgia country profile – Overview – BBC
Foreign Relations of Georgia:
- Foreign relations of Georgia – Wikipedia
- US Relations with Georgia – US Department of State
- Georgia – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- Relations between Turkey and Georgia – REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Economy of Georgia:
- Economy of Georgia (country) – Wikipedia
- Georgia – Overview – WORLD BANK
- Georgia – Data – WORLD BANK
- Georgia – Economy – Asian Development Bank – ADB.org
- Georgia – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia
- Georgia – Economy – Infoplease.com
1919 German socialist Kurt Eisner is assassinated. His death results in the establishment of the Bavarian Soviet Republic and parliament and government fleeing Munich, Germany.
1918 The last Carolina parakeet dies in captivity at the Cincinnati Zoo.
1916 World War I: In France, the Battle of Verdun begins.
Battle of Verdun:
- BATTLE OF VERDUN – History.com
- Battle: First phase, 21 February – March 1 – Battle of Verdun – Wikipedia
- Battle of Verdun, 21 February-18 December 1916 – HistoryOfWar.org
- The Battle of Verdun, 1916 – FirstWorldWar.com
- The Battle of Verdun – the greatest battle ever – Wereldoorlog1418.nl
- The Battle of Verdun, by Robert Wilde – About education – About.com
- Battle of Verdun: 21 February 1916 – July 1916 – History – BBC
- The Battle of Verdun – THE GREAT WAR – PBS.org
- Battle of Verdun – 1916 – Maps of World – MapsOfWorld.com
- Battle of Verdun – Timeline – TimeToast.com, or the same webpage on the beta version.
1913 Ioannina is incorporated into the Greek state after the Balkan Wars.
Ioannina:
- History – Ioannina – Wikipedia
- IOANNINA – Greece.com
- Epirus – Wikipedia
- Ioannina – History – LonelyPlaent.com
- History of Ioannina – TravelPage.gr
- Ioánnina – Infoplease.com
- Ioannina – VisitGreece.gr
Greek State:
- Greece in the Balkan Wars – Wikipedia
- Cretan State – Wikipedia
- Treaty of Bucharest, August 10, 1913 – MTHOLYOKE.edu
Modern History of Greece:
- History of modern Greece – Wikipedia
- HISTORY OF MODERN GREECE, by S. Petmezas – MinPress.gr – pdf
- History of modern Greece – In2Greece.com
- History of modern Greece – MLAHANAS.de
- Greece – History – Infoplease.com
Balkan Wars:
First Balkan War:
- Balkan Wars – Wikipedia
- Balkan Wars – Encyclopedia Britannica
- First Balkan War 1912 – NZHistory.net.nz
- First Balkan War – HellenicaWorld.com
- The First Balkan War 1912-1913 – ThenAgain.info
- Balkan Military History – BalkanHistory.com
- TCA Fact Sheet: The 1912-1913 Balkan Wars – Turkish Coalition of America – TC-America.org
- “In Macedonia, the Serbian army defeated the Turks at Kumanovo that enabled it to join forces with the Montenegrins and enter Skopje. Meanwhile, the Greeks occupied Salonika and advanced on Ioánnina. In Albania, the Montenegrins besieged Shkodër, and the Serbs entered Durrës.” – The First Balkan War – Balkan Military History
Second Balkan War:
- Second Balkan War – Wikipedia
- Second Balkan War – June 16, 1917 – July 18, 1913 – THE GREAT WAR – WordPress.com
- Post Tagged: ‘Second Balkan War’ – The Treaty of Bucharest, August 10, 1913 – THE GREAT WAR – WordPress.com
- 2nd Balkan War – Years: 1913-1913 – The Polynational War Memorial – War-Memorial.net
- SECOND BALKAN WAR – Tumblr.com
- Second Balkan War – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Second Balkan War – YouTube video (1 min. 18 sec.)
- World War I Centennial: The Second Balkan War Begins – MentalFloss.com
- The First and Second Balkan Wars 1912-1913 – Questa.com
1896 An Englishman raised in Australia, Bob Fitzsimmons, fought an Irishman, Peter Maher, in an American promoted event which technically took place in Mexico, winning the 1896 World Heavyweight Championship in boxing.
1885 The newly completed Washington Monument is dedicated.
1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto.
The Communist Manifesto:
- Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels – Authorized English Translation – Edited and Annotated by Friedrich Engels – SLP.org – pdf
- Communist Manifesto Summary – GradeSaver.com
- Communist Manifesto Summary – Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx – Enotes.com
- The Comnunst Manifesto – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels – Summary – SparkNotes.com
Karl Marx:
- Thought – Karl Marx – Wikipedia
- KARL MARX – History.com
- Karl Marx – About education – About.com
- Karl Marx – Biography.com
- Karl Marx, 1818-1883 – The History Guide – HistoryGuide.org
- Karl Marx – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Stanford.edu
- Karl Marx – Encyclopedia Britannica
Friedrich Engels:
- Ideological legacy – Friedrich Engels – Wikipedia
- ENGELS, FRIEDRICH – Encyclopedia.com
- Friedrich Engels – Philosophers – Trincoll.edu
- Friedrich Engels – Spartacus-Educational.com
- Friedrich Engels – Encyclopedia Britannica
1808 Without a previous declaration of war, Russian troops cross the border to Sweden at Abborfors in eastern Finland, thus beginning the Finnish War, in which Sweden will lose the eastern half of the country (i.e. Finland) to Russia.
1804 The first self-propelling steam locomotive makes its outing at the Pen-y-Darren Ironworks in Wales.
1613 Mikhail I is unanimously elected Tsar by a national assembly, beginning the Romanov dynasty of Imperial Russia.
1543 Battle of Wayna Daga – A combined army of Ethiopian and Portuguese troops defeats a Muslim army led by Ahmed Gragn.
1440 The Prussian Confederation is formed.
FEBRUARY 22
2015 A ferry carrying 100 passengers capsizes in the Padma River, killing 70 people.
2014 President Viktor Yanukovych of Ukraine is impeached by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine by a vote of 328–0, fulfilling a major goal of the Euromaidan rebellion.
Victor Yanukovych and His impeachment:
- Removal from presidency – Victor Yanukovych – Wikipedia
- “Abandoned by his own guards and reviled across the Ukrainian capital but still determined to recover his shredded authority, President Viktor F. Yanukovych fled Kiev on Friday night to denounce what he called a violent coup, as his official residence, his vast, colonnaded office complex and other once impregnable centers of power fell without a fight to throngs of joyous citizens stunned by their triumph.” – Archrival Is Freed as Ukraine Leader Flees, by Andrew Higgins and Andrew E. Kramer – Feb. 22, 2014 – The New York Times – NYTimes.com
- Ukraine: Tymoshenko freed as president denounces ‘coup’ – 22 February as it happened – Feb. 22, 2014 – TheGuardian.com
2012 A train crash in Buenos Aires, Argentina, kills 51 people and injures 700 others.
2011 Bahraini uprising: Tens of thousands of people march in protest against the deaths of seven victims killed by police and army forces during previous protests.
February 22, 2011 in the Bahraini Uprising:
- Bahrain Protests: More Than 100,000 March Through Capital As Helicopters Circle Overhead – 02/22/2011 – HuffingtonPost.com
- Protest in Bahrain Become a Test of Wills, by Michael Slackman and Nadim Audifeb – February 22, 2011 – New York Times – NYTimes.com
- Songs of the Revolution: A Bahrain Website Mixes Music and Activism, by Aryn Baker – Tuesday, Feb. 22, 2011 – TIME
- Muammar Gaddafi Speech 22 February 2011, by Press TV – Archive.org
- The Long Arm of British Colonialism in Bahrain – February 22, 2011 – LAROCHEPAC.com
Bahraini Uprising of 2011:
- Background – Bahraini Uprising of 2011 – Wikipedia
- Arab Spring country by county – Bahrain – BBC
- Bahrain and Arab Spring – ISReview.com
- Bahrain: The Revolution That Wasn’t, by Kelly McEvers – January 05, 2012 – NPR.org
- Away from Egypt, Bahrain’s Own Arab Spring Uprising Heats Up, by Charlie Nyathi – Aug. 14, 2013 – TIME.com
- Bahrain Uprising – Pertinent Articles – The Huffington Post – HuffingtonPost.com
- Bahrain Uprising in Numbers, by Rennie Amiri – Antiwar.com
Arab Spring:
- Impact of the Arab Spring – Wikipedia
- Arab Spring: A Research & Study Guide – Cornell University Library – Cornell.edu
- What is the Arab Spring? – Middle East Uprisings in 2011 – About.com
- Arab Spring – Infoplease.com
- Definition of the Arab Spring – About.com
- The Arab Spring: A Year of Revolution – NPR.org
- Arab Spring – Encyclopedia Britannica
- The Arab Spring, made in Tunisia, broken in Egypt – January 16, 2014 – TheGuardian.com
- Who are the winners and losers of the Arab Spring? – 12 November 2014 – BBC
- The Arab Spring: The Root Causes? , by Hamze Abbas Jamoul – Almanar.com.lb
- The Arab Spring Descends into Islamist Winter: Implications for US Policy, by James Philips – December 2012 – Heiratage.org
- Arab spring: an interactive timeline of Middle East protests – March 22, 2011 – TheGuardian.com
- The Real Big Winner of the Arab Spring, by Gabriel Scheinmann – October 2013 – TheTower.org
- Timeline: The Major Events in the Arab Spring – NPR.org
- Timeline of the Arab Spring – Wikipedia
Arab Spring and the CIA:
- It’s Official: “Arab Spring” Subversion US Funded – April 15, 2011 – Infowars.com
- The CIA’s Fake “Arab Spring” Becoming A Long, Hot Summer Of War, by Webster G. Tarpley, Ph.D. – June 20, 2011 – TARPLEY.net
- THE ARAB SPRING CONSPIRACY – Sunday, December 25, 2011 – AANGIRFAN
- The Arab Spring and the CIA – One Year on, by Dylan Evans – 01/02/2012 – The Huffington Post – HuffingtonPost.co.uk
- Did the CIA Miss the Arab Spring, by Servando Gonzalez – 02/16/12, or the same article on this site IntelliHub.com
- The Hijacked Arab Spring, by Ali Baghdadi – March 16, 2012 – The Final Call – FinalCall.com
- WITNESS TO HOULA, CIA’S ARAB SPRING – Monday, June 04, 2012 – AANGIRFAN
- The CIA-MI6-Mossad Brotherhood Trick Egypt With Muslim Trojan Horse, by Saman Mohammadi – Monday, June 25, 2012 – Infowars.com
- The “Arab Spring”, the CIA, and Censorship – The I-Revolution Series on CNN, and the Control of “News Media” as Propaganda – Sept 10, 2012 – Archive.org
- CIA warned Tunisian officials about murder of opposition politician – September 23, 2013 – IntelNews.org
- CIA Made the Arab Spring, by JC MacQueen – Thursday, 03 October 2013 – ReadersSupportedNews.org
- The CIA Role in the Arab Spring – January 18, 2014 – THE MOST REVOLUTIONARY ACT
- 2011 ARAB SPRING AND THE CIA – November 7, 2015 – GrondaMorin.com
- Arab Spring = CIA Construct? – HubPages.com
- In director and the CIA He plans to the Arab Spring since 2006: YouTube video (2min. 09 sec.)
- Noam Chomsky | Emerging World Order and the Arab Spring: YouTube video (1 h. 01 min. 05 sec.)
- Other Pertinent YouTube videos on the Arab Spring and the CIA
Arab Spring and Al-Qaeda:
- “The Arab spring has “delighted al-Qaida” and caused “an intelligence disaster” for the US and Britain, the former head of the CIA unit in charge of pursuing Osama bin Laden has warned.” – Arab Spring created ‘intelligence disaster’, warns former CIA boss – Sunday, 28 August 2011 – TheGuardian.com
- The Arab Spring and its Influence on Al-Qa ̀ida – May 22, 2012 – COBATING TERRORISM CENTER – USMA.edu
- The Arab Spring and al-Qaeda’s Peripheral Infiltration: A Tour d’Horizon, by Michael Shkolnik – June 25, 2012 – pdf – UNAC.org
- Al-Qaeda’s Response to the Arab Spring, by Donald Holbrook – RESPECTIVES ON TERRORISM – Vol.6, No. 6 – TerrorismAnalysts.com
- Thomas Joscelyn: Al-Qaeda and the Arab Spring – January 11, 2013 – NationalPost.com
- The Gift: How the Arab Spring turned out to be a win for al Qaeda. , by Marc Lynch – August 8, 2013 – ForeignPolicy.com
- How the Arab Spring Unleased Al Qaeda – January 7, 2014 – CounterJihadReport.com
- Former CIA official cists agency’s failure to see al-Qaeda’s rebound – by Greg Miller – May 3, 2015 – The Washington Post – WashigtonPost.com
- ARAB SPRING AND THE AL QAEDA: PETER BERGEN – Peter Bergen al Qaeda Interview Full Text – August 17, 2011 – WealthVest.com
- ‘Arab Spring was really a spring for al-Qaeda’ – OPINION – 17 May 2015 – Aljazera.com
- Book: Al-Qaeda and the Arab Spring: An Ideological Assessment, by Naval Postgraduate School – published by CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform – July 2014 – ISBN-10: 1500578436; ISBN-13: 978-1500578435
- Some Pertinent YouTube videos on the Arab Spring and Al-Qaeda
Arab Spring and Israel:
- What The Arab Spring Means For Israel and Palestine – June 16, 2011 – NPR.org
- Israel and the Arab Spring, by Lucy kurtzer-Ellenbogen – May 3, 2011 – United States Institute for Peace – ISIP.org
- Israel in the Wake of the Arab Spring: Seizing Opportunities, Overcoming Challenges, by Elle Podeh and Nimrod Goren – May 2013 – pdf – 2013.PresidentConf.org.il
- Arab Spring, Arab Storm: Implications for Israel, by Dan Schueftan and Michael Singh – October 24, 2011 – The Washington Institute – WashingtonInstute.org
- Israel’s Palestine Arab Spring, by Kent Bolton – May 16, 2011 – Hydrablog.CSUSM.edu
- Israel and the Arab Spring, by Jonathan Freedland and Daniel Levy; Chair by Yossi Mekelberg – 12 December 2011 – pdf – ChatmanHouse.org
- Is the Arab Spring Israel’s Winter? , by Menachem Klein – Vol. 18, No. 1, 2012 – PALESTINE-ISRAEL JOURNAL – PIJ.org
- Arab Spring Israeli Summer, by Richard Rabkin – AISH.com
- Israel and the Arab Spring – 12/19/2012 – The Jerusalem Post – JPost.com
- Arab Spring and the Israeli enemy – Saturday, 6 October 2012 – ArabNews.com
- Israel and the Arab Spring – The Israeli Institute for Regional Foreign Policies – MITVIM.org.il
- The Arab Spring Arrives Israel’s Doorstep – September 22, 2014 – HonestReporting.com
- 5 Arab Spring Opportunities for Israel – 06.20.13 – The Daily Beast – TheDailyBeast.com
- Arab Spring, Israeli Isolation, by Richard Yavad Heydarian – October 13, 2011 – Foreign Policy In Focus – FPIF.org
- Arab-Israeli Conflict & Arab Spring – The Embassy of Israel to the United States
- Why the Arab Spring Failed: Choosing survival over chaos – Haaretz.com
- Egyptian play suggests Mossad behind the Arab Spring – 02/16/2014 – The Jerusalem Post – JPost.com
- Egyptian Play Blames Mossad for Arab Spring, by Elad Benari – 2/17/2014 – IsraelNationalNews.com
- THE REAL ARAB SPRING IS HAPPENING IN ISRAEL, by Adam Lebor – 4/13/2015 – Newsweek.com
- “Let me remind you that the main consequence if the Arab Spring from Israel’s perspective has been the loss of its main ally in the region, Hosni Mubarrak. Another big result was the flow of Islamic extremists to Syria. Most of all, it’s shifted the world’s attention from the Irani nuclear situation, which is a big issue for Israel. ” – What has been Mossad involvement in the Arab Spring, by Gil Eyal – Quora.com
- “Former Mossad chief Meir Dagan doubted the ‘Arab Spring’ Tuesday and said a Sunni government could succeed that of Syrian President Bashar Assad, which may inhibit Hezbollah.” – Dagan doubts the Arab Spring, by Yaov Zitun – 06.21.11 – YNetNews.com
2011 New Zealand’s second deadliest earthquake strikes Christchurch, killing 185 people.
2006 At least six men stage Britain’s biggest robbery, stealing £53m (about $92.5 million or €78 million) from a Securitas depot in Tonbridge, Kent.
2002 Angolan political and rebel leader Jonas Savimbi is killed in a military ambush.
Jonas Savimbi:
- Death – Jonas Savimbi – Wikipedia
- Jonas Savimbi, Angloa Rebel Leader, is Dead – (Saturday, February 23, 2002) – Nigeria Master News Report – NigeriaMasterWeb.com
- Jonas Savimbi – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Jonas Malheiro Savimbi, a despoiler of Angola, died on February 22nd, aged 67 – Jonas Savimbi – Feb 28th 2002 – The Economist – Economist.com
Angola:
- Angola – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Angola – UN Data
- Angola – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Angola – Infoplease.com
- Angola – All Africa – AllAfrica.com
- News from Angola – WN.com
- Angola country profile – Overview – BBC
Foreign Relations of Angola:
- Foreign relations of Angola – Wikipedia
- Angola – Foreign Relations – GlobalSecurity.org
- Angola – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- Angola-Portugal relations – Wikipedia
- Angola-United States relations – Wikipedia
- US Relations with Angola – US Department of State
- US foreign policy in Angola – The Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archive – Georgetown.edu
- Embassy of the Republic of Angola in Washington D C
Angola and the United Nations:
- Permanent Mission of the Republic of Angola to the United Nations
- Permanent Mission of Angola to the United Nations Office and other international organizations in Geneva
History of Angola:
- History of Angola – Wikipedia
- Angola – History – CountryStudies.us
- HISTORY OF ANGOLA – HistoryWorld.net
- Angola – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- Angola – History – Infoplease.com
- A Brief History of Angola – Part 1 – About.com
- Colonial history of Angola – Wikipedia
- History & Politics – Angola – Our-Africa.org
- “Intonations tells the story of how Angola’s urban residents in the late colonial period (roughly 1945-74) used music to talk back to their colonial oppressors and, more importantly, to define what it meant to be Angolan and what they hoped to gain from independence. Author Marissa J. Moorman presents a social and cultural history of the relationship between Angolan culture and politics.” Intonations, by Marissa J. Moorman, published by Ohio University Press, 2008 – JHU.edu – pdf downloadable
- Angola Timeline – WorldAtlas.com
- Angola Timeline — Prehistory to Present Day – About.com
- Angola profile – Timeline – BBC
Economy of Angola:
- Economy of Angola – Wikipedia
- Economy – Angola – Embassy of Angola in Washington D.C.
- Angola – Economy – Infoplease.com
- Angola – Economy – An oil-transformed economy – Our-Africa.org
- Angola – WORLD BANK
- Angola – Data – WORLD BANK
- Angola – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
1997 In Roslin, Scotland, scientists announce that an adult sheep named Dolly has been successfully cloned.
Cloned Sheep Dolly:
- 22 February 1997: ON THIS DAY: Dolly sheep is cloned – BBC
- DOLLY THE SHEEP – ROSALIN – Rosalin.ed.ac.uk
- Cloning Dolly the sheep – AnimalResearch.info
- Dolly the Sheep – Science Daily – ScienceDaily.com
- Dolly – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Dolly and the Clone Wars – NVCC.edu
- How Cloning Works – Dolly – HowStuffWorks.com
1995 The Corona reconnaissance satellite program, in existence from 1959 to 1972, is declassified.
1994 Aldrich Ames and his wife are charged by the United States Department of Justice with spying for the Soviet Union.
1986 Start of the People Power Revolution in the Philippines.
Philippines’ People Power Revolution of 1986:
- Background – People Power Revolution – Wikipedia
- THE EDSA I: 1986 PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION (22-25 February 1986) – NIU.edu
- EDSA Revolution of 1986 – WikiPilipinas.org
- PEOPLE POWER IN THE PHILIPPINES – FragmentsWeb.org
- Philippines: People Power against the Philippine Dictator- 1986, by Nicole Kay & Daryl Holthoff – Prezi.com
- EDSA, Elsewhere : The 1986 People Power Revolution – Gov.ph
- The Philippines “Edsa Revolution” February 22 1986 – YouTube video (6 min. 15 sec.)
- People-Power–The-1986-Philippines-EDSA-Revolution – YouTube video (9 min. 57 sec.)
- PEOPLE’S POWER REVOLUTION – PHLIPPINES, 1986 – YouTube video (2 min. 47 sec.)
- The Philippines’ People Power revolution wins new victory, by Ken Butigan – February 28, 2013 – Waging Nonviolence – WagingNonviolence.org
- My unforgettable People Power-EDSA, I experienced, by Letters to the Editor – Phil Star GLOBAL – PhilStar.com
Timelines of the People Power Revolution:
- 1986 – Timeline of the People Power Revolution – Wikipedia
- A Detailed Timeline of Events of the 1986 People Power Revolution – The 1986 People Power Revolution
- TIMELINE OF THE PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION – isnare.com
- Edsa People Power Revolution – timerime.com
- EDSA PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION CHRONOLOGY: EDSA DAY 1: February 22, 1986; EDSA DAY 2: February 23, 1986; EDSA DAY 3: February 24, 1986; EDSA DAY 4: February 25, 1986.
1979 Independence of Saint Lucia from the United Kingdom.
Independence of Saint Lucia:
- St Lucia’s Independence Day – US Department of State
- Decolonization in St Lucia: Politics and Global Neoliberalism, 1945–2010 , by Tennyson S. D. Joseph – Publication Year: 2011 – Project Muse – JHU.edu
- Saint Lucia Independence – StLucia.org
- Saint Lucia – Inspired by Independence, by Toni Nicholas – February 18, 2013 – St. Lucia Star – StLuciaStar.com
History of Saint Lucia:
- History of Saint Lucia – Wikipedia
- History – Saint Lucia – All About Saint Lucia – AllAboutSaintLucia.com
- History of Saint Lucia – Geographia.com
- History of Saint Lucia, by Lorri Brown – Nov.6, 2007 – Suite.io
- History – St Lucia – LonelyPlanet.com
Saint Lucia:
- Saint Lucia – COUNTRIES of the WORLD – Theodora.com
- Saint Lucia – FactBook.org
- Saint Lucia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Saint Lucia – Culture – EveryCulture.com
- Saint Lucia – UN Data – UN.org
Foreign Relations of Saint Lucia:
- Foreign relations of Saint Lucia – Wikipedia
- Saint Lucia-United States relations – Wikipedia
- EU relations with Saint-Lucia – EEAS.europa.eu
- St Lucia – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- Review of External Relations Policy of St. Lucia – SaintLuciaConsulatency.org – pdf
- List of diplomatic missions of Saint Lucia – Wikipedia
- List of diplomatic missions in Saint Lucia – Wikipedia
Economy of Saint Lucia:
- Economy of Saint Lucia – Wikipedia
- Saint Lucia – Data – THE WORLD BANK
- Saint Lucia – Country Summary – WORLD BANK GROUP FINANCIES
- Saint Lucia – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- Saint Lucia – Economy – Overview – COUNTRIES of the WORLD – Theodora.com
- The Economy of Saint Lucia – WorldMapMaker.com
- Economy of Saint Lucia – One St. Lucia – 1SLU.com
1974 Samuel Byck tries and fails to assassinate US President Richard Nixon.
1974 The Organization of the Islamic Conference summit begins in Lahore, Pakistan. Thirty-seven countries attend and twenty-two heads of state and government participate. It also recognizes Bangladesh.
Organization of the Islamic Conference (= Organization of the Islamic Cooperation):
- The Organization of the Islamic Conference, by Toni Johnson – June 29, 2010 – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- Member states of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation – Wikipedia
- Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation (formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference) – Official Site
- Organisation of Islamic Cooperation – Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations in New York
- Permanent Delegation of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation to the United Nations Offices in Geneva & Paris
- NGO Law Monitor: Organization of Islamic Cooperation – The International Center for Not-for-Profit-Law – INCL.org
- Charter of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference – Comcec.org – pdf
- History of the Organization of the Islamic Cooperation – OIC-OCI.org
1973 Cold War: Following President Richard Nixon‘s visit to the People’s Republic of China, the two countries agree to establish liaison offices. Cold War: Following President Richard Nixon‘s visit to the People’s Republic of China, the two countries agree to establish liaison offices.
United States-China Relations:
- China-United States relations – Wikipedia
- Foreign Affairs in the Nixon Era – LOC.gov
- US-China Relations since 1949 – Columbia.edu
- CHRONOLOGY US-CHINA RELATIONS. 1784-2000 – OFFICE of the HISTORIAN – US Department of State
- US Relations With China – US Department of State
- United States and China During the Cold War, by Warren I. Cohen – GilderLerhman.org
- The Complicated History of US Relations with China – October 11, 2012 – The Heritage Foundation – Heritage.org
- To Understand China’s foreign policy, Look to World War II, by Rana Mitter – Posted 8 Apr 2013 – The Drum – ABC.net.au
1972 The Official Irish Republican Army detonates a car bomb at Aldershot barracks, killing seven and injuring nineteen others.
Official Republic Army:
- Official Irish Republican Army – Web.stanford.edu
- Definitions for official irish republican army – Definitions.net
- The split of the Republican movement, 1969-1970 – Official Republican Army – Wikipedia
Aldershot Bombing of February 1972:
- Aldershot bombing – Wikipedia
- OFFICERS’ MESS, ALDERSHOT (EXPLOSION) – Hansard.MillBankSystems.com
- A Chronology of Conflict – 1972 – Ulst.ac.uk
- Aldershot Barracks: IRA bombing 40th anniversary marked – 22 February 2012 – BBC
1958 Egypt and Syria join to form the United Arab Republic.
Unite Arab Republic:
- Origins – United Arab Republic – Wikipedia
- United Arab Republic (U.A.R) – Encyclopedia Britannica
- United Arab Republic – Encyclopedia.com
- United Arab Republic – Infoplease.com
- Commemorating United Arab Republic – 22 Feb 2013 – Aljazeera.om
1957 Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam survives a communist shooting assassination attempt in Buôn Ma Thuột.
1948 Communist revolution in Czechoslovakia.
Communist Revolution in Czechoslovakia of 1948:
- Background – 1948 Czechoslovak coup d’état – Wikipedia
- History of Czechoslovakia (1948-89) – Wikipedia
- How Czechoslovakia Became Communist – Columbia.edu
- THE CZECHOSLOVAKAI COUP – The Cold War Museum – ColdWar.org
- Life during the communist era in Czechoslovakia, by Tracy A Burns – Private-Prague-Guide.com
1944 World War II: The Soviet Red Army recaptures Krivoi Rog.
Krivoi Rog Offensive:
- Nikopol-Krivoi Rog offensive – Wikipedia
- KRIVOI ROG – Jewish Virtual Library
- Nikopol-Krivoi Rog offensive completed – 29 February 1944 – PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY – PriLib.ru
- Order of the Day – February 22, 1944 – J.V. Stalin – Marxists.org
- Krivoi Rog – TheFreeDictionary.com
1944 World War II: American aircraft mistakenly bomb the Dutch towns of Nijmegen, Arnhem, Enschede and Deventer, resulting in 800 dead in Nijmegen alone.
1943 World War II: Members of the White Rose resistance, Sophie Scholl, Hans Scholl, and Christoph Probst are executed in Nazi Germany.
White Rose:
- Feb 22, 1943: White Rose Members Executed – TEACHING A PEOPLE’S HISTORY – ZINN EDUCATION PROJECT – ZinnEduProject.org
- “The White Rose (German: die Weiße Rose) was a non-violent, intellectual resistance group in Nazi Germany, consisting of students from the University of Munich and their philosophy professor. The group became known for an anonymous leaflet and graffiti campaign, lasting from June 1942 until February 1943, that called for active opposition to dictator Adolf Hitler’s regime.” – White Rose – Wikipedia
- In 1942, members of the student resistance organization – THE WHITE ROSE SOCIETY released these anti-Nazi leaflets. – The White Rose Society – TheWhiteRoseSociety.org
- The White Rose – Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team – HolocaustResearchProject.org
- The Six Pamphlets of the White Rose Society – HISTORY IS A WEAPON – HistoryIsAWeapon.com
- WHITE ROSE – Holocaust Encyclopedia – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – USHMM.org
- White Rose Resistance to Hitler’s Regime, 1942-1943 – Global Nonviolent Action Database – Smarthmore.edu
- Holocaust Resistance – The White Rose – A Lesson in Dissent, by Jacob G. Hornberger – Jewish Virtual Library
- YouTube (9 min. 31 sec.) – White Rose
- YouTube (00 min. 31 sec.) – White Rose Society
1942 World War II: President Franklin D Roosevelt orders General Douglas MacArthur out of the Philippines as the Japanese victory becomes inevitable.
1921 After Russian forces under Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg drive the Chinese out, the Bogd Khan is reinstalled as the emperor of Mongolia.
1915 World War I: Germany institutes unrestricted submarine warfare.
1909 The sixteen battleships of the Great White Fleet, led by USS Connecticut, return to the United States after a voyage around the world.
1899 Filipino forces led by General Antonio Luna launch counterattacks for the first time against the American forces during the Philippine–American War. The Filipinos fail to regain Manila from the Americans.
1848 The French Revolution of 1848, which would lead to the establishment of the French Second Republic, begins.
1847 Mexican–American War: The Battle of Buena Vista – 5,000 American troops defeat 15,000 Mexicans.
1829 Greek War of Independence: Alexander Ypsilantis crosses the Prut river at Sculeni into the Danubian Principalities.
Greek War of Independence:
- War of Greek Independence – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Greece: War of Independence (1821-1829) – CRWFlags.com
- Greek War of Independence – Military.Wikia.com
- Greek War of Independence – HISTORY OF ATHENS – ATHENS INFO GUIDE
- GREEK WAR OF INDPENDENCE 1821-1832 – OnWar.com
- WAR OF INDEPENDENCE – Angelfire.com
- Greek War of Independence – FunIllustratedMagazine.com
- Greek Constitution of 1822 – Wikipedia
- Greece – History – Infoplease.com
Modern History of Greece:
- History of modern Greece – Wikipedia
- HISTORY OF MODERN GREECE, by S. Petmezas – MinPress.gr – pdf
- History of modern Greece – In2Greece.com
- History of modern Greece – MLAHANAS.de
- Greece – History – Infoplease.com
1819 By the Adams–Onís Treaty, Spain sells Florida to the United States for five million US dollars.
1797 The Last Invasion of Britain begins near Fishguard, Wales.
1744 War of the Austrian Succession: The Battle of Toulon begins.
1632 Galileo‘s Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is published.
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems:
- Summary – Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems – Wikipedia
- Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems – Ptolemaic & Copernican – Galileo Galilei, 1632
- Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, by Galileo Galilei – translated by Stillman Drake – annotated and condensed by Sciortino – edu
- Thomas Salusbury’s 1661 English translation of the Dialogue
FEBRUARY 23
2012 A series of attacks across Iraq leave at least 83 killed and more than 250 injured.
February 23, 2012 Iraq Attacks:
- Dozens dead in wave of Iraq attacks – 23 Feb 2012 – Aljazeera.com
- At Least 60 Killed in Wave of Iraq Attacks – February 23, 2012 – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFERL.org
2010 Unknown criminals pour more than 2.5 million liters of diesel oil and other hydrocarbons into the river Lambro, in northern Italy, sparking an environmental disaster.
2005 The controversial French law on colonialism is passed, requiring teachers to teach the “positive values of colonialism”. After public outcry, it is repealed at the beginning of 2006.
French Law on Colonialism:
- Article 4 on the “positive role of the French presence abroad” – French law on colonialism – Wikipedia
- French angry at law to teach glory of colonialism – April 15, 2005 – TheGuardian.com
- French law on colonialism: Map – Maps.FullWiki.org
- French law on colonialism – Freebase.com
- LAW, COLONIAL SYSTEMS OF, FRENCH EMPIRE – What-When-How.com
- Comparing British and French Colonial Legacies, by Alexander Lee – UCLA.edu – pdf
- Colonialism – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Stanford.edu
1999 An avalanche destroys the Austrian village of Galtür, killing 31.
1999 Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Öcalan is charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey.
1991 In Thailand, General Sunthorn Kongsompong leads a bloodless coup d’état, deposing Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan.
Thai Bloodless Coup in February 1991:
- Thai Military Seizes Power in Bloodless Coup – February 24, 1991 – Los Angeles Times – LATimes.com
- February 1991 Coup – GlobalSecurity.org
- Thai Coup Leaders Plan Elections in Six Months : Takeover: The military junta also says it wants to amend the constitution. The whereabouts of the deposed prime minister are unknown. , by Charles P. Wallace – 25 February 1991 – Los Angeles Times – LATimes.com
- Coup in Thailand Follows Old Pattern, by Steven Erlanger – February 24, 1991 – The New York Times – YNTimes.com
- The coup d’etat in Thailand, 23 February, 1991 – Freebase.com
1991 Gulf War: Ground troops cross the Saudi Arabian border and enter Iraq, thus beginning the ground phase of the war.
Gulf War Timelines:
- Timeline of the Gulf War – Wikipedia
- TIMELINE – Gulf War –PBS.org
- Chronology – Persian Gulf War – FRONTLINE – PBS.org
- Gulf War to Iraq War: 2 August 1990-19 March 2003 – WarChronical.com
1987 Supernova 1987a is seen in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
Supernova 1987a:
- Discovery – SN 1987 A – Wikipedia
- This data in science: Closest supernova since 1604, by Deborah Byrd – Feb 23, 2015 – EarthSky.org
- Supernova 1987A – AAVSO.org
- Supernova 1987A – GSU.edu
- Supernova 1987A – SEDS.org
- Supernova remnant 1987A continues to reveal its secrets – April 2, 2013 – Phys.org
- Neutrinos and Supernova 1987A – DarkPlanetarium.org
- Supernova 1987A: Impact! Chandra Images a Young Supernova Blast Wave – Harvard.edu
- All about SN 1987A, by Dr. Nino Panagia – STSCI.edu
1983 The United States Environmental Protection Agency announces its intent to buy out and evacuate the dioxin-contaminated community of Times Beach, Missouri.
Dioxin:
- Learn about Dioxin – EPA.gov
- Environmental Assessment – Dioxin – EPA.gov
- Dioxins and their effects on human health – WHO.int
- Dioxin in depth – DioxinFacts.org
- What is dioxin? – HowStuffWorks.com
- Dioxins – GreenFacts.org
- Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds – Wikipedia
Times Beach and Dioxin:
- The Times Beach Story – Greens.org
- Site Information on TIMES BEACH – EPA.gov
- A Look Back – Times Beach disappeared after 1982 flood – December 05, 2010 – STLToday.com
- Times Beach, Missouri: Abandoned City Demolished due to Dioxin Exposure – 21 August 2014 – UrbanGhostsMedia.com
- Times Beach, Missouri, 1982 by Allaudin – ScienceWire.in
- Ill Fated Times Beach – MISSOURI LEGENDS – LEGENDES OF AMERICA – LegendsOfAmerica.com
- A Chemical Conundrum: How Dangerous Dioxin? , by Jon Hamilton – December 28, 2010 – NPR.org
1981 In Spain, Antonio Tejero attempts a coup d’état by capturing the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
“23-F”:
- 23 February 1981: ON THIS DAY: Rebel army seizes control in Spain – BBC
- Background – 23F – Wikipedia
- Attempted coup d’état in Spain by Colonel Tejero (Madrid, 23 February 1981) – CVECE.eu
- Spain’s King Juan Carlos supported 1981 coup attempt, by Vicky Short – 14 February 2014 – WSWS.org
- SPAIN: King Juan Carlos and the failed 1981 coup – Stanford.edu
1980 Iran hostage crisis: Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini states that Iran’s parliament will decide the fate of the American embassy hostages.
Timeline of the Iran Hostage Crisis:
Iran Hostage Crisis:
- IRAN HOSTAGE CRISIS – History.com
- NOV 4, 1979 – Hostage Crisis Begins – Iranian Militants Seize the US Embassy in Teheran – WorldHistoryProject.org
- Iranians storm US embassy Nov 4, 1979, by Andrew Glass – 11/04/07 – Politico.com
- US Embassy in Iran Seized November 4, 1979 – Army.Mil
- November 4, 1979: Iranian Mob Attacks US Embassy Teheran; Hostages Compensated $50/Day, by Domani Srepo – November 4, 2013 – Diplopundit.net
- The Hostage Crisis in Iran – JIMMY CARTER PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY & MUSEUM
- November 4, 1979: The Iran Hostage Crisis, by Ray Takeyh – posted November 4, 2011 – TheHistoryReader.com
- Iran Hostage Crisis timeline – HistoryProject.org
- Date: 4 November 1979 – US Embassy in Teheran is Taken Over by Iranian Militants – Skepticism.org
- US-Iran relations timeline: 7 major events since the Iranian Revolution, by Alexander Besant – Sep 28, 2013 – GlobalPost.com
1974 The Symbionese Liberation Army demands $4 million more to release kidnap victim Patty Hearst.
1967 US troops begin largest offensive of Vietnam War.
Vietnam War in 1967:
- 1967 in the Vietnam War – Wikipedia
- List of allied military operations in the Vietnam War (1967) – Wikipedia
- VIETNAM WAR: NOVEMBER 1967 – FACES FROM THE WALL – FacesFromTheWall.com
- Vietnam War – Battle Field: Timeline 1967 – PBS.org
- VIETNAM WAR HISTORY – History.com
1966 In Syria, Ba’ath Party member Salah Jadid leads an intra-party military coup that replaces the previous government of General Amin al-Hafiz, also a Baathist.
Syria’s Military Coup of February 1966:
1962 US performs nuclear test (atmospheric) at Nevada Test Site.
Atmospheric Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site:
Atmospheric/High-altitude Nuclear Explosion Testing:
- Atmospheric nuclear explosion – Wikipedia
- High-altitude nuclear explosions, by Wm Robert Johnston – JohnstonsArchive.net
- “Atmospheric testing refers to explosions which take place in the atmosphere.” – TYPES OF NUCLEA WEAPONS TESTS – CTBTO.org
- US Atmospheric Nuclear Test Page – Nuclear Weapons – Zvis.com
US Nuclear Tests at Nevada Site:
- List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- The Cold War – AtomCentral.com
Nevada Test Site:
- NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
- NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
- Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
- Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
- Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
- Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
- NUKE TESTING in NEVADA – Archure.net
- ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
- 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
- Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- The Nuclear Matters Handbook
Nuclear Weapons and the United States:
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
- US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
- 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
- US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State
1958 Cuban rebels kidnap 5-time world F1 champion Juan Manuel Fangio.
1958 USSR performs nuclear test (atmospheric) at Novaya Zemlya USSR.
USSR Nuclear Tests in 1958:
USSR Atmospheric Nuclear Tests:
USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
- A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu
Underground Nuclear Tests:
- The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
- Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
- What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
- APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
- Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
- Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
- Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
- Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site:
- Novaya Zemlya – GlobalSecurity.org
- NOVAYA ZEMLYA – AtlasObscura.com
- Novaya Zemlya – GiantBomb.com
- NOVA ZEMLYA (NOVAYA ZEMLYA) 58 MEGA TON H BOMB TEST – ArkCode.com
- Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya – NTI.org
- ICE Case Studies – Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker – American.edu
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – Image – NASA
- Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – NovayaZemlya.net
- Novaya Zemlya, Russia – Nuclear-Risks.org
- Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated – July 31, 2014 – TASS Russian News Agency
- Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adapt nuclear test site, by Tatyana Sinitsyna – RIA Novosti, Russia – 15 August 2006
1955 First meeting of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization:
- Origins and structure – Southeast Asia Treaty Organization – Wikipedia
- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) – OFFICE of the HISTORIAN – US Department of State
- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization – Infoplease.com
- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) – The Contemporary History
- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization – Encyclopedia.com
- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) – Digital Atlas of Indonesian History – IndonesianHistory.info
1954 The first mass inoculation of children against polio with the Salk vaccine begins in Pittsburgh.
1947 The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is founded.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO):
- History – International Organization for Standardization – Wikipedia
- We’re ISO, the International Organization for Standardization. We develop and publish International Standards. – ISO.org
- ISO – International Organization for Standardization – HIS.com
1945 World War II: The German town of Pforzheim is annihilated in a raid by 379 British bombers.
1945 World War II: Capitulation of German garrison in Poznań. The city is liberated by Soviet and Polish forces.
1945 World War II: The capital of the Philippines, Manila, is liberated by combined Filipino and American forces.
1945 World War II: The 11th Airborne Division, with Filipino guerrillas, free the captives of the Los Baños internment camp.
1945 World War II: During the Battle of Iwo Jima, a group of United States Marines and a US Navy Corpsman, reach the top of Mount Suribachi on the island and are photographed raising the American flag.
1944 The Soviet Union begins the forced deportation of the Chechen and Ingush people from the North Caucasus to Central Asia.
Soviet Union’s Population Transfer:
- Population Transfer in the Soviet Union – Wikipedia
- The Soviet Massive Deportations – A Chronology, by Aurélie Campana – Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence – MassViolence.org
- Background – Operation Lentil – Wikipedia
- North Caucasus – Ingushetia Commemorates Victims Of 1944 Deportation – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFRL.org
- Stalin’s Ethnic Deportations—and the Gerrymandered Ethnic Map, by Asya Pereltsvaig – Oct. 8, 2014 – LaguagesOfTheWorld.info
- Remembering the 1944 Deportation: Chechnya’s Holocaust, by Mairbek Vatchagaev – Publication: North Caucasus Analysis Volume: 8 Issue: 8 December 31, 1969 – JamesTown.org
1943 Greek Resistance: The United Panhellenic Organization of Youth is founded is Greece.
Greek Resistance in World War II:
- Greek Resistance against Nazis war II 1941-1944 – WN.com
- Greek Resistance 1941-45: Organization, Achievements and Contributions to Allied War Efforts against the Axis Powers, by Chimbos, Peter D. – International Journal of Comparative Sociology – Questa.com
- Table of main resistance groups – Greek Resistance – Wikipedia
- The WWII Resistance and Greek Civil War – GreeceAthensAegeanInfo.com
- Prelude to Civil War: the first conflicts – Greek Resistance – Wikipedia
- Of Truth and Freedom: Reflections on the Greek Resistance During World War II – uploaded by P. Manoussakis – Downloadable – Academia.edu
- The Greek Resistance in World War II: Patriotism or internationalism? – Libcom.org
- Greece, Resistance during World War II, Women and – What-When-How.com
- Shedding light on the role of Greece’s Jews in the WWII Resistance – WarHistoryOnline.com
- RESISTANCE AND RELIEF, GREECE IN WORLD WAR II AND THE GREEK WAR RELIEF ASSOCIATION, by Despina M. Kreatsoulas – 2008 – CalState.edu – pdf
- OTHER COUNTRIES – Greece – World War II – Muskingum.edu
1943 A fire breaks out at St. Joseph’s Orphanage, County Cavan, Ireland, killing 36 people (35 of whom are children).
1942 World War II: Japanese submarines fire artillery shells at the California coastline near Santa Barbara.
1941 Plutonium is chemically identified by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg.
Discovery of Plutonium:
- “Plutonium (specifically, plutonium-238) was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940, and chemically identified on February 23, 1941, by Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin McMillan, Joseph W. Kennedy, and Arthur Wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium in the 60-inch (150 cm) cyclotron at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley.” – Discovery – Plutonium – Wikipedia
- THE PLUTONIUM PATH TO THE BOMB – The Manhattan Project – OSTI.gov
- Plutonium 239: an artificial fissile nucleus, highly sought-after and feared – Plutonium 239 – Radioactivity.edu
- Plutonium Manufacture and Fabrication – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb: Manhattan Project Chronology – AtomicArchive.com
- Hanford Site – Wikipedia
- Plutonium – Symbol: Pu – Atomic Number: 94 – 3rdcom
- American History Timeline – The Manhattan Project – About.com
1934 Leopold III becomes King of Belgium.
1927 German theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg writes a letter to fellow physicist Wolfgang Pauli, in which he describes his uncertainty principle for the first time.
Uncertainty Principle:
- What is Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle? – November 10, 2013 – The Guardian.com
- What is Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle? – About education – About.com
- The Uncertainty Principle – Sanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Stanford.edu
- Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relations – Uncertainty Principle – Wikipedia
- How Quantum Suicide Works – Heisenberg and #39;s Uncertainty Principle – HowStuffWorks.com
1927 US President Calvin Coolidge signs a bill by Congress establishing the Federal Radio Commission (later replaced by the Federal Communications Commission) which was to regulate the use of radio frequencies in the United States.
1918 Last monarch of Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz commits suicide.
1917 First demonstrations in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The beginning of the February Revolution.
February Revolution of 1917 in Saint Petersburg:
- February Revolution of 1917 – Saint Petersburg – CourseHero.com
- “On 23rd February 1917 the International Women’s Day Festival in St. Petersburg turned into a city-wide demonstration, as exasperated women workers left factories to protest against food shortages. Men soon joined them, and …” – The February Revolution 1917 – 1917 Russian Revolution – Local-Life.com
- Why did riots break out in St. Petersburg in February 1917? – Chacha.com
Russian Revolution of 1917 and Its Timelines:
- Chronologies of events leading to the Revolution of 1917 – Chronologies – Russian Revolution – Wikipedia
- Timeline of the Russian Revolutions: 1917 – Part 1, by Robert Wilde – About education – About.com
- Timeline of the Russian Revolution of 1917 – EmersonKent.com
- The deepening of the Russian Revolution: 1917 – MIT.edu
- The February Revolution of 1917 – Russian Revolution – Infoplease.com
- MAR 18, 1917: ON THIS DAY IN HISTORY: February Revolution begins – History.com
- Russian Revolution of 1917 – Encyclopedia Britannica
1909 The AEA Silver Dart makes the first powered flight in Canada and the British Empire.
1905 Chicago attorney Paul Harris and three other businessmen meet for lunch to form the Rotary Club, the world’s first service club.
Rotary Club and Its History:
- “Paul P. Harris, an attorney, wanted to create a professional group with the same friendly spirit he felt in the small towns of his youth. On 23 February 1905, Harris, Gustavus Loehr, Silvester Schiele, and Hiram Shorey gathered at Loehr’s office in Room 711 of the Unity Building in downtown Chicago. This was the first Rotary club meeting. They decided to call the new club “Rotary” after the practice of rotating meeting locations.” – HISTORY OF ROTARY INTERNATIONAL – Rotary.org
- “The first Rotary club was founded in 1905 when four friends met in Chicago to discuss how they could work together to help the wider community. Rotary has since grown internationally to more than 1.2 million members across 200 countries.” – RotaryGBI.org
- History – Rotary Club – Wikipedia
- History of the Rotary Club – HowStuffWorks.com
- Club History – Rotary Club – RotaryCC.com
1903 Cuba leases Guantánamo Bay to the United States “in perpetuity”.
History of the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base:
- History – Guantanamo Naval Base – Wikipedia
- Guantanamo Bay – About Education – About.com
- A Brief History of Gitmo, by Alyssa Fetini – Wednesday, Nov. 12, 2008 – TIME.com
- History of Guantanamo – Get the Facts – NewSecurityAction.org
- Guantanamo Bay’s Peculiar History – Week of 5.19.09 – PBS.org
- How Guantanamo Became the Place the US Keeps Detainees – SEP 4, 2013 – TheAtlantic.com
- Guantanamo Bay history – posted Jan 22, 2009 – CBC News – CBC.ca
- Notes on Guantánamo Bay – HistoryOfCuba.com
- Why the United States Controls Guantanamo Bay: President Obama promised to close the prison there on Jan. 22, 2009, by Lily Rothman – Jan. 22, 2015 – History – TIME
- History of US Naval Hospital Guantanamo Bay 1741 to Present – Navy.mil
- LOOK BACK: Why Guantanamo is US outpost in Cuba? , by James R. Carroll – December 18, 2014 – Courier-Journal.com
- Review: Guantanamo, USA: The Untold History of America’s Cuban Outpost – (August Review, 2010) – by Stephen Irving Max Schwab (University Press of Kansas, 2009): Review by Jeffrey Vernon – Guantanamo For Beginners – ORIGINS: Current Events in Historical Perspective – Origins.OSU.edu
- How Did Guantanamo Become a Prison? , by Jane Franklin – 4-11-05 – HistoryNewsNetwork.org
- Guantanamo Bay: What happens when detainees held for years get out? , by Greg Botelho and Faith Karimi – CNN.com
Human Rights at Guantánamo:
- Guantánamo Bay detention camp – Encyclopedia Britannica
- USA GUANTÁNO: A DECADE OF DAMAGE TO HUMAN RIGHTS – – pdf – Amnesty International USA
- Does Guantanamo Bay violates human rights? – Debate.org
- Human Rights in Guantanamo Bay – Globalization.wikispaces.com
- Guantanamo, Bagram and Illegal US Detentions – Amnesty International
- Human Rights/Prisoners’ Rights in Guantanamo detention Bay – academia.edu
- We’ve been at the forefront of the effort to close the prison at Guantanamo. – Human Rights First
- Guantanamo Prisoner Diary: ‘We’re Gonna Teach You about Great American Sex’
- CIA torture report full text
- Close Guantanamo – Then Give It Back to Cuba
- Article related to Guantanamo Prison and/or Human Rights in Guantanamo – TMS
1900 Second Boer War: Boers and British troops fight in the Battle of Hart’s Hill.
Boers (people):
- Boer (people) – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Who are the Boers? – wisegeek.com
- WHO ARE THE BOERS? – boervolkradio.co.za
- Boer, Afrikaner Or White – Which Are You? – by Adriana Stuijt – rense.com
Battle of Hart’s Hill:
- “Major-General Fitzroy Hart’s 5th (Irish) Brigade attacked the next high ground to the northeast, Hart’s Hill on 23 February. Not waiting for all his battalions to arrive, Hart sent his troops up piecemeal and they were repulsed with almost 500 casualties. Two battalions of reinforcements arrived in time to prevent a rout.” – Battle of Tugela Heights – Wikipedia
- “On 23 February with the Boer stronghold on Hart’s Hill as their objective, the Irish Brigade, which consisted of the Dublins, Inniskillings and Connaughts regiments, began to advance along the railway line until Harts’ Hill became visible. On arrival the brigade positioned themselves the along river bank for cover.” – Battle of Tugela Heights – WhereToStay.co.za
- “Late on February 22nd, orders were issued for the brigade[5] to be ready to move at an early hour next morning. Breakfasts were eaten before 4 a.m., and the battalion fell in at about 4.15 on February 23rd.” – Books: Romer: Hart’s and Pieter’s Hills – the Relief of Ladysmith – AngloBoerWar.com
Second Boer War:
- Second Boer War – HistoryNet.com
- South African War (Second Boer War) – Encyclopedia Britannia
- South African ‘Boer War’ – Page South African War 1899-1902 – NZHistory.net.nz
- Boer War 1899-1902 – AngloBoerWar.com
- Second Boer War – HistoryWarsWeapons.com
- “The Boer War (or Anglo-Boer War) was a conflict in which the British Empire fought the forces of two “Boer Republics” from 1899 to 1902 in southern Africa. The Boers lost the war, but resistance gained them concessions even in defeat.” – Boer War – Encyclopedia.com
- Background – Second Boer War – Wikipedia
- BOER WAR – History-Net.com
- Impact of Second Boer War – Quizlet.com
- Weapons of the Second Boer War – KieranMcMullen.com
- Second Boer War – FindTheData.com
- Conflict in Africa: The Boer War (1895-1902) – SparkNotes.com
- What were the causes of the second boer war? – Answers.com
- List of the Second Boer War Battles – Ranker.com
- SECOND BOER WAR – pdf – ASoundStrategy.com
- The Boer War – History – BBC
- The Boer War (1900-1902) – Timeline – HistoryMole.com
1898 Émile Zola is imprisoned in France after writing “J’accuse“, a letter accusing the French government of antisemitism and wrongfully imprisoning Captain Alfred Dreyfus.
1896 The Tootsie Roll is invented.
Tootsie Roll:
- History – Tootsie Roll – Wikipedia
- Tootsie Roll Industries – Wikipedia
- Tootsie Roll Industries – Official Site
- YouTube videos in Tootsie Roll – YouTube.com
1887 The French Riviera is hit by a large earthquake, killing around 2,000.
1886 Charles Martin Hall produced the first samples of man-made aluminum, after several years of intensive work. He was assisted in this project by his older sister Julia Brainerd Hall.
First Man-Made Aluminum Production:
- “On this day, February 23rd, in 1886, Charles Martin Hall produced the first samples of man-made aluminum. Prior to his success, Hall had spent several years failing to produce the metal. With the help of his sister, Hall discovered that he could produce aluminum by passing an electric current through alumina dissolved in cryolite.” – Charles Martin Hall: Man Made Aluminum, by Christopher-Mahoney – FamousDaily.com
- Charles Hall produced the first sample of man-made aluminum today in 1886 in a woodshed attached to his family home in Oberlin, Ohio. – Carl-Leonard.com
- Aluminum Furniture, 1886-1986, by Clive Edwards – JSTOR.org
- HOW ALUMINIUM IS PRODUCED – AluminiumLeader.com
- The Element Aluminum – Jefferson Lab – Jlab.org
1885 Sino-French War: French Army gains an important victory in the Battle of Đồng Đăng in the Tonkin region of Vietnam.
Sino-French War:
- Sino-French War – Encyclopedia Britannica
- The Sino-French War, August 1884 to April 1885 – Sino-French War – Wikipedia
- Sino-French War, 1884-1885 – LOC.gov
- Franco-Chinese War, 1884-1885 – GlobalSecurity.org
- SINO-FRENCH WAR 1884-1885 – OnWar.com
- The Sino-French War – Jeff’s Taiwan
- Treaty of Tientsin (1885) – Wikipedia
Battle of Đồng Đăng:
- Background – Battle of Đồng Đăng – Wikipedia
- Battle of Đồng Đăng – Freebase.com
- About: Battle of Đồng Đăng – DBPedia.org
1854 The official independence of the Orange Free State is declared.
Orange Free State (1854-1902):
- History – Orange Free State – Wikipedia
- Orange Free State – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Orange Free State promulgates its constitution – Monday, 10 April 1854 – SOUTH AFRICAN HISTORY ONLINE – SAHistory.org.za
- Williams: Chapter VI – Constitution of the Orange Free State – Books – AngloBoerWar.com
- The Military Provisions of the Constitution of The Orange Free State Republic, by Neville Gomm – Military History Journal, Vol.1, No.4 – June 1969 – SAMilitaryHistory.org
- Constitutionalism in South Africa – Historical Background – pdf
- Orange Free State (South Africa) – FlagSpot.net
- Orange Free State (1854-1902) – DCStamps.com
- Orange Free State: Polity Style: 1854-1902 – Archontology.org
- National Anthem of the Orange Free State (1954-1902) – “Vrystaatse Volkslied” – YouTube video (1 min. 35 sec.)
- “After conflicts with the Boers and failure to establish an orderly administration, Britain, by the Bloemfontein Convention (1854), granted the territory independence as the Orange Free State. With the increased tension following the raid into the Transvaal (1895–96), led by L. S. Jameson, the Free State was drawn into the conflict between Britons and Boers that resulted in the South African War (1899–1902). The British again annexed the Free State, as the Orange River Colony, in 1900. In 1907 the colony was granted self-government, and in 1910 it became a founding province of the Union (now Republic) of South Africa.” – Free State – Infoplease.com
- The Boer War (1900-1902) – Timeline – HistoryMole.com
Britain’s Invasion of the Orange Free State of 1900:
- History – Orange Free State – Wikipedia
- Orange Free State – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Orange Free State, British Occupation (1900-1902) – DCStamps.com
1847 Mexican–American War: Battle of Buena Vista – In Mexico, American troops under future president General Zachary Taylor defeat Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna.
1836 Texas Revolution: The Battle of the Alamo begins in San Antonio, Texas.
1820 Cato Street Conspiracy: A plot to murder all the British cabinet ministers is exposed.
1554 Mapuche forces, under the leadership of Lautaro, score a victory over the Spanish at the Battle of Marihueñu in Chile.
1455 Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western book printed with movable type.
FEBRUARY 24
2011 Final Launch of Space Shuttle Discovery (OV-103).
2008 Fidel Castro retires as the President of Cuba after nearly fifty years.
Fidel Castro Retires:
- Cuba’s Fidel Castro steps down after half a century – Tue Feb 19, 2008 – Reuters.com
- Castro steps down as Cuban leader – Tuesday, 19 February 2008 – BBC
- Fidel Castro Announces Retirement – (February 2008) – February 28, 2008 – The Consulting Astrologer – WordPress.com
- Retirement: 2008-present – Fidel Castro – Wikipedia
Fidel Castro:
- FILDEL CASTRO – History.com
- Fidel Castro – PBS.org
- Fidel Castro’s 1960 Address to the UN General Assembly: “The Problem of Cuba and its Revolutionary Policy” – Part 1 of 4, by Ron Kurtus
- Fidel Castro – Spartacus-Educational.com
- Fidel Castro – Political Leader – Infoplease.com
- “President of Cuba, communist revolutionary, and implacable foe of US foreign policy, Fidel Castro began his life on a sugar plantation in eastern Cuba.” Fidel Castro – GWU.edu
- Fidel Castro – Biography – Biography.com
- Fidel Castro – Biography – TheFamousPeople.com
- Fidel Castro – Political leader of Cuba – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Early life of Fidel Castro – Wikipedia
- Biography of Fidel Castro – About.com
Cuba or the “Republic of Cuba” (Repúlica de Cuba):
- CUBA – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Cuba – Wikipedia
- Cuba – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Cuba – Infoplease.com
- Cuba profile – Overview – BBC
- Cuba – Human Rights Watch
Foreign Relations of Cuba:
- Foreign relations of Cuba – Wikipedia
- Cuba – Council of Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- FOREIGN RELATIONS OF CUBA – WORLD PUBLIC LIBRARY
- THE COUNCIL OF FOREIGN RELATOINS OF CUBA – BWCentral.org
History and Culture of Cuba:
- History of Cuba – Wikipedia
- The Cuban History
- Cuba – History – Infoplease.com
- 500 YEARS OF CUBAN HISTORY – HistoryOfCuba.com
- History of Cuban Nation, from Colonial Days to the Present
- Cuba History, Language and Culture – World Travel Guide
- Timeline of Cuban history – Wikipedia
- Cuba profile – Timeline – BBC
- Culture of Cuba – Wikipedia
- CUBAN CULTURE, by CubaHeritage
- Cuba Heritage
Economy of Cuba:
- Economy of Cuba – Wikipedia
- Cuba’s Economy – GlobalSecurity.org
- Cuba – Economy – Infoplease.com
- The Economic History and Economy of Cuba – Department of Economics – San José State University
- Cuba | Economic Indications – TradingEconomics.com
- Cuba – Data – World Bank
2007 Japan launches its fourth spy satellite, stepping up its ability to monitor potential threats such as North Korea.
2006 Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo declares Proclamation 1017 placing the country in a state of emergency in attempt to subdue a possible military coup.
1989 US performs nuclear test (underground) at Nevada Test Site.
US Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- The Cold War – AtomCentral.com
Nuclear Weapons and the United States:
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
- US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
- 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
- US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State
Nevada Test Site:
- NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
- NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
- Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
- Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
- Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
- Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
- NUKE TESTING in NEVADA – Archure.net
- ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
- 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
- Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- The Nuclear Matters Handbook
Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:
- Environment and the Quality of Life in Nevada – UNLV.edu
- ECONLGOY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH NARRATIVE SUMMARY, KEY WORD INDEX, AND SPECIES LISTS – DOE/NEV/11718-594
- Nevada Applied Ecology Information Center: a review of technical information support provided to the Nevada Applied Ecology Group – Sci-Tech Connect
- “Between 1951 and 1992, the United States bombed its own soil with nuclear weapons — 945 times. All but 17 of those explosions took place on a stretch of basin-and-range desert northwest of Las Vegas called the Nevada Test Site (NTS),…” – Sovereignty at Shoshone Mountain – EcologyCenter.org
- The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions – Princeton.edu
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center
1989 Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini offers a US$3 million bounty for the death of The Satanic Verses author Salman Rushdie.
The Satanic Verses:
- The Satanic Verses, by Salman Rushdie – Archive.org – pdf
- The Satanic Verses controversy – Wikipedia
Salman Rushdie:
- The Satanic Verses and the fatwa – Salman Rushdie – Wikipedia
- Salman Rushdie (1947- ) – Biography.com
- About Salman – RandomHouse.com
- Salman Rushdie – Relevant Articles – The New York Times – NYTimes.com
- “On February 14, 1989 the Ayatollah Khomeni declared a fatwa on Rushdie’s ass. What you may not have known was that there was a cash bounty offered for his assassination, in excess of $5 million at one point.” – SALMAN RUSHDIE – Rotten.com
- “Salman Rushdie, whose book “The Satanic Verses” prompted Iran’s Ayatollah to issue a fatwa on him in 1989, responded to Wednesday’s shooting attack at the Paris offices of French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo. His statement:…” – Salman Rushdie: ‘I Stand With Charlie Hebdo, as We All Must’ – January 7, 2015 – WSJ.com
- Salman Rushdie – Relevant Articles – HuffingtonPost.com
- AUTHOR INTERVIEWS: Becoming ‘Anton,’ Or, How Rushdie Survived A Fatwa – published September 18, 2012 – NPR.org
- Salman Rushdie – Salon.com
- Salman Rushdie awarded Mailer Prize for lifetime achievement – Dec 11, 2015 – The Economic Times – IndiaTimes.com
- Salman Rushdie Quotes – BrainyQuote.com
Khomeini’s Order to Kill Rushdie:
- Ayatollah Khomeini’s 1989 Fatwa on Salman Rushdie Over “The Satanic Verses”, by Pierre Tristam – About.com
- Khomeini Urges Muslims to Kill Author of Novel, by Sheila Rule – February 15, 1989 – The New York Times – NYTimes.com
- Khomeini Spurns Rushdie Regrets And Reiterates Threat of Death – AP – February 20, 1989 – The New York Times – NYTimes.com
- Ayatollah Khomeini: “I inform the proud Muslim people of the world that the author of the Satanic Verses book which is against Islam, the Prophet and the Koran, and all involved in its publication who were aware of its content, are sentenced to death.” – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini FATWA issued February, 1989 against Salman Rushdie – RJGaib.com
1983 A special commission of the US Congress releases a report that condemns the practice of Japanese internment during World War II.
Japanese Internment during World War II:
- WARTIME INTERNMENT OF JAPANESE WAS ‘GRAVE INJUSTICE,’ PANEL SAYS – February 24, 1983 – The New York Times – NYTimes.com
- REPORT ON INTERNMENTIS TOP NEWS IN JAPAN – February 26, 1983 – February 26, 1983 – The New York Times – NYTimes.com
- Japanese Relocation and Internment During World War II – NATIONAL ARCHIVES – Archives.gov
- Japanese American Internment: Primary Sources – Research Guides @ Tufts – Tufts.edu
- Four Primary Source Documents: Japanese Interment – FallRiverSchools.org – pdf
- JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT – LOC.gov – pdf
- World War II: Internment of Japanese Americans, by Allan Taylor – Aug 21, 2011 – TheAtlantic.com
- From Citizen to Enemy: The Tragedy of Japanese Internment, by Julie Des Jardins – GliderLehrman.org
- Was Japanese internment of American civilians during World War II simply racism? – OregonLive.com
- The War Relocation Centers of World War II: When Fear was Stronger than Justice – National Park Service – NPS.gov
- Japanese Relocation Centers – Infoplease.com
- TREATMENT OF JAPANESE-AMERIC AN INTERNMENT DURING WORLD WAR II IN U.S. HISTORY TEXTBOOKS, by Masato Ogawa – ed.gov – pdf
- Japanese Internment Camps During World War II – Utah.edu
- Japanese-Americans in American Internment Camps During World War II – GET UP, STAND UP – FromTheFog.com
- “In 1980, Congress established the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilian to investigate the detention program and the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066. The Commission released its report Personal Justice Denied: The Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, on February 24, 1983. The passage below is an excerpt from this report.” – Document E: Personal Justice Denied – Why Japanese Americans interned during World War II? – pdf
- Biography of Government Documents on Japanese Internment – 1941-2001 – Jill M. Borin – Rutgers.edu
- Japanese-American Internment at Manzanar During World War II – Life at Manzanar Captured by Ansel Adams – About education – About.com
Executive Order 9066 and the Internment of Japanese Americans:
- FEB 19, 1942: This Day in History – Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066 – History.com
- Executive Order 9066 of February 19, 1942 – Archives.org
- Transcript of Executive Order9066: Resulting in the Relocation of Japanese (1942) – OurDocuments.gov
- Executive Order 9066 – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Internment of Japanese Americans – Wikipedia
- “Suffering Under a Great Injustice”: Ansel Adam’s Photographs of Japanese American Internment at Manzanar – LOC.gov
- Japanese American Internment: Fear Itself – LOC.gov
- Japanese Relocation and Internment during World War II – NARA resources – Archives.gov
President Gerald Ford’s Proclamation 4417:
- President Gerald R. Ford’s Proclamation 4417, Confirming the Termination of the Executive Order Authorizing Japanese-American Internment During World War II – February 19, 1976 – FordLibraryMuseum.gov
- Proclamation 4417 – President Gerald R. Ford – UCSB.edu
1981 An earthquake registering 6.7 (surface wave magnitude) hits Athens. This intensity IX (Violent) shock killed 16 people and destroyed buildings in several towns west of the city.
1976 Cuba: national Constitution is proclaimed.
Cuba National Constitution:
- 1976 Constitution – Constitution of Cuba – Wikipedia
- The text of the Constitution of the Republic of Cuba [of 1976] was published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Cuba, Special Edition No.3 of January 31, 2003, The Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1976 (as Amended to 2002) – ConstitutionNet.org – pdf, or República de Cuba / Republic of Cuba – Constituciounes Constitutions – Political Database of Americas – PDBA.Georgetown.edu
1971 The All India Forward Bloc holds an emergency central committee meeting after its chairman, Hemantha Kumar Bose, is killed three days earlier. P.K. Mookiah Thevar is appointed as the new chairman.
1968 Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive is halted; South Vietnam recaptures Hué.
Vietnam War in 1968:
- 1968 in the Vietnam War – Wikipedia
- Vietnam War Timeline: 1968 – VietnamGear.com
- The Jungle War 1965-1968 – The History Place presents The Vietnam War – HistoryPlace.com
- Vietnam War Overview Part 4: 1964-1968 – AuthenticHistory.com
Tet Offensive:
- Background – Tet Offensive – Wikipedia
- TET OFFENSIVE – History.com, or VIETNAM WAR HISTORY VIDEOS – Tet Offensive (5 min.) – History.com
- Tet Offensive – United States History – U-S-History.com
- US Involvement in the Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive, 1968 – OFFICE of the HISTORIAN – US Department of the State
- The Tet Offensive – US History – USHistory.org
- The Tet Offensive: the turning point of the Vietnam War, by Alan Woods – Wednesday, 30 January 2008 – Marxist.com
- Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive – About education – About.com
- Tet Offensive – Spartacus-Educational.com
- Tet Offensive – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Tet offensive – Encyclopedia.com
- Tet Offensive – History of Vietnam – VWAM.com
- Tet offensive – Infoplease.com
- Tet Offensive – TeachingHistory.org
Timelines of the Tet Offensive:
- Timeline of The Tet Offensive Of The Vietnam War – YamahaMotorCycle.co
- Timeline of the Tet Offensive, by Jennifer Rosenberg – About education – About.com
Vietnam War and Pertinent Events:
- VIETNAM WAR – History.com
- Chronology of Viet Nam War and Pertinent Events – Digital History – DigitalHistory.UH.edu
- Facts on Vietnam | A Quick Guide to the Viet Nam War – About education – About.com
- The Vietnam War 1954-1968 – HistoryOfWar.org
- The Vietnam War 1968-75 – HistoryOfWar.org
- About the Vietnam War (1960-1975) – Illinois.edu
- The Vietnam War – The Jungle War 1965 – 1968 – The History Place – HistoryPlace.com
- The VIETNAM WAR: US Involvement & Escalation – ARCHIVAL TELEVISION AUDIO Inc. – RESEARCH REPORT – PART ONE – April 23, 1961 – May 27, 1968 – ATVAudio.com
- The Diplomatic Course of the Vietnam War, by David L Anderson – Illinois.edu
- The Vietnam War – US History – USHistory.org
- Leaders of the Vietnam War – Wikipedia
- America’s Vietnam War in Indochina – U-S-History.com
- Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, Volume VII, Vietnam, September 1968-January 1969 – OFFICE of the HISTORIAN – US Department of State
- Britain and the Tet Offensive 1967-1968: A ‘Turning Point’ in British Foreign Policy? – All Empires – AllEmpires.com
- THE VIETNAM WAR (1945-1975) – SparkNotes.com
1966 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
- For some more pertinent information, see “1989 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site”, mentioned above.
1962 US performs nuclear test (atmospheric) at Nevada Test Site.
Atmospheric Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site:
Atmospheric/High-altitude Nuclear Explosion Testing:
- Atmospheric nuclear explosion – Wikipedia
- High-altitude nuclear explosions, by Wm Robert Johnston – JohnstonsArchive.net
- “Atmospheric testing refers to explosions which take place in the atmosphere.” – TYPES OF NUCLEA WEAPONS TESTS – CTBTO.org
- US Atmospheric Nuclear Test Page – Nuclear Weapons – Zvis.com
Atmospheric Nuclear Tests of the United States and Radioactive Fallout:
- Atmospheric Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site – OnlineNevada.org
- The Years of Atmospheric Testing 1945-1963 – Trinity Atomic Web Site – Abomb1.org
- High-altitude nuclear explosions – JohnstonArchive.org
- RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT FROM NUCLEAR TESTING AT NEVADA TEST SITE, 1950-60 – GPO.gov – pdf
- Cancer Mortality at the US Nuclear Weapons Tests – US Department of Veterans Affairs – VA.gov
- Atmospheric Nuclear Testing and The US Navy – A BILIOGRAPHY – FMD-INC.org
- Feasibility Study of Weapons Testing Fallout – CDC.gov
- “Between 16 July 1945 and 23 September 1992 the United States of America conducted (by official count) 1054 nuclear tests, and two nuclear attacks….These pages focus principally (although not exclusively) on the period from 16 July 1945 to 4 November 1962, the era of atmospheric testing.” – RADIOCHEMISTORY SOCIETY – US NUCLEAR TESTS – Info Gallery – Radiochemistry.org
- When We Tested Nuclear Bombs, by Alan Taylor – May 06, 2011 – TheAtlantic.com
- US ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR TESTING – The Connection Between John Wayne and Radioactive Fallout, and Other Tales, by Bruce W Church – October 22, 2000 – FalloutRadiation.com – pdf
- Marshall Islands, site of largest-ever U.S. nuclear weapons test, sues 9 superpowers including USA – June 6, 2015 – BoingDoing.net
- YouTube video (13 min. 49 sec.): Declassified US Nuclear Test Film #55
- YouTube video (14 min. 35 sec.): High-altitude Atomic Tests – Operation Dominic parts 1-2 – 1962
Nuclear Weapons and the United States:
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
- US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
- 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
- US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State
US Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- The Cold War – AtomCentral.com
Nevada Site:
- NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
- NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
- Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
- Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
- Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
- Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
- NUKE TESTING in NEVADA – Archure.net
- ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
- 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
- Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- The Nuclear Matters Handbook
Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:
- Environment and the Quality of Life in Nevada – UNLV.edu
- ECONLGOY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH NARRATIVE SUMMARY, KEY WORD INDEX, AND SPECIES LISTS – DOE/NEV/11718-594
- Nevada Applied Ecology Information Center: a review of technical information support provided to the Nevada Applied Ecology Group – Sci-Tech Connect
- “Between 1951 and 1992, the United States bombed its own soil with nuclear weapons — 945 times. All but 17 of those explosions took place on a stretch of basin-and-range desert northwest of Las Vegas called the Nevada Test Site (NTS),…” – Sovereignty at Shoshone Mountain – EcologyCenter.org
- The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions – Princeton.edu
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center
1946 Colonel Juan Perón, founder of the political movement that became known as Peronism, elected to his first term as President of Argentina.
1945 Egyptian Premier Ahmad Mahir Pasha is killed in Parliament after reading a decree.
1944 Merrill’s Marauders: The Marauders begin their 1,000-mile journey through Japanese occupied Burma.
1942 An order-in-council passed under the Defence of Canada Regulations of the War Measures Act gives the Canadian federal government the power to intern all “persons of Japanese racial origin”.
1942 The Battle of Los Angeles: A false alarm led to an anti-aircraft barrage that lasted into the early hours of February 25.
1920 The Nazi Party is founded.
History of the Nazi Party:
- History – Nazi Party – Wikipedia
- The Nazis – about education – about.com
- Nazi Party is Formed – The Rise of Hitler – historyplace.com
- Nazi Party – Encyclopedia Britannica
- NAZI PARTY – NAZI PARTY VIDEOS – history.com
- The Nazi Party – historylearningsite.co.uk
- Nazi Party History – play.google.com
- YouTube video (7 min. 06 sec.): Brief History of Nazi Party (NASDAP) – in Colour
History of Nazi Germany:
- History of Nazi Germany – World War II History – 123HelpMe.com
- THE ORIGINS OF NAZISM – alphahistory.com
- Nazi Germany – Spartacus-educational.com
- Nazi Regime in Germany – Jewish Virtual Library
- Nazi Germany – history.co.uk
- Nazi Germany – An Austro-Historical Analysis – hiddenhistoryhumanity.com
- The Revisiting The Rise and the Fall of the Third Reich – smithsonianmag.com
- THE SS – history.com
- BLACK HISTORY IN NAZI GERMANY, A BRIEF HISTORY – aaregistry.org
- Nazi Germany Timeline – historyonthenet.com
- NAZI PARTY – history.com
- History – Nazi Germany – Wikipedia
- Nazi Germany – historylearningsite.co.uk
- Nazi Germany and the Jews 1933-1939 – Rise of the Nazis and Beginning of Persecution – Yadvashem.org
1918 Estonian Declaration of Independence.
Independence of Estonia and the Independence War:
- February 24: Independence Day – Estonia – Estonia.eu
- Declaration of Independence – ESTONICA: Encyclopedia of Estonia – Estonica.org
- Estonian War of Independence – Wikipedia
- Estonian War of Independence – Estonia.org
- Estonian War of Independence 1918-1920 – PDF downloadable – Merriam-Press.com
- Interwar Independence, 1918-1940 – Estonia – CountryStudies.us
- Historical context – Estonian Declaration of Independence – Wikipedia
History of Estonia:
- History of Estonia – Wikipedia
- Estonia – History – Encyclopedia about Estonia
- Estonia – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- Estonia – History – Infoplease.com
- History of Estonia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Hi3story of Estonia – ChicagoPianos.com
- History of Estonia – CountryStudies.us
- HISTORY OF ESTONIA – HistoryWorld.net
Estonia:
- Estonia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Estonia – CountryStudies.us
- Estonia – Infoplease.com
- Estonia – LonelyPlanet.com
- Estonia – NationsOnline.org
- Visit Estonia – Official Site
- Estonia – European Union – Europe.eu
Estonia and the European Union:
- Estonian European Union membership referendum, 2003 – Wikipedia
- Estonia and the Euro – European Commission
- European Union – World Fact Book – CIA
Foreign Relations of Estonia:
- Republic of Estonia – Government
- Foreign relations of Estonia – Wikipedia
- Foreign Relations – Estonia – CountryStudies.us
- Estonia – Foreign Relations – GlobalSecurity.org
- Estonia – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- Estonia Foreign Relations – Photius.com
- FOREIGN RELATIONS OF ESTONIA – Self.Gutenberg.org
- Articles on Foreign Relations with Russia – The Los Angeles Times
Historical Background of the Baltic States and the Soviet Union:
- Baltic States – Wikipedia
- History of the Baltic states – MIT.edu
- Occupation of the Baltic States – Wikipedia
- Russia’s Periphery – Baltic States: Dealing with the Past in the Baltic States, by Frederick Corney
- Baltic States and the Soviet Union – Wikibin.org
- THE FALL OF SOVIET UNION – History.com
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union – Wikia.com
- Baltic Independence from the Soviet Union, by James Graham – OnThisDay.com
Russia Reviews the 1991 Decision to Recognize the Independence of the Baltic States:
- “Russia is examining the legality of the decision to recognise the independence of the Baltic republics in 1991 by the State Council of the USSR – according to Russia’s state news service Interfax.” – Russia to review 1991 decision to recognise independence of Baltic states – June 30, 2015 – UAToday.tv
- Russia To Review Independence Recognition Of Baltic States: Report, by Aditya Tejas – July 1, 2015 – International Business Times – IBTimes.com
- Russia is reviewing the ‘legality’ of Baltic states’ independence, by Barbara Tasch – BusinessInsider.com.au
- Russians in the Baltic states – Wikipedia
- How Russia Sees Baltic Sovereignty, by Agnia Grigas – July 14, 2015 – The Moscow Times
1917 World War I: The US ambassador to the United Kingdom is given the Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany pledges to ensure the return of New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona to Mexico if Mexico declares war on the United States.
Zimmermann Telegram:
- “On February 24, 1917, British authorities gave Walter Hines Page, the U.S. ambassador to Britain, a copy of the Zimmermann Telegram, a coded message from Zimmermann to Count Johann von Bernstorff, the German ambassador to Mexico.” – FEB 26, 1917: ON THIS DAY IN HISTORY: President Wilson learns Zimmermann Telegram. – History.com
- “US President Woodrow Wilson learned of the telegram’s contents on February 26; the next day he proposed to Congress that the U.S. should start arming its ships against possible German attacks. He also authorized the State Department to make public the Zimmermann Telegram. On March 1, the news broke. Germany had already aroused Wilson’s ire—and that of the American public—with its policy of unrestricted submarine warfare and its continued attacks against American ships.” – MAR 1, 1917: THIS DAY IN HISTORY: Zimmermann Telegram published in the United States. – History.com
- The Zimmermann Telegram, by Robert Wilde – About education – About.com
- World War I: Zimmermann Telegram – About education – About.com
- Teaching With Documents: The Zimmermann Telegram – NATIONAL ARCHIVES – Archives.gov
1916 The Governor-General of Korea establishes a clinic called Jahyewon in Sorokdo to segregate Hansen’s disease patients.
Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy):
- Treatment – Leprosy – Wikipedia
- What is Leprosy? – NIH – NIH.gov
- Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) – Department of Health – New York State – NY.gov
- Hansen’s Disease Cardinal Signs and Symptoms – Health Resources and Services Administration – HRSA – HRSA.gov
- Articles relation to Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) – MedicineNet.com
- Psychosocial aspects of Hansen’s disease, by Gurvinder Pal Singh – Indian Dermatology Online Journal – 2012 Sep-Dec – NIH.gov
1895 Revolution breaks out in Baire, a town near Santiago de Cuba, beginning the Cuban War of Independence, that ends with the Spanish–American War in 1898.
Independence War of Cuba:
- Background – Cuban War of Independence – Wikipedia
- Cuban Independence Movement – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Before The War – The War for Cuban Independence, by Jerry A. Sierra – HistoryOfCuba.com
- Independence War (1895-1898) – History of Cuban Nation – CubaHistory.org
- 1895 Cuban War for Independence – TIMELINE – PBS.org
- War for Cuban Independence – The Spanish War History – SpanishWars.net
- Cuba – Second War for Independence – 1805-1902 – GlobalSecurity.org
- The Cuban War of Independence – Boundless.com
- “February 24, 1895 begin the Independence War with the Scream of Baire, a small village to some 80 kms from Santiago de Cuba, the second city in importance in the country, and the war will extend until August of 1898 when finally with the Treaty of Paris the island reaches its independence that won’t become effective up to May 20, 1902.” – History of Cuba – Part Two – HiCuba.com
- “After careful planning by José Martí and a series of events that seemed to conspire against the Cuban rebels, the war of independence began on February 1895. This was the 3rd effort by the Cubans to free themselves from centuries of Spanish domination, reuniting many of the loved heroes of the Ten Year War: Antonio Maceo, Maximo Gómez, Flor Crombet, Calixto Garcia and others. The war for Cuban independence featured some of the most moving and dramatic moments in Cuban history…” – THE THIRD AND FINAL WAR FOR CUBAN INDEPENDENCE FROM SPAIN, by Jerry A. Sierra – HistoryOfCuba.com
- Cuban War of Independence – TimelineIndex.com
- Cuban War of Independence – FindTheData.com
History and Culture of Cuba:
- History of Cuba – Wikipedia
- The Cuban History
- Cuba – History – Infoplease.com
- 500 YEARS OF CUBAN HISTORY – HistoryOfCuba.com
- History of Cuban Nation, from Colonial Days to the Present
- Cuba History, Language and Culture – World Travel Guide
- Timeline of Cuban history – Wikipedia
- Cuba profile – Timeline – BBC
- Culture of Cuba – Wikipedia
- CUBAN CULTURE, by CubaHeritage
- Cuba Heritage
Cuba or the “Republic of Cuba” (Repúlica de Cuba):
- CUBA – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Cuba – Wikipedia
- Cuba – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Cuba – Infoplease.com
- Cuba profile – Overview – BBC
- Cuba – Human Rights Watch
Economy of Cuba:
- Economy of Cuba – Wikipedia
- Cuba’s Economy – GlobalSecurity.org
- Cuba – Economy – Infoplease.com
- The Economic History and Economy of Cuba – Department of Economics – San José State University
- Cuba | Economic Indications – TradingEconomics.com
- Cuba – Data – World Bank
1881 China and Russia sign the Sino-Russian Ili Treaty.
1848 King Louis-Philippe of France abdicates the throne.
1831 The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, the first removal treaty in accordance with the Indian Removal Act, is proclaimed. The Choctaws in Mississippi cede land east of the river in exchange for payment and land in the West.
1826 The signing of the Treaty of Yandabo marks the end of the First Anglo-Burmese War.
1822 The first Swaminarayan temple in the world, Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Ahmedabad, is inaugurated.
1821 Final stage of the Mexican War of Independence from Spain with Plan of Iguala .
1739 Battle of Karnal: The army of Iranian ruler Nader Shah defeats the forces of the Mughal emperor of India, Muhammad Shah.
1711 The London première of Rinaldo by George Frideric Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage.
1607 L’Orfeo by Claudio Monteverdi, one of the first works recognized as an opera, receives its première performance.
1582 With the papal bull Inter gravissimas, Pope Gregory XIII announces the Gregorian calendar.
1538 Treaty of Nagyvárad between Ferdinand I and John Zápolya.
1525 Spanish-Imperial army defeat French army at Battle of Pavia.
FEBRUARY 25
2009 Members of the Bangladesh Rifles mutiny at their headquarters in Pilkhana, Dhaka, Bangladesh, resulting in 74 deaths, including more than 50 army officials.
1997 Yi Han-yong, a North Korean defector, was murdered by unidentified assailants in Bundang, South Korea.
1994 Mosque of Abraham massacre: In the Cave of the Patriarchs in the West Bank city of Hebron, Baruch Goldstein opens fire with an automatic rifle, killing 29 Palestinian worshippers and injuring 125 more before being subdued and beaten to death by survivors.
1992 Khojaly massacre: About 613 civilians are killed by Armenian armed forces during the conflict in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan.
Khojaly Massacre:
- Background – Khojaly Massacre – Wikipedia
- The Khojaly Massacre – Azerbaijan America Alliance.org
- Khojaly Massacre – March 05, 2014 – DailyTimes.com.pk
- Khojaly Massacre – KARABAKH: THROUGH HISTORY AND FACTS – Karabakh.co.uk
- Khojaly, a forgotten massacre – Feb 27, 2012 – Euractiv.com
- YouTube video (21 min. 09 sec.): Khojay Massacre – An Interview with a Survivor
- Khojaly Massacre – Video (21 min. 03 sec.), from Jeff Handel – Vimemo.com
- Khojaly Massacre: Public Awareness Campaign for 21st Anniversary – AzerbaijanAmericaAlliance.org
- Khojaly Massacre: Azerbaijan’s Fight for Justice Continues – April 30, 2014 – Facebook.com
- Khojaly Massacre – 15 February 2016 – CBC.az
- KHOJALY – A HUMAN TRAGEDY AGAINST AZERBAIJAN – KhojalyGenocide.org
- Khojaly Massacre – Azeri Turk Canadian Association
- Memorial of The Khojaly Massacre, by Midpen Media Center – Archive.org
- Khojaly Massacre Memorial (Berlin) – Wikipedia
Nagorno-Karabakh War:
- Background – Nagorno-Karabakh War – Wikipedia
- Key Issues – NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT – AzerbaijanAmericaAlliance.org
- Nagorno-Karabakh – GlobalSecurity.org
- Tensions reignite in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, by Anna Nigmatulina – 09 Mar 2015 – Aljazeera.com
- Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict (brief history) – YouTube video (12 min. 11 sec.)
1991 The Warsaw Pact is declared disbanded.
History of the Warsaw Pact:
- History – Warsaw Pact – Wikipedia
- THIS DAY IN HISTORY: MAY 14, 1955 – Warsaw Pact is formed – history.com
- FORMATION OF NATO AND WARSAW PACT – history.com
- The Warsaw Treaty Organization, 1955 – THE OFFICE OF HISTORIAN – state.gov
- May 14 1955: Warsaw Pact is Signed – worldhistoryproject.org
- The Warsaw Pact, 1955 – Modern History Sourcebook – sourcebooks.fordham.edu
- Warsaw Pact – u-s-history.com
- The Warsaw Pact – historylearningsite.com
- Warsaw Pact – Encyclopedia Britannica
- THE WARSAW PACT – coldwar.org
- The Warsaw Pact, by Robert Wilde – about education – about.com
- THE WARSAW PACT –shsu.edu
- The Warsaw Pact – chmn.gmu.edu
- YouTube video (7 min. 49 sec.): History of Nato [sic] and Warsaw Pact
1991 Gulf War: An Iraqi scud missile hits an American military barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia killing 28 U.S. Army Reservists from Pennsylvania.
Iraqi Scud Missile:
- Scud – Wikipedia
- Iraq’s Missile Program – iraqwatch.org
- “The greatest tactical achievement of the Al-Hussein was the destruction of a US military barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, on 25 February 1991, when 28 soldiers were killed and other 110 injured, effectively taking out of action an entire supply company, composed mainly of reservists from Pennsylvania.” – Persian Gulf War (1991) – Al Hussein (missile) – Wikipedia
- Information Paper – Iraq’s Scud Ballistic Missiles – iraqwatch.org
- WAR IN THE GULF: Scud Attack; Scud Missile Hits a US Barracks, Killing 27 – by R.W. Appel, Jr. – February 26, 1991 – The New York Times – nytimes.com
- Weapons – SS-1 Scud – pbs.org
- UNSCOM and Iraqi Missiles – gulflink.osd.mil
Gulf War Timelines:
- Gulf War Overview & Timeline, by Peter Fitzgerald – The Finer Times – TheFinerTimes.com
- Gulf War timeline – WorldHistoryProject.org
- Persian Gulf War Timeline – PERSIAN GULF WAR
- Timeline of the Gulf War – Wikipedia
- Chronology – Gulf War – FRONTLINE – PBS.org
- TIMELINE – Gulf War – PBS.org
- Gulf War to Iraq War: 2 August 1990-19 March 2003 – WarChronicle.com
- Persian Gulf War Timeline – SoftSchools.com
- Timeline: War in the Gulf – BBC
1986 People Power Revolution: President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos flees the nation after 20 years of rule; Corazon Aquino becomes the Philippines‘ first woman president.
Philippines’ People Power Revolution of 1986:
- Background – People Power Revolution – Wikipedia
- THE EDSA I: 1986 PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION (22-25 February 1986) – NIU.edu
- EDSA Revolution of 1986 – WikiPilipinas.org
- PEOPLE POWER IN THE PHILIPPINES – FragmentsWeb.org
- Philippines: People Power against the Philippine Dictator- 1986, by Nicole Kay & Daryl Holthoff – Prezi.com
- EDSA, Elsewhere : The 1986 People Power Revolution – Gov.ph
- The Philippines “Edsa Revolution” February 22 1986 – YouTube video (6 min. 15 sec.)
- People-Power–The-1986-Philippines-EDSA-Revolution – YouTube video (9 min. 57 sec.)
- PEOPLE’S POWER REVOLUTION – PHLIPPINES, 1986 – YouTube video (2 min. 47 sec.)
- The Philippines’ People Power revolution wins new victory, by Ken Butigan – February 28, 2013 – Waging Nonviolence – WagingNonviolence.org
- My unforgettable People Power-EDSA, I experienced, by Letters to the Editor – Phil Star GLOBAL – PhilStar.com
Timelines of the People Power Revolution:
- 1986 – Timeline of the People Power Revolution – Wikipedia
- A Detailed Timeline of Events of the 1986 People Power Revolution – The 1986 People Power Revolution
- TIMELINE OF THE PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION – isnare.com
- Edsa People Power Revolution – timerime.com
- EDSA PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION CHRONOLOGY: EDSA DAY 1: February 22, 1986; EDSA DAY 2: February 23, 1986; EDSA DAY 3: February 24, 1986; EDSA DAY 4: February 25, 1986.
Corazon Aquino:
- Corazon Aquino – Wikipedia
- CRAZON AQUINO – biography.com
- Corazon Aquino – about education – about.com
- Corazon Aquino, revolutionary President of the Philippines – amazingwomeninhistory.com
- Corazon Aquino – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Corazon Aquino – wic.org
- Corazon Aquino – theguardian.com
1981 US performs nuclear test (underground) at Nevada Test Site.
US Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- The Cold War – AtomCentral.com
Nuclear Weapons and the United States:
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
- US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
- 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
- US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State
Nevada Test Site:
- NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
- NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
- Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
- Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
- Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
- Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
- NUKE TESTING in NEVADA – Archure.net
- ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
- 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
- Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- The Nuclear Matters Handbook
Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:
- Environment and the Quality of Life in Nevada – UNLV.edu
- ECONLGOY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH NARRATIVE SUMMARY, KEY WORD INDEX, AND SPECIES LISTS – DOE/NEV/11718-594
- Nevada Applied Ecology Information Center: a review of technical information support provided to the Nevada Applied Ecology Group – Sci-Tech Connect
- “Between 1951 and 1992, the United States bombed its own soil with nuclear weapons — 945 times. All but 17 of those explosions took place on a stretch of basin-and-range desert northwest of Las Vegas called the Nevada Test Site (NTS),…” – Sovereignty at Shoshone Mountain – EcologyCenter.org
- The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions – Princeton.edu
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center
1980 The government of Suriname is overthrown by a military coup led by Dési Bouterse.
Suriname Coup of 1980 (Sergeants’ Coup or “De Sergeantencoup” in Dutch):
- “On Feb. 25, 1980, after the government’s refusal to sanction trade union activity within the armed forces, a group of non-commissioned army officers seized control of the government. The coup was welcomed by most of the population.” – MILITARY COUP IN SURINAME 1980 – OnWar.com
- Any Dutch ties to Suriname coup to remain secret until 2060 – StabroekNews.com
- Developments – 1980 Surinamese coup d’état – Wikipedia
- Paul Bhagwandas – Wikipedia
History of Suriname:
- History of Suriname – Wikipedia
- Suriname – History – Infoplease.com
- Suriname – History – NationsEncyclopedia.com
- Surinam – History – Crommelin.org
- Suriname – Timeline – WorldAtlas.com
- History – Suriname – LonelyPlanet.com
- Suriname, History – CountriesQuest.com
- Suriname History – WorldRover.com
- Suriname – The Virtual Jewish World – Jewish Virtual Library
Suriname:
- SURINAME – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Suriname – UN Data
- Suriname – Infoplease.com
- Suriname – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Suriname – Facts and Culture – CountryReports.org
- Suriname country profile – Overview – BBC
Foreign Relations of Suriname:
Economy of Suriname:
- Economy of Suriname – Wikipedia
- Suriname – WORLD BANK
- Suriname – Data – WORLD BANK
- Suriname – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- Suriname – Economy and Government – Infoplease.com
- Suriname – The Economist
- Suriname – TradingEconomics.com
1971 The first unit of the Pickering Nuclear Generating Station, the first commercial nuclear power station in Canada, goes online.
1968 Vietnam War: One hundred thirty-five unarmed citizens of Hà My village in South Vietnam‘s Quảng Nam Province are killed and buried en masse by South Korean troops in what would come to be known as the Hà My massacre.
1968 in the Vietnam War:
Hà My Massacre:
Massacres in the Vietnam War:
- List of massacres in Vietnam – Wikipedia
- YouTube video (1 h. 23 min. 40 sec.): Vietnam War Documentary Massacre in Vietnam
- AN UNKONWN MASSCRE IN VIETNAM – earthlink.net
- Vietnam War Atrocities – olive-drab.com
Viet Nam War and Pertinent Events:
- VIETNAM WAR HISTORY – History.com
- Chronology of Viet Nam War and Pertinent Events – Digital History – DigitalHistory.UH.edu
- The Vietnam War – The Jungle War 1965 – 1968 – The History Place – HistoryPlace.com
- The VIETNAM WAR: US Involvement & Escalation – ARCHIVAL TELEVISION AUDIO Inc. – RESEARCH REPORT – PART ONE – April 23, 1961 – May 27, 1968 – ATVAudio.com
- The Diplomatic Course of the Vietnam War, by David L Anderson – Illinois.edu
- America’s Vietnam War in Indochina – U-S-History.com
- Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, Volume VII, Vietnam, September 1968-January 1969 – OFFICE of the HISTORIAN – US Department of State
- Britain and the Tet Offensive 1967-1968: A ‘Turning Point’ in British Foreign Policy? – All Empires – AllEmpires.com
1964 US Air Force launches a satellite employing a US Air Force Atlas/Agena combination from Point Arguello (LC-2-3) in California and from Cape Kennedy in Florida.
1964 North Korean Prime Minister Kim Il-sung calls for the removal of feudalistic land ownership aimed at turning all cooperative farms into state-run ones.
1956 In his speech On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union denounces the cult of personality of Joseph Stalin.
1954 Gamal Abdel Nasser is made premier of Egypt.
Gamal Abdel Nasser:
- President Gamal Abd El Nasser – Bibalex.org
- Gamal Abdel Nasser – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Gamal Abdel Nasser – HistoryLearningSite.co.uk
- Road to presidency – Gamal Abdel Nasser – Wikipedia
- Gamal Abdel Nasser – Jewish Virtual Library
- Gamal Abdel Nasser – Encyclopedia of the Middle East – MiddleEastWeb.org
- Gamal Abdel Nasser – Biografías y Vidas – Biografiasyvidas.com
Egypt:
- EGYPT – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Egypt – UN Data
- Egypt – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Egypt – Infoplease.com
History of (Modern) Egypt:
- History of modern Egypt – Wikipedia
- Modern history of Egypt – Sham-Club.com
- Modern Egyptian History – Academic Papers – Academia.edu
- Modern Egypt History – EgyMAS.com
- Useful Notes: History of Modern Egypt – TVTropes.org
- Ancient & Modern Egypt – AncientAndModernEgypt.Weebly.com
- Modern Egypt – Art & Architecture – Egypt.travel
- History of Islam/Modern period/Egypt – Wikipedia
- Timeline of Modern Egyptian History – HistoryGuy.com
- Egypt profile – Timeline – BBC
Foreign Relations of Egypt:
- Foreign relations of Egypt – Wikipedia
- Egypt – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- Egypt’s Evolving Foreign Policy, by Adel El-Adawy – October 17, 2013 – POLICY ANALYSIS – WashingtonInstitute.org
- US Relations With Egypt – US Department of State
Economy of Egypt:
- Economy of Egypt – Wikipedia
- Egypt – Economy – Infoplease.com
- EGYPT – Overview – WORLD BANK
- Egypt – Data – WORLD BANK
- Egypt – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- Egypt – Articles – The Economist
1948 The Communist Party takes control of government in Czechoslovakia and the period of the Third Republic ends.
1947 The State of Prussia ceases to exist.
History of Prussia:
- History – Prussia – Wikipedia
- HISTORY OF PRUSSIA – historyworld.net
- A Brief History of Prussia – kolpack.com
- Prussia – history-world.org
- Prussia – History – infoplease.com
- History of Prussia – Preussen.de
- Germany and Prussia – about education – about.com
- YouTube video (4 min. 36 sec.): The Rise and Fall of Prussia
- YouTube video (10 min. 05 sec.): Territorial evolution of the German statehood since 1867
Timelines of Prussia:
- Prussia Timeline – about education – about.com
- Prussia – timetoast.com
- Prussian Timeline – sites.google.com
- Prussia – timelinesdb.com
- Timeline of Prussia – prussianmachine.com
History of Germany:
- History of Germany – Wikipedia
- History of Germany – MotherEarthTravel.com
- History of Germany – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Germany – History – Infoplease.com
- HISTORY OF GERAMNY – HistoryWorld.net
- Outline of Germany’s History – NationslOnline.org
- German HISTORY – All Facts and Events – GermanCulture.com.ua
- GERMANY HISTORY – GERAMNY TRAVEL – JustGermany.org
- Foreign relations of East Germany – MusicIllustratedMagazine.com
- Nazi Germany – Wikipedia
- German Foreign Policy 1933-1945 – Holocaust Encyclopedia
- 1919-1933: an economic review – THE HOLOCAUSE EXPLAINED – TheHolocaustExplained.org
- History of Germany – Germany is Younger Than You Think – The German Way & More – German-Way.com
- THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF GERMANY – SJSU.edu
- Germany – Culture – EveryCulture.com
- Germany Timeline – WorldAtlas.com
- Timeline of German History – Wikipedia
- Germany profile – Timeline – BBC
1945 World War II: Turkey declares war on Germany.
1933 The USS Ranger is launched. It is the first US Navy ship to be built solely as an aircraft carrier.
1932 Adolf Hitler obtains German citizenship by naturalization, which allows him to run in the 1932 election for Reichspräsident.
Adolf Hitler:
- Adolf Hitler – Wikipedia
- The Rise of Adolf Hitler – The History Place – historyplace.com
- ADOLF HITLER – history.com
- Adolf Hitler – Biography.com
- Adolf Hitler, by Jennifer Rosenberg – about.com
- Hitler Facts, by Jennifer Rosenberg – About education – about.com
- Adolf Hitler – Jewish Virtual Library
- Hitler Historical Museum – hitler.org
- ADOLF HITLER – adolfhitler.dk
- Adolf Hitler – Spartacus-educational.com
- Adolf Hitler Biography – imdb.com
- Adolf Hitler – encyclopedia.com
- Adolf Hitler – newencyclopedia.org
- Adolf Hitler Biography – who2.com
- Articles on Adolf Hitler – TMS Search
- Death of Adolf Hitler – Wikipedia
- Books related to Adolf Hitler – Amazon.com
1928 Charles Jenkins Laboratories of Washington, D.C. becomes the first holder of a broadcast license for television from the Federal Radio Commission.
1921 Tbilisi, capital of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, is occupied by Bolshevist Russia.
Democratic Republic of Georgia and Its First Constitution of 1921:
- Background – Democratic Republic of Georgia – Wikipedia
- A Restrospective on the 1921 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, by George Papusashvili – May 09, 2012 – Fed-Soc.org
- Republic of Georgia, pre-USSR (1918-1921) – DCStamps.com
Soviet Invasion of Georgia:
- “On 25 February, the triumphant Red Army entered Tbilisi. Bolshevik soldiers engaged in widespread looting.” – Battle of Tbilisi – Red Army invasion of Georgia – Wikipedia
- “The Soviet forces took the Georgian capital Tbilisi (then known as Tiflis to most non-Georgian speakers) after heavy fighting and declared the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic on February 25, 1921. The rest of the country was overrun within three weeks, but…” – Feb 21 to Mar 17, 1921 – Soviet Invasion of Georgia – WorldHistoryProject.org
- LENIN AUTHORIZES INVASION OF GEORGIA: Vladimir Lenin, Copy Top Secret 14/11-1921. February 14, 1921 – SEVENTEEN MOMENTS IN SOVIET HISTORY – MSU.edu
- “On February 25, 1921 the Red Army entered the capital Tbilisi and installed a communist government, led by Georgian Bolshevik Filipp Makharadze.” – Soviet Occupation Day (Georgia) – Wikipedia
- YouTube video (5 min. 16 sec.): Soviet Russian Invasion in Democratic Republic of Georgia. 1921
- YouTube video (5 min. 46 sec.): Soviet occupation of Georgia 1921
- Georgia under the Soviet Union (1921-1990) – History of Georgia – Google.com/site
Georgia-Russian/Soviet Relations:
- Feb 15 1921 to Mar 17 1921 – Soviet Invasion of Georgia – WorldHistoryProject.org
- Soviet-Georgian War and Sovietization of Georgia, February-March 1921, by Andrew Anderson – Academia.edu
- The Soviet-Georgian War (1921): Every Day – WN.com
- Red Army invasion of Georgia – Wikipedia
- Soviet Russian Invasion in Democratic Republic of Georgia 1921 – YouTube video (5 min. 16 sec.)
- FIRST DAYS OF OCCUPIED GEORGIA – 1912 – JumpStart.ge
- Russo-Georgian War – Wikipedia
- Russia-Georgia: History of Relations – YouTube video (7 min. 25 sec.)
- Georgia vs Russia, history of relations – YouTube video (4 min. 24 sec.)
- Georgia-Russian relations – Wikipedia
- Georgia-Russia Relations – Georgia’s Alleged Russian-Truck Invasion, by Giorgi Lomsadze – EURASIANET.org
- Georgia-Russia Relations – GlobalSecurity.org
- Georgia-Russia-Relation: Smoke and Mirrors of EU-Georgia Russian Trade, by Seth Ferris – 05.08.2014 – New Eastern Outlook – Journal-NEO.org
- Georgia-Russia conflict: lost territory, found nation, by Donald Rayfield – 18 August 2008 – OpenDemocracy.net
- RUSSIA NOW FLEXING MUSCLES TOWARD GEORGIA, by F. Michael Maloof – 03/18/2014 – WND.com
- Russia “open” to contact with Georgian people – FM – 31 December 2010 – RT.com
History of Georgia (country):
- History of Georgia (country) – Wikipedia
- Georgia – History – Infoplease.com
- Georgia – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- History of Georgia – Tripod.com
- Learning about Georgia’s Facts and History – Georgia.gov
- Country of Georgia History – Archaeolink.com
- Georgia – Sak’art’velo – Background – NationalOnline.org
- Georgia – History – FactMonster.com
- Georgia – EveryCulture.com
- Origins of the Georgian nation – Georgia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Georgia country profile – Overview – BBC
- History of Georgia – Wow.com
Georgia:
- GEORGIA – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Georgia – UN Data
- Georgia – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Georgia – Infoplease.com
- Georgia country profile – Overview – BBC
Foreign Relations of Georgia:
- Foreign relations of Georgia – Wikipedia
- US Relations with Georgia – US Department of State
- Georgia – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- Relations between Turkey and Georgia – REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Economy of Georgia:
- Economy of Georgia (country) – Wikipedia
- Georgia – Overview – WORLD BANK
- Georgia – Data – WORLD BANK
- Georgia – Economy – Asian Development Bank – ADB.org
- Georgia – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
- Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia
- Georgia – Economy – Infoplease.com
Democracy and Georgia:
- Democracy Index – Wikipedia
- Rule of Law – Democracy and Human Rights – UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, and the Human Rights of Georgia
- George: Flickering Beacon of Democracy – Human Rights in Georgia in 2007, by Human Rights Centre (HRIDC) – pdf
1916 World War I: The Germans capture Fort Douaumont during the Battle of Verdun.
Battle of Verdun, First World War:
- Battle of Verdun – Wikipedia
- Battle of Verdun – Verdun – Wikipedia
- BATTLE OF VERDUN – history.com
- The Battle of Verdun – the greatest battle ever – wereldoorlog1418.nl
- Battle of Verdun – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Battles – The Battle of Verdun, 1916 – firstworldwar.com
- The Battle of Verdun – historylearningsite.co.uk
1912 Marie-Adélaïde, the eldest of six daughters of Guillaume IV, becomes the first reigning Grand Duchess of Luxembourg.
1901 J P Morgan incorporates the United States Steel Corporation.
1875 Guangxu Emperor of Qing dynasty China begins his reign, under Empress Dowager Cixi‘s regency.
1870 Hiram Rhodes Revels, a Republican from Mississippi, is sworn into the United States Senate, becoming the first African American ever to sit in the U.S. Congress.
1866 Miners in Calaveras County, California, discover what is now called the Calaveras Skull – human remains that supposedly indicated that man, mastodons, and elephants had co-existed.
1856 A Peace conference opens in Paris after the Crimean War.
1848 Provisional government in revolutionary France, by Louis Blanc‘s motion, guarantees workers’ rights.
1843 Lord George Paulet occupies the Kingdom of Hawaii in the name of Great Britain in the Paulet Affair (1843).
1831 Battle of Olszynka Grochowska, part of Polish November Uprising against Russian Empire.
Battle of Olszynka Grochowska:
- Battle – Battle of Olszynka Grochowska – Wikipedia
- TMP – “Battle of Olszynka Grochowska” – Topic – TheMiniaturesPage.com
- Historical Reinactment Of Battle Of Olszynka Grochowska – GettyImages.com
November Uprising:
- NOVEMBER UPRISING – Tripod.com
- The Uprising – November Uprising – Wikipedia
- Poland and the November Uprising, by Mark Schauss – RussianRulersHistory.com
- November Insurrection – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Revolution in Perspective: the Polish November Uprising of 1830-1831 – added by Milosz Cybowski – Downloadable – Academia.edu
- Polish National Government of 1831 (November Uprising) – Wikipedia
History of Poland:
- History of Poland – Wikipedia
- HISTORY OF POLAND – HistoryWorld.net
- Poland – History – LonelyPlanet.com
- History of Poland – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Poland – HISTORY – CountryStudies.us
- A BRIEF HISTORY OF POLAND – LocalHistories.org
- Poland – The Virtual Jewish World – Jewish Virtual Library
- Timeline of Polish History – Roots Web – Ancestry.com
- Historical Maps of Poland – Buffalo.edu
- Poland country profile – Timeline – BBC
Poland and Russia:
- History of Poland (1945-1989) – Wikipedia
- Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union – Wikipedia
- Poland-Russia relations – Wikipedia
- HISTORY OF RUSSIAN-POLISH RELATIONS – Euro-Dialogue.org
- “The first years of independence were very difficult: war havoc, hyperinflation and the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920. In the course of this war, the Battle of Warsaw was fought on the Eastern outskirts of the city, and the capital was successfully defended and the Red Army defeated. Poland stopped on itself the full brunt of the Red Army and defeated an idea of the ‘export of the revolution.’” – History of Warsaw – Wikipedia
- Russia-Poland: a history too terrible – OpenDemocracy.net
- POLISH-RUSSIAN RELATIONS: HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY AND GEOPOLITICS, uploaded by Fatih Özbay – Academia.edu – pdf downloadable
- POLAND – THE ECONOMY UNDER COMMUNISM – CountryStudies.us
- Poland vs. Russia in a war of words, rent and history – DW.com
- Russo-Polish Wars: Wars and Conflicts Between Russia and Poland – HistoryGuy.com
- Russia, Poland and the history wars – OpenDemocracy.net
Poland:
- POLAND – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
- Poland – UN Data
- Poland – Infoplease.com
- Poland – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Poland – FactMonster.com
- Geography of Poland – About.com
- Poland country profile – Overview – BBC
Foreign Relations of Poland:
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland
- Foreign relations of Poland – Wikipedia
- Poland – FOREIGN RELATOINS – CountryStudies.us
- Poland – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
- Poland-United States relations – Wikipedia
- US Relations with Poland – US Department of State
Economy of Poland:
- Economy of Poland – Wikipedia
- Poland – Economy – Infoplease.com
- Poland – WORLD BANK
- Poland – Data – WORLD BANK
- Poland – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION
1821 Greek War of Independence: Alexander Ypsilantis issues a proclamation at Iași, announcing that he had “the support of a great power” (i.e. Russia).
Greek War of Independence:
- War of Greek Independence – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Greece: War of Independence (1821-1829) – CRWFlags.com
- Greek War of Independence – Military.Wikia.com
- Greek War of Independence – HISTORY OF ATHENS – ATHENS INFO GUIDE
- GREEK WAR OF INDPENDENCE 1821-1832 – OnWar.com
- WAR OF INDEPENDENCE – Angelfire.com
- Greek War of Independence – FunIllustratedMagazine.com
- Greek Constitution of 1822 – Wikipedia
- Greece – History – Infoplease.com
Modern History of Greece:
- History of modern Greece – Wikipedia
- HISTORY OF MODERN GREECE, by S. Petmezas – MinPress.gr – pdf
- History of modern Greece – In2Greece.com
- History of modern Greece – MLAHANAS.de
- Greece – History – Infoplease.com
1797 Colonel William Tate and his force of 1000–1500 soldiers surrender after the Last invasion of Britain.
FEBRUARY 26
US Federal Communications Commission (FCC)’s Decision on Net Neutrality:
- Net neutrality a reality: FCC votes to bring Internet under utility-style rules, by Marguerite Reardon – February 26, 2015 – CNet.com
- Ruling – Net neutrality in the United States – Wikipedia
Kepler Mission Program of NASA:
- Kepler Mission – NASA
- Kepler – Discovery Program – NASA
- NASA’s Planet-Hunting Kepler Telescope Explained (Infographic) – Space.com
- NASA’s Exoplanet-Hunting Kepler Space Telescope Gets New Mission – Space.com
- Weird Alien Worlds Beyond Our Solar System(full documentary)HD – WN.com
Stretchable Batteries for Flexible Electronics:
- Video: This Stretchable Battery Could Power the Next Generation of Wearable Gadgets – SmithsonianMag.com
- A Lithium-Ion Battery That Can Stretch and Be Recharged Wirelessly – February 27, 2013 – SciTechDaily.com
- Assessing the Potential of Flexible Electronics – NAP.edu
2008 The New York Philharmonic performs in Pyongyang, North Korea. The first event of its kind to take place in North Korea.
1995 The United Kingdom’s oldest investment banking institute, Barings Bank, collapses after securities broker Nick Leeson loses $1.4 billion by speculating on the Singapore International Monetary Exchange using futures contracts.
1993 World Trade Center bombing: In New York City, a truck bomb parked below the North Tower of the World Trade Center explodes, killing six and injuring over a thousand.
World Trade Center Bombing of 1993:
- 1993 World Trade Center bombing – Wikipedia
- 1993 World Trade Center Bombing Fast Facts – CNN – cnn.com
- THIS DAY IN HISTORY: FEB 26 1993: World Trade Center bombed – history.com
- Remembering the 1993 World Trade Center Bombing – history.com
- World Trade Center bombing of 1993 – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Ramzi Yousef – Wikipedia
1992 Nagorno-Karabakh War: Khojaly Massacre: Armenian armed forces open fire on Azeri civilians at a military post outside the town of Khojaly leaving hundreds dead.
Khojaly Massacre:
- Background – Khojaly Massacre – Wikipedia
- The Khojaly Massacre – Azerbaijan America Alliance.org
- Khojaly Massacre – March 05, 2014 – DailyTimes.com.pk
- Khojaly Massacre – KARABAKH: THROUGH HISTORY AND FACTS – Karabakh.co.uk
- Khojaly, a forgotten massacre – Feb 27, 2012 – Euractiv.com
- YouTube video (21 min. 09 sec.): Khojay Massacre – An Interview with a Survivor
- Khojaly Massacre – Video (21 min. 03 sec.), from Jeff Handel – Vimemo.com
- Khojaly Massacre: Public Awareness Campaign for 21st Anniversary – AzerbaijanAmericaAlliance.org
- Khojaly Massacre: Azerbaijan’s Fight for Justice Continues – April 30, 2014 – Facebook.com
- Khojaly Massacre – 15 February 2016 – CBC.az
- KHOJALY – A HUMAN TRAGEDY AGAINST AZERBAIJAN – KhojalyGenocide.org
- Khojaly Massacre – Azeri Turk Canadian Association
- Memorial of The Khojaly Massacre, by Midpen Media Center – Archive.org
- Khojaly Massacre Memorial (Berlin) – Wikipedia
Nagorno-Karabakh War:
- Background – Nagorno-Karabakh War – Wikipedia
- Key Issues – NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT – AzerbaijanAmericaAlliance.org
- Nagorno-Karabakh – GlobalSecurity.org
- Tensions reignite in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, by Anna Nigmatulina – 09 Mar 2015 – Aljazeera.com
- Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict (brief history) – YouTube video (12 min. 11 sec.)
1991 Gulf War: United States Army forces capture the town of Al Busayyah.
Gulf War Timelines:
- Gulf War Overview & Timeline, by Peter Fitzgerald – The Finer Times – TheFinerTimes.com
- Gulf War timeline – WorldHistoryProject.org
- Persian Gulf War Timeline – PERSIAN GULF WAR
- Timeline of the Gulf War – Wikipedia
- Chronology – Gulf War – FRONTLINE – PBS.org
- TIMELINE – Gulf War – PBS.org
- Gulf War to Iraq War: 2 August 1990-19 March 2003 – WarChronicle.com
- Persian Gulf War Timeline – SoftSchools.com
- Timeline: War in the Gulf – BBC
1990 USSR agrees to withdraw all 73,500 troops from Czechoslovakia by July, 1991
1987 Iran–Contra affair: The Tower Commission rebukes President Ronald Reagan for not controlling his national security staff.
Tower Commission:
- Tower Commission – Wikipedia
- EXCERPTS FROM THE TOWER COMMISSION’S REPORT – presidency.ucsb.edu
- Presidential Address on Tower Commission Report – c-span.com
- WASHINGTON TALK: THE TOWER COMMISSION; THOSE WHO LABORED ON THE REPORT – by Susan F. Rasky – March 3 1987 – The New York Times – nytimes.com
Iran-Contra Affair:
- Iran-Contra affair – Wikipedia
- The Iran-Contra Scandal – Boundless.com
- The Iran-Contra Affair, by Jon Carroll and Ronald Reagan – AlvaradoHistory.com – pdf
- Chapter 31 Edwin Meese III: November 1986 – FAS.org
- Evidence and Analysis: The Iran-Contra Affair As seen through American, Middle Eastern, and Soviet news sources, by Devin Chavira – 1-1-2004 – UPenn.edu – pdf
- Iran-Contra: Reagan’s Scandal and the Unchecked Abuse of Presidential Power, by Malcolm Byrne – 2014 – JHU.edu – pdf downloadable
1987 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalatinsk USSR.
USSR Nuclear Tests in 1987:
USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
- Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
- The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
- A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu
Underground Nuclear Tests:
- The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
- Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
- What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
- APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
- Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
- Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
- Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
- Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site:
- Kazakhstan’s radioactive legacy – Boston.com
- “My home: nuclear base Semipalatinsk – 21”, Episode 02 “Main Testing Field” (Video: 3 min. 14 sec.) – WN.com
- Slow Death In Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Library
- Visit to the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – SPEICAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL
- The Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan – IAEA.org
- Semipalatinsk Test Site – NTI.org
- The Tragic Story of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, by Vincze Miklós – io9.com
- 60 Years After First Soviet Nuclear Test, Legacy Of Misery Lives On In Kazakhstan – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – Monday, August 10, 2015 – RFERL.org
- Soviet nuclear tests leave Kazakh fallout – Sunday, 6 September 2009 – BBC
- In Kazakhstan, the race for uranium goes nuclear, by Philip P. Pan – Thursday, February 25, 2005 – The Washington Post
- Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – NuclearNo.com
- Top 10 Nuclear Test Sites, Michael Affleck, May 15, 2012 – Our World – ListVerse.com
Health, and Ecological Issues in Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk:
- Kazakstan/Kazakhstan – Environmental Problems – Reference.AllRefer.com
- “In Semipalatinsk, the local population was exposed to high levels of radioactivity from nuclear weapon tests for several decades…” – Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Nuclear test site – Nuclear-Risk.org
- Semipalatinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
- Radionuclide Contamination at Kazakhstan’s Semipalatinsk Test Site Implications on Human and Ecological Heath, by T.M. Carlsen, L.E. Peterson, B.A. Ulsh, C.A. Werner, K.L.Purvis, A.C. Sharber
- Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalatinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
- Plutonium and Uranium in Human Bones from Areas surrounding the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – NukeFreeTexas.org
- “Their research done on sample villages near the test site found cancer mortality rates 2-1/2 times greater than those in a control village. The agency says some 356,000 people face radiation risk, with 70 percent of those being descendants of exposed villagers…” – Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – The Christian Science Monitor
- Studies of Health Effects from Nuclear Testing near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site Kazakhstan, by Bernd Grosche, Tamara Zhunussova, Kazbek Apsalikov, Ausrele Kesminiene
- Information Report on Biological Studies Conducted At the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – IDOSI.org
- Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in the Semipalatinsk Historical Cohort, 1960 – 1999, and its Relationship to Radiation Exposure – Europe PubMed Central
- Slow Death of Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFRL.org
- The lasting toll of Semipalitinsk’s nuclear testing – TheBulletin.org
- External Doses of Residents near Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site – ResearchGate.net
1980 Egypt and Israel establish full diplomatic relations.
Egypt-Israel Relations:
- Egyptian-Israeli relations 1948 – 2011 – Middle East Monitor – MiddleEastMonitor.com
- TOPIC: ISRALE-EGYPT RELATIONS – THE TIMES OF ISRAEL – TimesOfIsrael.com
- Egypt-Israel relations – Wikipedia
- Israel – Foreign relations of Egypt – Wikipedia
- Egypt – Foreign relations of Israel – Wikipedia
- Israel-Egypt Relations – Jewish Virtual Library
- List of Egyptian ambassadors to Israel – Wikipedia
- List of Israeli ambassadors to Egypt – Wikipedia
- Egypt-Israel relations – Freebase.com
Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty of 1979:
- Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty – Wikipedia
- Text of the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty (Egyptian Website) – pdf or the same text on the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs Website
1976 US performs nuclear test (underground) at Nevada Test Site.
US Nuclear Weapons Tests:
- List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- The Cold War – AtomCentral.com
Nuclear Weapons and the United States:
- Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
- Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
- US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
- 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
- The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
- US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State
Nevada Test Site:
- NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
- NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
- Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
- Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
- Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
- Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
- NUKE TESTING in NEVADA – Archure.net
- ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
- 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
- Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
- The Nuclear Matters Handbook
Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:
- Environment and the Quality of Life in Nevada – UNLV.edu
- ECONLGOY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH NARRATIVE SUMMARY, KEY WORD INDEX, AND SPECIES LISTS – DOE/NEV/11718-594
- Nevada Applied Ecology Information Center: a review of technical information support provided to the Nevada Applied Ecology Group – Sci-Tech Connect
- “Between 1951 and 1992, the United States bombed its own soil with nuclear weapons — 945 times. All but 17 of those explosions took place on a stretch of basin-and-range desert northwest of Las Vegas called the Nevada Test Site (NTS),…” – Sovereignty at Shoshone Mountain – EcologyCenter.org
- The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions – Princeton.edu
- Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center
1971 UN Secretary General U Thant signs United Nations proclamation of the vernal equinox as Earth Day.
Earth Day:
- EARTH DAY – History.com
- Earth Day History: The History of Earth Day, by Larry West – About education – About.com
- THE HISTORY OF EARTH DAY – Earthday.org
- YouTube video (4 min. 03 sec.) I JUST WANNA CELEBRATE –Rare Earth 1971
1967 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.
- For some more pertinent information, see “1987 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR,” mentioned above.
1966 Vietnam War: The ROK Capital Division of the South Korean Army massacres 380 unarmed civilians in South Vietnam.
Vietnam War in 1966:
- 1966 in the Vietnam War – Wikipedia
- List of the allied military operations of the Vietnam War (1966) – Wikipedia
- The Vietnam War: The Jungle War 1965-1968 – historyplace.com
Bình An / Tây Vinh Massacre:
- Bình An / Tây Vinh massacre (Korean: 타이빈 양민 학살 사건) – Wikipedia
- South Korea in the Korean War – Wikipedia
- List of massacres in Vietnam – Wikipedia
1966 Apollo program: Launch of AS-201, the first flight of the Saturn IB rocket
1952 Vincent Massey is sworn in as the first Canadian-born Governor General of Canada.
1946 Finnish observers report the first of many thousands of sightings of ghost rockets.
1936 In the February 26 Incident, young Japanese military officers attempt to stage a coup against the government.
1935 Robert Watson-Watt carries out a demonstration near Daventry which leads directly to the development of radar in the United Kingdom.
Development of Radar in the UK:
- United Kingdom – History of radar – Wikipedia
- Radar Development in England – RadarWorld.org
- Development of Radar – Radar – Infoplease.com
- Development of the Radar Principle – Navy.mil
- “In 1935 Watson-Watt wrote a paper entitled “The Detection of Aircraft by Radio Methods”. This was presented to Henry Tizard, the chairman of the Committee for the Scientific Survey of Air Defence. Tizard was impressed with the idea and on 26th February 1935, Watson-Watt demonstrated his ideas at Daventry.” – Ob-Ultrasound.net
- “In February 1935 Watson-Watt demonstrated to an Air Ministry committee the first practical radio system for detecting aircraft. The Air Ministry was impressed, and in April Watson-Watt received a patent for the system and funding for further development. Soon Watson-Watt was using pulsed radio waves to detect airplanes up to 80 miles away.” – April, 1935: British Patent for Radar System for Air Defense Granted to Robert Watson-Watt – APS NEWS – APS.org
- Radar – Wikipedia
1935 Adolf Hitler orders the Luftwaffe to be re-formed, violating the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.
Adolf Hitler:
- Adolf Hitler – Wikipedia
- The Rise of Adolf Hitler – The History Place – historyplace.com
- ADOLF HITLER – history.com
- Adolf Hitler – Biography.com
- Adolf Hitler, by Jennifer Rosenberg – about.com
- Hitler Facts, by Jennifer Rosenberg – About education – about.com
- Adolf Hitler – Jewish Virtual Library
- Hitler Historical Museum – hitler.org
- ADOLF HITLER – adolfhitler.dk
- Adolf Hitler – Spartacus-educational.com
- Adolf Hitler Biography – imdb.com
- Adolf Hitler – encyclopedia.com
- Adolf Hitler – newencyclopedia.org
- Adolf Hitler Biography – who2.com
- Articles on Adolf Hitler – TMS Search
- Death of Adolf Hitler – Wikipedia
- Books related to Adolf Hitler – Amazon.com
Treaty of Versailles:
- WORLD WAR I: TREATIES AND REPARATIONS – Holocaust Encyclopedia – USHMMM.org
- Treaty of Versailles – Wikipedia
- Text of the Versailles Treaty June 28, 1919 – Avalon Project – Yale Law School
Luftwaffe:
- FEB 26, 1935: THIS DAY IN HISTORY: Hitler organizes Luftwaffe – History.com
- Preparing for war: 1933-39 – Luftwaffe – Wikipedia
- The Luftwaffe, 1933-45 – WW2.dk
- Luftwaffe – The Airforce 1933-1945, by Jason Pipes – Feldgrau.com
- German Air Force (Luftwaffe) – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Luftwaffe – HISTORY – BBC
History of Nazi Germany:
- History of Nazi Germany – World War II History – 123HelpMe.com
- THE ORIGINS OF NAZISM – alphahistory.com
- Nazi Germany – Spartacus-educational.com
- Nazi Regime in Germany – Jewish Virtual Library
- Nazi Germany – history.co.uk
- Nazi Germany – An Austro-Historical Analysis – hiddenhistoryhumanity.com
- The Revisiting The Rise and the Fall of the Third Reich – smithsonianmag.com
- THE SS – history.com
- BLACK HISTORY IN NAZI GERMANY, A BRIEF HISTORY – aaregistry.org
- Nazi Germany Timeline – historyonthenet.com
- NAZI PARTY – history.com
- History – Nazi Germany – Wikipedia
- Nazi Germany – historylearningsite.co.uk
- Nazi Germany and the Jews 1933-1939 – Rise of the Nazis and Beginning of Persecution – Yadvashem.org
1929 President Calvin Coolidge signs an Executive Order establishing the 96,000 acre Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming.
1919 President Woodrow Wilson signs an act of the US Congress establishing most of the Grand Canyon as a United States National Park – the Grand Canyon National Park.
1917 The Original Dixieland Jass Band records the first jazz record, for the Victor Talking Machine Company in New York.
1914 HMHS Britannic, sister to the RMS Titanic, is launched at Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast.
1909 Kinemacolor, the first successful color motion picture process, is first shown to the general public at the Palace Theatre in London.
1876 Japan and Korea sign a treaty granting Japanese citizens extraterritoriality rights, opening three ports to Japanese trade, and ending Korea’s status as a tributary state of Qing dynasty China.
Japan-Korea Treaty of 1876:
- Background – Japan-Korea Treaty of 1876 – Wikipedia
- Treaty of Kanghwa – Encyclopedia Britannica
- Korea: The West and Japan (1860s-1919) – Columbia.edu
- OPENING OF KOREA – IB HISTORY – Weebly.com
1815 Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from Elba.
1616 Galileo Galilei is formally banned by the Roman Catholic Church from teaching or defending the view that the earth orbits the sun.
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems:
- Summary – Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems – Wikipedia
- Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems – Ptolemaic & Copernican – Galileo Galilei, 1632
- Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, by Galileo Galilei – translated by Stillman Drake – annotated and condensed by Sciortino – edu
- Thomas Salusbury’s 1661 English translation of the Dialogue
Catholic Church and Galileo:
- Galileo affair – Wikipedia
- GALILEO AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH – September Issue 2000 – CatholicLeague.org
- The Galileo Controversy – Catholic Answers – Catholic.com
- Galileo Galilei – NewAdvent.org
- What were Galileo Galilei’s conflicts with the Roman Catholic Church? – ChristianNews.net
- Galileo vs the Catholic Church – Novan.com
- Galileo vs. the Pope, by Hal Hellman – Wednesday, September 9, 1998 – WashingtonPost.com
- The Catholic Church and Galileo – Father Bernard O’Connor – EWTN.com
- Science vs. The Church: The Galileo Controversy – CatholicBridge.com
- Galileo – Conflict with the Church – Infoplease.com
Catholic Church/Christianity//Religion and Science:
- Religion and Science – Albert Einstein – Sacred-Texts.com
- Religion and Science – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Stanford.edu
- Christianity and Science: How They Relate to Each Other in Modern Theology, by Roger E. Olson – November 9, 2013 – Roger E. Olson
- Catholic Church and science – Wikipedia
- Copernicus, Galileo, and the Church: Science in a Religious World, by Nicholas P. Leveillee – 2011, Vol. 3 No. 05 – StudentPulse.com
- Are science and Christianity at war? – Blogos.org
- Christianity and Science in Historical Perspective – CAM.ac.uk
- When Science Comes to Church – March 2014 – ChristianToday.com
- Science & The Catholic Church: A Tumultuous History From Galileo To Stem Cells, by Tanya Lewis – 03/11/2013 – HuffingtonPost.com
- Christianity and the Rise of Science – Bede.org.uk
- Christianity and Modern Science, by Victor Stenger – 04/21/2014 – HuffingtonPost.com
- Science and the Bible – ClarifyingChristianity.com
- Religion vs Science – EXPLORABLE.com
- Historical Studies of Science and Christianity – The American Scientific Affiliation – ASA3.org
- CHIRISTIANITY AND SCIENCE ARCHIVE – Equip.org
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(Sources and references: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/february_20 february_26; http://www.onthisday.com/events/february/20 to february/26; http://www.brainyhistory.com/days/february_20.html. to february_26.html; and other pertinent web sites and/or documents, mentioned above.)
- The views expressed in the cited or quoted websites and/or documents in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the author of this article. These websites and/or documents are cited or quoted for academic or educational purposes. Neither the author of this article nor the Transcend Media Service (TMS) is responsible for the contents, information, or whatsoever contained in these websites and/or documents.
- One of the primary purposes of this article is to provide the readers with opportunities to think about “peace”, including positive peace and negative peace as well as external/outer peace and internal/inner peace, and more, directly or indirectly, from various angles and/or in the broadest sense, through historical events. It is because this article is prepared specifically for the TMS whose main objective is to address “peace”.
Satoshi Ashikaga, having worked as researcher, development program/project officer, legal protection/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, prefers a peaceful and prudent life, especially that in communion with nature. His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, remind him of the invaluableness of peace. His interest and/or expertise includes international affairs, international law, jurisprudence, economic and business affairs, project/operations or organizational management, geography, history, the environmental/ecological issues, science and technology, visual/audio documentation of nature and culture, and more. Being a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, he is currently compiling This Week in History
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