This Week in History

HISTORY, 25 Sep 2017

Satoshi Ashikaga – TRANSCEND Media Service

Sep 25 – Oct 1, 2017

QUOTE OF THE WEEK:

“Is death the last sleep?  No, it is the last and final awakening.”  ― Walter Scott

 

SEPTEMBER 25

2009  US President Barack Obama, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and French President Nicolas Sarkozy, in a joint TV appearance for a G-20 summit, accuse Iran of building a secret nuclear enrichment facility.

2008  China launches the spacecraft Shenzhou 7.

2002  The Vitim event, a possible bolide impact in Siberia, Russia.

1996  The last of the Magdalene asylums closes in Ireland.

1990  UN Security Council vote 14-1 to impose air embargo against Iraq.

UN Security Council on Air Embargo against Iraq of 1990:

• RESOLUTION 670 (1990) Adopted by the Security Council at its 2943^rdmeeting on 25 September 1990
• Campaigns Sanctions Against on Iraq – UN Security Council resolutions relating to Iraq – CASI.org.uk
• The UN Security Council and Iraq – United Nations University Working Paper Series – Number 01, November 2013
• Sanctions against Iraq – Wikipedia
• United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War – Wikipedia
• Manipulation of the UN Security Council in support of the US-NATO Military Agenda – Coercion, Intimidation & Bribery used to Extort Approval from Reluctant Members, by Carla Stea – January 10, 2012 – GlobalResearch.ca
• The Gulf Crisis and Collective Security under the United Nations Charter, by Stephen M. De Luca – September 1991 – Pace International Law Review – Volume 3, Issue 1, Article 9 – Pace.edu
• The Security Council Blockade of Iraq: Conflicting Obligations Under United Nations Charter and the Fourth Geneva Convention, by Michael R. Sikiaire – Volume 6, Issue 4, 2011 – Article 5 – American International Law Review
• The United States and the United Nations in the Persian Gulf War: New Order or Disorder, by John Quigley– Volume 25, Issue 1, Winter 1992 – Article 9 – Cornel International Law Review
• “September 25, 1990: With only Cuba opposed, UN Security Council imposes air embargo against Iraq, cutting off all air traffic to and from Iraq and Kuwait.” – Case Studies in Sanctions and Terrorism –Case 90-1
  US and UN v. Iraq (1990–: Invasion of Kuwait, Impairment of military capability, destabilization) See also Case 80-2 US v. Iraq (1980–2003: Terrorism; Chemical and Nuclear Weapons)
• Review of Iraq Sanctions and Washington’s Iraq Policies – IraqWar.org
• Iraq – Sanctions – SanctionsWiki.org
• Timeline of the Gulf War – Wikipedia
• Iraq disarmament timeline 1990 – 2003 – Wikipedia
• Embargos and Sanctions on Iraq – Gov.uk

1983  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1962:

• 1962 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net

Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site:

• Novaya Zemlya – GlobalSecurity.org
• NOVAYA ZEMLYA – AtlasObscura.com
• Novaya Zemlya – GiantBomb.com
• NOVA ZEMLYA (NOVAYA ZEMLYA) 58 MEGA TON H BOMB TEST – ArkCode.com
• Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya – NTI.org
• ICE Case Studies – Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker – American.edu
• Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – Image – NASA
• Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – NovayaZemlya.net
• Novaya Zemlya, Russia – Nuclear-Risks.org
• Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated – July 31, 2014 – TASS Russian News Agency
• Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adapt nuclear test site, by Tatyana Sinitsyna – RIA Novosti, Russia – 15 August 2006
• UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRPAPHICAL SURVEY – Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501 – Reston, Virginia – 1993

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
• GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
• The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
• A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu

1982  USSR performs underground nuclear test at Krasnoyarsk, Russia.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1982:

• 1982 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
• GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
• The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
• A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu

Underground Nuclear Tests:

• The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
• Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
• What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
• APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
• Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
• Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
• Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
• Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

1981  Belize joins the United Nations.

Belize:

• BELIZE – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
• BELIZE – A Country Study – Country-Data.com
• Belize – Infoplease.com
• Belize – Encyclopedia Britannica

Foreign Relations of Belize:

• Foreign relations of Belize – Wikipedia
• FOREIGN RELATIONS OF BELIZE – Self.Gutenberg.org
• FOREIGN RELATIONS OF BELIZE – SunOfBelize.com
• United Nations – Belize
• UNDP Belize
• PERMANENT MISSION OF BELIZE TO THE UNITED NATIONS

Economy of Belize:

• Economy of Belize – Wikipedia
• Belize – Economy and Government – Infoplease.com
• Economy of Belize – InternationalLiving.com
• Belize Economy – EconomyWatch.com
• “In the 1990s, the economy in Belize historically dependant on sugar, citrus and banana exports began to diversify into the tourism and shrimp farming industries….According to the government of Belize, many international agencies have helped Belize in its development…” – Ah! Belize
• Belize – Data – World Bank
• Belize – Country economic memorandum – World Bank
• Ease of Doing Business in Belize – DoingBusiness.com

History and Culture of Belize:

• History of Belize – Wikipedia
• Belize – History – Infoplease.com
• EARLY HISTORY OF BELIZE
• The History of Belize – BlackPast.org
• Belize – History – LonelyPlanet.com
• Belize History, Language, and Culture – WorldTravelGuide.net
• Belize – Culture – Belize-Immigration.org
• Culture of Belize – EveryCulture.com
• Belize History, Timeline & Facts – FindFast.org
• A Narrative Summary of My Experience in Belize, by Katherine Leiter – OSU.edu
• Belize profile – Timeline – BBC

Permanent Mission of Belize to the United Nations:

• See the list of thePermanent Missions to the United Nations – un.org – pdf

1980  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalatinsk USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1980:

• 1980 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR Nuclear Tests Overview:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
• Slow Death of Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFRL.org
• Semipalatinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
• The lasting toll of Semipalatinsk’s nuclear testing – TheBulletin.org
• External Doses of Residents near Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – ResearchGate.net
• Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalatinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net

Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site:

• YouTube video (4 min. 21 sec.): Semipalatinsk Test Site – Kazakhstan – Nuclear Threat Initiative
• THE SOVIET UNION’S NUCLEAR TESTING PROGRAMME – CTBTO
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Nuclear weapons tests in history – HistoryOrb.com

Health, and Ecological Issues in Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk:

• Kazakstan or Kazakhstan – Environmental Problems – Reference.AllRefer.com
• “In Semipalatinsk, the local population was exposed to high levels of radioactivity from nuclear weapon tests for several decades…” – Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Nuclear test site – Nuclear-Risk.org
• Semipalatinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
• Radionuclide Contamination at Kazakhstan’s Semipalatinsk Test Site Implications on Human and Ecological Heath, by T.M. Carlsen, L.E. Peterson, B.A. Ulsh, C.A. Werner, K.L.Purvis, A.C. Sharber
• Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalatinsk Nuclear Tests– IRPA.net
• Plutonium and Uranium in Human Bones from Areas surrounding the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site– NukeFreeTexas.org
• “Their research done on sample villages near the test site found cancer mortality rates 2-1/2 times greater than those in a control village. The agency says some 356,000 people face radiation risk, with 70 percent of those being descendants of exposed villagers…” – Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – The Christian Science Monitor
• Studies of Health Effects from Nuclear Testing near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site Kazakhstan, by Bernd Grosche, Tamara Zhunussova, Kazbek Apsalikov, Ausrele Kesminiene
• Information Report on Biological Studies Conducted At the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site– IDOSI.org
• Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in the Semipalatinsk Historical Cohort, 1960 – 1999, and its Relationship to Radiation Exposure– Europe PubMed Central

1980  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

US Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
• Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
• The Cold War – AtomCentral.com

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

• Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
• Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
• US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
• 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
• US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21^stCentury – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security,  Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State

Nevada Test Site:

• NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
• NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
• Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
• Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
• Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
• Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
• NUKE TESTING in NEVADA – Archure.net
• ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
• 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
• Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• The Nuclear Matters Handbook

Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:

• Environment and the Quality of Life in Nevada – UNLV.edu
• ECONLGOY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH NARRATIVE SUMMARY, KEY WORD INDEX, AND SPECIES LISTS– DOE/NEV/11718-594
• Nevada Applied Ecology Information Center: a review of technical information support provided to the Nevada Applied Ecology Group– Sci-Tech Connect
• “Between 1951 and 1992, the United States bombed its own soil with nuclear weapons — 945 times. All but 17 of those explosions took place on a stretch of basin-and-range desert northwest of Las Vegas called the Nevada Test Site (NTS),…” – Sovereignty at Shoshone Mountain – EcologyCenter.org
• The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions– Princeton.edu
• Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center

1974  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

• For some more pertinent information on this test, see“1980  US performs nuclear test atNevada Test Site”, mentioned above.

1972  In a referendum, the people of Norway reject membership of the European Community.

1970  Cease-fire between Jordan and the Fedayeen ends fighting triggered by four hijackings on September 6 and 9.

1969  The charter establishing the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation is signed.

1964  The Mozambican War of Independence against Portugal begins.

1963  Lord Denni1964   ng releases the UK government’s official report on the Profumo Affair.

1962  The North Yemen Civil War begins when Abdullah as-Sallal dethrones the newly crowned Imam al-Badr and declares Yemen a republic under his presidency.

1962  The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria is formally proclaimed. Ferhat Abbas is elected President of the provisional government.

1959  Solomon Bandaranaike, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka is mortally wounded by aBuddhist monk, Talduwe Somarama, and dies the next day.

1957  Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, is integrated by the use of United States Army troops.

1956  TAT-1, the first submarine transatlantic telephone cable system, is inaugurated.

1955  The Royal Jordanian Air Force is founded.

1944  World War II: Surviving elements of the British 1st Airborne Division withdraw from Arnhem in the Netherlands, thus ending the Battle of Arnhem and Operation Market Garden.

1942  World War II: Swiss Police Instruction of September 25, 1942: This instruction denied entry into Switzerland to Jewish refugees.

1937  Second Sino-Japanese War: The Chinese Eighth Route Army gains a minor, but morale-boosting victory in the Battle of Pingxingguan.

Battle of Pingxingguan of 1937:

• Battle of Pingxingguan – Wikipedia
• PINGXIANGGAUNA BATTLE & PINGXIANGGUAN CAMPAIGN – republicanchina.org
• The Battle of Pingxingguan – cultural-china.com
• YouTube video (7 min. 07 sec.): Chinese Army vs Japanese Army 1937 – Battle of Pingxingguan

Second Sino-Japanese War:

• Sino-Japanese War – history.co.uk
• Second Sino-Japanese War – Wikipedia
• Jul 7 1937 to Sep 9 1945: Second Sino-Japanese War – worldhistoryproject.org
• Second Sino-Japanese War – totallyhistory.com
• Second Sino-Japanese War – newencyclopedia.org
• The Second Sino-Japanese War – Every fortnight – YouTube video (2 min. 29 sec.)
• THE SECOND SINO-JAPAENSE WAR – AlphaHistory.comC
• The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), by Steve Phillips – OxfordBiliographies.com
• The Second Sino-Japanese War – The Largest Asian War in the 20^thCentury – History.Cultural-China.com
• Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945 – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Useful Notes/ Second Sino-Japanese War – tvtropes.org
• Ariel engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War – Wikipedia
• Second Sino-Japanese War – moddb.com
• List of Japanese campaigns of the Second Sino-Japanese War – Wikipedia

Japan’s Atrocities against Muslims during the Second Sino-Japanese War:

• Japanese atrocities committed against Hui Muslims – Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War – Wikipedia
• Muslim jihad against Japan – Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War – Wikipedia

Second Sino-Japanese War Timeline:

• Second Sino-Japanese War timeline – worldhistoryproject.org
• Timeline – Japanese Military History – pbs.org
• Second Sino-Japanese War Timeline Project – prezi.com
• Consequences of the Second Sino-Japanese war 1937-1945 – Prezi.com

First Sino-Japanese War:

• First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) – historyofwar.org
• First Sino-Japanese War – Wikipedia
• First Sino-Japanese War – epicroadtrips.us
• The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 – hokudai.ac.jp
• FIRST SINO-JAPANESE WAR – citelighter.com
• The First Sino Japanese War August 1, 1894 – April 17, 1895 – sinojapanesewar.com
• Sino-Japanese War, 1894-1895, by Kallie Szczepanski – about education – about.com
• Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Chinese Strategist Reflect on First Sino-Japanese War, by Shannon Tiezzi – April 18, 2014 – thediplomat.com

1929  Jimmy Doolittle performs the first blind flight from Mitchel Field proving that fullinstrument flying from take off to landing is possible.

1926  The international Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery is first signed.

Text of the Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery (a.k.a. 1926 Slavery Convention):

• Slavery Convention – signed at Geneva on 25 September 1926 – portal.unesco.org;Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery – refworld.org;  orSlave Convention, signed at Geneva on 25 September 1926 – ohchr.org

Text of the Protocol Amending the Slavery Convention of 1926:

• Protocol Amending the Slavery Convention Signed at Geneva on 25 September 1926; December 7,1953 – Avalon Project – Yale.edu

Text of the Supplementary Convention on the Slavery Convention of 1926:

• Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery; September 7, 1956 – Avalon Project – Yale.edu

Commentaries on the 1926 Slavery Convention:

• 1926 Slavery Convention – Wikipedia
• Outlawing slavery: international conventions and human rights legislation – International Slavery Museum – loverpoolmuseum.org.uk

1915  World War I: The Second Battle of Champagne begins.

Battles of Champagne:

• Battle of Champagne – Wikipedia

Second Battle of Champagne:

• Second Battle of Champagne – Wikipedia
• Second Battle of Champagne, 25 September-6 November 1915 – historyofwar.org
• Sep 25 1915 to Oct 7 1915: Second Battle of Champagne – worldhistoryproject.org

1912  Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism is founded in New York City.

1906  In the presence of the king and before a great crowd, Leonardo Torres Quevedosuccessfully demonstrates the invention of the Telekino in the port of Bilbao, guiding a boat from the shore, in what is considered the birth of the remote control.

1890  The United States Congress establishes Sequoia National Park.

1846  US forces led by Zachary Taylor capture the Mexican city of Monterrey.

1804  The Teton Sioux (a subdivision of the Lakota) demand one of the boats from the Lewis and Clark Expedition as a toll for allowing the expedition to move further upriver.

1789  The United States Congress passes twelve amendments to the United States Constitution: The Congressional Apportionment Amendment (which was never ratified), the Congressional Compensation Amendment, and the ten that are known as the Bill of Rights.

1555  The Peace of Augsburg is signed in Augsburg by Charles V and the princes of theSchmalkaldic League.

1396  Ottoman Emperor Bayezid I defeats a Christian army at the Battle of Nicopolis.

 

 

SEPTEMBER 26

• Today is the EUROPEAN DAY OF LANGUAGES:

2014  Ayotzinapa mass kidnapping

Ayotzinap Mass Kidnapping:

• “Authorities say crooked officers shot at buses the students had seized to return home on September 26, sparking a night of violence that left six people dead, 25 wounded and 43 missing.” – Mass killing and kidnapping in Iguana sparks outrage and protects – 12 October 2014
• “Young people mobilized around the world on Wednesday October 22, in support of the missing 43 Mexican normalistas (teaching students) kidnapped on September 26 in Iguala, Guerrero, México.” – Mass protests in Mexico over Iguala Massacre – 24 October 2014 – WSWS.org
• “On the night of September 26 three separate attacks against two groups of young people riding in buses occurred within hours of each other in the state of Guerrero, Mexico.” – Mexico: Violence in Guerrero, Missing Students, Clandestine Graves and Mass Confusion, by Erin Gallagher on 10.05/2014 – Revolution-News.com
• Mexican bishops: nation’s future at stake in addressing Iguala mass kidnapping – November 14, 2014 – CatholicCulture.org

2009  Scottish aid worker Linda Norgrove and three Afghan colleagues were kidnapped by members of the Taliban in the Kunar Province of eastern Afghanistan.

2009  Typhoon Ketsana hit the Philippines, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand, causing 700 fatalities.

2008  Swiss pilot and inventor Yves Rossy becomes first person to fly a jet engine-powered wing across the English Channel.

2002  The overcrowded Senegalese ferry MV Le Joola capsizes off the coast of the Gambia killing more than 1,000.

2000  Anti-globalization protests in Prague (some 20,000 protesters) turn violent during the IMF and World Bank summits.

1997  An earthquake strikes the Italian regions of Umbria and the Marche, causing part of the Basilica of St. Francis at Assisi to collapse.

1997  A Garuda Indonesia Airbus A300 crashes near Medan, Indonesia, airport, killing 234.

1984  The United Kingdom agrees to the handover of Hong Kong

Hong Kong:

• Hong Kong – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Hong Kong – Infoplease.com
• Hong Kong – History – LonelyPlanet.com
• Hong Kong – FactMonster.com
• BRIEF HISTORY OF HONG KONG – Richard Moncure – CSUDH.edu
• Hong Kong-United Kingdom relations – Wikipedia

Economy of Hong Kong:

• Economy of Hong Kong – Wikipedia
• HONG KONG’S ECONOMIC SYSTEM – CSUDH.edu
• Hong Kong SAR, China – Data – WorldBank.org
• Hong Kong Economy – EconomyWatch.com
• Hong Kong – Government and Economy – ExpatFocus.com
• Hong Kong Economy – HKEconomy.gov.hk
• Economic History of Hong Kong – EH.net

History of Hong Kong:

• History of Hong Kong – Wikipedia
• Hong Kong – LonelyPlanet.com
• Hong Kong History – ChinaHighlights.com
• History of Hong Kong – History of Things
• Hong Kong – History – Frommers.com
• GWULO: Old Hong Kong – GWULO.com
• Hong Kong History, Language and Culture – WorldTravelGuide.net
• A Short History of Hong Kong – BigHistory.net
• Hong Kong profile – Timeline – BBC
• Timeline of Hong Kong history – Wikipedia

1983  Soviet nuclear false alarm incident, military officer Stanislav Petrov identifies a report of an incoming nuclear missile as a computer error and not an American first strike.

1981  USSR performs underground nuclear test at Astrakhan, Russia.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1981:

• 1981 Soviet union nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
• GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
• The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
• A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu

Underground Nuclear Tests:

• The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
• Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
• What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
• APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
• Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
• Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
• Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu

• Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

1980  At the Oktoberfest terror attack in Munich 13 people died and 211 were injured.

1979  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

United States Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

• Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
• Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
• US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
• 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
• US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21^st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security,  Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State

Nevada Test Site:

• NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
• NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
• Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
• Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
• Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
• Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
• ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
• 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
• Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• The Nuclear Matters Handbook

Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:

• Environment and the Quality of Life in Nevada – UNLV.edu
• ECONLGOY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH NARRATIVE SUMMARY, KEY WORD INDEX, AND SPECIES LISTS – DOE/NEV/11718-594
• Nevada Applied Ecology Information Center: a review of technical information support provided to the Nevada Applied Ecology Group – Sci-Tech Connect
• “Between 1951 and 1992, the United States bombed its own soil with nuclear weapons — 945 times. All but 17 of those explosions took place on a stretch of basin-and-range desert northwest of Las Vegas called the Nevada Test Site (NTS),…” – Sovereignty at Shoshone Mountain – EcologyCenter.org
• The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions – Princeton.edu
• Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center

1974  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

• For some more pertinent information, see “1979 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site”, mentioned above.

1973  Concorde makes its first non-stop crossing of the Atlantic in record-breaking time.

1971  The Freetown Christiania was founded.

1970  The Laguna Fire starts in San Diego County, California, burning 175,425 acres (709.92 km²).

1969  USSR performs underground nuclear test.

• For some more pertinent information, see, “1981 USSR performs underground nuclear test”, mentioned above.

1960  Fidel Castro announces Cuba’s support for the USSR.

Fidel Castro:

• FILDEL CASTRO – History.com
• Fidel Castro – PBS.org
• Fidel Castro’s 1960 Address to the UN General Assembly: “The Problem of Cuba and its Revolutionary Policy” – Part 1 of 4, by Ron Kurtus
• Fidel Castro – Spartacus-Educational.com
• Fidel Castro – Political Leader – Infoplease.com
• “President of Cuba, communist revolutionary, and implacable foe of US foreign policy, Fidel Castro began his life on a sugar plantation in eastern Cuba.” Fidel Castro – GWU.edu
• Fidel Castro – Biography – Biography.com
• Fidel Castro – Biography – TheFamousPeople.com
• Fidel Castro – Political leader of Cuba – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Early life of Fidel Castro – Wikipedia
• Biography of Fidel Castro – About.com

Foreign Relations of Cuba:

• Foreign relations of Cuba – Wikipedia
• Cuba – Council of Foreign Relations – CFR.org
• FOREIGN RELATIONS OF CUBA – WORLD PUBLIC LIBRARY
• THE COUNCIL OF FOREIGN RELATOINS OF CUBA – BWCentral.org

Cuba and USSR/Russia:

• Cuba-Soviet Union relations – Wikipedia
• Cuba-Russian relations – Wikipedia
• Cuba-Russia Now and Then – February 24, 2010 – COHA.org
• CUBA AND THE USSR: A LOVE STORY, by Katarina Hall, March 24, 2015 – VictimsOfCommunism.org
• Fidel Castro’s Relationship with the USSR during the Bay of Pig Invasion & Cuban Missile Crisis, by Christian Martines – Academica.edu

Cuban Missile Crisis:

• CUMAN MISSILE CRISIS – History.com
• THE WORLD ON THE BRINK: JOHN F. KENNEDY AND THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS – DAY 1 OCT 16
• CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS – CubanMissileCrisis.org, and/or the same website, Frequently Asked Questions – CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS – CubanMissileCrisis.org
• The Cuban Missile Crisis, by John Swift – HistoryToday.com
• Cuban Missile Crisis – World History Project
• The Soviet Military Buildup in Cuba – The Heritage Foundation – Heritage.org
• The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962 – Office of the Historian – US Department of State
• Cuban Missile Crisis Timeline – SoftSchools.com
• Major Events of Cuban Missile Crisis – The Cuban Missile Crisis
• The Cuban Missile Crisis Timeline – Nuclear Files

Cuba and the United States:

• Cuba-United States relations – Wikipedia
• United States-Cuba Relations – LatinAmericanStudies.org
• The US-Cuban Relationship – About.com
• WHEN CASTRO BECAME A COMMUNIST: The Impact on US-Cuba Policy, by Salvador Diaz-Verson – Institute for US-Cuba Relations – Occasional Paper Series Volume 1, No.1, November 3, 1997
• John F. Kennedy versus Fidel Castro in the Early 1960s – BU.edu
• United States and Cuba: 1898-1958, by Ann-Marie Holmes – HPU.edu
• A BRIEF HISTORY OF US-CUBA RELATIONS, by Clair Suddah – Wednesday, Apr. 15, 2009 – TIME
• United States vs Cuba – Comparison – Aneki.com
• United States vs Cuba – FindTheData.com
• Cuba and the United States: A Chronical History, by Jane Fanklin
• US Cuba Relations – News Archives – The Huffington Post
• Timeline: US-Cuba relations – BBC

Cuba or the “Republic of Cuba” (Repúlica de Cuba):

• CUBA – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
• Cuba – Wikipedia
• Cuba – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Cuba – Infoplease.com
• Cuba profile – Overview – BBC
• Cuba – Human Rights Watch

History and Culture of Cuba:

• History of Cuba – Wikipedia
• The Cuban History
• Cuba – History – Infoplease.com
• 500 YEARS OF CUBAN HISTORY – HistoryOfCuba.com
• History of Cuban Nation, from Colonial Days to the Present
• Cuba History, Language and Culture – World Travel Guide
• Timeline of Cuban history – Wikipedia
• Cuba profile – Timeline – BBC
• Culture of Cuba – Wikipedia
• CUBAN CULTURE, by Cubaheritage
• Cuba Heritage

Economy of Cuba:

• Economy of Cuba – Wikipedia
• Cuba’s Economy – GlobalSecurity.org
• Cuba – Economy – Infoplease.com
• The Economic History and Economy of Cuba – Department of Economics – San José State University
• Cuba | Economic Indications – TradingEconomics.com
• Cuba – Data – World Bank

1960  In Chicago, the first televised debate takes place between presidential candidates Richard M. Nixon and John F. Kennedy.

1959  Typhoon Vera, the strongest typhoon to hit Japan in recorded history, makes landfall, killing 4,580 people and leaving nearly 1.6 million others homeless.

1958  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

• For some more pertinent information, see “1979 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site”, mentioned above.

1957  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1957:

• 1957 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR Nuclear Tests:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net

Soviet Atmospheric Nuclear Tests:

• Soviet Atmospheric Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• USSR Atmospheric Nuclear Tests Database – Zvis.com
• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
• Slow Death of Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFRL.org
• Semipalitinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
• The lasting toll of Semipalitinsk’s nuclear testing – TheBulletin.org
• External Doses of Residents near Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site – ResearchGate.net
• Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalitinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
• GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
• The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
• A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu

Health, and Ecological Issues in Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk:

• Kazakstan/Kazakhstan – Environmental Problems – Reference.AllRefer.com
• “In Semipalatinsk, the local population was exposed to high levels of radioactivity from nuclear weapon tests for several decades…” – Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Nuclear test site – Nuclear-Risk.org
• Semipalatinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
• Radionuclide Contamination at Kazakhstan’s Semipalatinsk Test Site Implications on Human and Ecological Heath, by T.M. Carlsen, L.E. Peterson, B.A. Ulsh, C.A. Werner, K.L.Purvis, A.C. Sharber
• Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalatinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
• Plutonium and Uranium in Human Bones from Areas surrounding the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – NukeFreeTexas.org
• “Their research done on sample villages near the test site found cancer mortality rates 2-1/2 times greater than those in a control village. The agency says some 356,000 people face radiation risk, with 70 percent of those being descendants of exposed villagers…” – Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – The Christian Science Monitor
• Studies of Health Effects from Nuclear Testing near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site Kazakhstan, by Bernd Grosche, Tamara Zhunussova, Kazbek Apsalikov, Ausrele Kesminiene
• Information Report on Biological Studies Conducted At the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – IDOSI.org
• Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in the Semipalatinsk Historical Cohort, 1960 – 1999, and its Relationship to Radiation Exposure – Europe PubMed Central

1954  Japanese rail ferry Tōya Maru sinks during a typhoon in the Tsugaru Strait, Japan killing 1,172.

1950  Indonesia is admitted to the United Nations.

Indonesia and the United Nations:

• Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations
• Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations, WTO and other international organizations in Geneva

History of Indonesia:

• History of Indonesia – Wikipedia
• Indonesia – History – CountryStudies.us
• History – BALI & INDONESIA – Indo.com
• Indonesia’s History and Background – AsianInfo.org
• A BRIEF HISTORY OF INDONESIA – LocalHistories.org
• Indonesia – History – LonelyPlanet.com
• History of Indonesia – NationsOnline.org
• History of Indonesia – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Indonesia – Infoplease.com
• History of Indonesia – IndonesiaPoint.com
• Indonesian History – TheJakartaPost.com
• Timeline of Indonesian history – Wikipedia
• Indonesia country profile – Timeline – BBC

Indonesia:             

• Indonesia – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA, or Indonesia – Country Studies – The World Fact Book
• Indonesia – Data – UN Data
• Indonesia – CountryStudies.us
• Indonesia – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Indonesia – Infoplease.com

Foreign Relations of Indonesia:

• Foreign relations of Indonesia – Wikipedia
• Indonesia’s foreign relations: policy shamed by the ideal of ‘dynamic equilibrium’, by Dewi Fortuna Anwar – 4 February 2014 – EAST ASIA FORUM
• Indonesian Foreign Policy – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia) – Wikipedia

Indonesia and the United Nations:

• Indonesia and the United Nations – Wikipedia
• Indonesia and the United Nations
• UNDP Indonesia
• Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations, New York
• Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations, WTO, and Other International Organizations in Geneva

Economy of Indonesia:

• Economy of Indonesia – Wikipedia
• Indonesia – Economy – Infoplease.com
• Business & Economy of Indonesia – IndonesiaPoint.com
• Indonesia – THE WORLD BANK
• Indonesia – Data – THE WORLD BANK
• Indonesia – Economy – ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

1950  United Nations troops recapture Seoul from North Korean forces.

Korean War:

• KOREAN WAR – History.com
• Korean War and Its Origins – Documents – TrumanLibrary.org
• Military Resources: Korean War – NARA Resources
• Korean War, 1951-1953 – OFFICE of the HISTORIAN – US Department of State
• The Korean War: An Overview, by Kennedy Hickman – About education – About.com
• Korean War – 1950-1953 – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Korean War – Infoplease.com
• Korean War – Encyclopedia.com
• People & Events – The Korean War – AMERICAN EXPERIENCE – PBS.org
• The Korean War – US History.org
• KOREAN WAR, edited by R A Guisepi – History-World.org
• The Korean War: An Overview – History – BBC
• KOREAN WAR VIDEOS – KOREAN WAR – History.com
• “The Korean War is the forgotten war of the 20th century. Maybe it was because it took place so soon after the end of of Wolrd War II, or maybe because it ended in a stalment and to this day that stalemate has not been resolved. For whatever reason it was a war that no great movie(other then the TV show Mash) were done about it, there was never much discussion about it. But for the 5,720,000 US troops who served, of which 36,995 died and another 103,235 were wounded it was every bit a war.” – HistoryCentral.com
• Korean War News – ABC.go.com

Korean War Timelines:

• THE KOREAN WAR (1950-1953) – Timeline – SparkNotes.com
• Timeline of the Korean War Events – KoreanWar60.com
• THE KOREAN WAR TIMELINE – Shmoop.com
• Korean War –Timeline Description – SoftSchool.com
• Korean War – Timeline – The History Guy – HistoryGuy.com
• Korean War – Pre-Korean War Timeline and the Korean War Timeline – TotallyHistory.com
• KOREAN WAR TIMELINE – KoreanWarOnline.com

1944  World War II: On the central front of the Gothic Line Brazilian troops control the Serchio valley region after ten days of fighting.

1944  World War II: Operation Market Garden fails.

1942  The Holocaust: August Frank, a higher official of the SS concentration camp administration department, issues a memorandum containing a great deal of operational detail in how Jews should be “evacuated”.

August Frank of 1942:

• August Frank – Wikipedia
• August Frank memorandum – Wikipedia

1923  Gustav Stresemann resumes the Weimar Republic’s payment of reparations.

1918  World War I: The Meuse-Argonne Offensive, the bloodiest single battle in American history, begins.

1917  World War I: The Battle of Polygon Wood begins.

1914  The United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is established by the Federal Trade Commission Act.

1910  Indian journalist Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai is arrested after publishing criticism of the government of Travancore and exiled.

1907  New Zealand and Newfoundland each become dominions within the British Empire.

1872  The first Shriners Temple (called Mecca) is established in New York City.

1810  A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates and Jean Baptiste Bernadotte becomes heir to the Swedish throne.

1792  Marc-David Lasource begins accusing Maximilien Robespierre of wanting a dictatorship for France.

1789  Thomas Jefferson is appointed the first United States Secretary of State, John Jay is appointed the first Chief Justice of the United States, Samuel Osgood is appointed the first United States Postmaster General, and Edmund Randolph is appointed the first United States Attorney General.

1777  American Revolution: British troops occupy Philadelphia.

1687  The city council of Amsterdam votes to support William of Orange‘s invasion of England, which became the Glorious Revolution.

1687  The Parthenon in Athens is partially destroyed by an explosion caused by the bombing from Venetian forces led by Morosini who are besieging the Ottoman Turks stationed in Athens.

 

 

SEPTEMBER 27

• Today is the WORLD TOURISM DAY:

2008  CNSA astronaut Zhai Zhigang becomes the first Chinese person to perform a spacewalk while flying on Shenzhou 7.

2007  NASA launches the Dawn probe.

2003  Smart 1 satellite is launched.

2002  Timor-Leste joins the United Nations.

Timor-Leste:

• Timor-Lest – Official Site of the Government of Timor-Lest, and/or Government of Timor-Leste
• East Timor – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
• Timor-Leste – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
• East Timor – Wikipedia

Foreign Relations of Timor-Leste:

• Foreign relations of East Timor – Wikipedia
• US Relations with Timor-Leste – US Department of State

Timor-Leste and the United Nations:

• East Timor and the United Nations
• UN Security Council Resolutions on Timor-Leste – OHCHR.org
• UN Documents on Timor-Leste – Global Policy Forum
• Permanent Mission to the UN of Timor-Leste in New York
• UNDP Timor-Leste

2001  Zug massacre: In Zug, Switzerland, Friedrich Leibacher shoots 18 citizens, killing 14 and then himself.

1998  The Google internet search engine retrospectively claims this as its birthday.

History of Google and Search Engines:

• History of Google – Wikipedia
• A Visual History of Google: Algorithm Updates [Infographic], by Erik Devaney – HubSpot.com
• HISTORY OF GOOGLE – Cozy-DIGITAL.co.uk
• Google’s History – BusinessIdeasLab.com
• Origin of the name “Google” – Stanford.edu
• The History of Google: From Garage-based Business to #Search Engine
• The Google Chronicles: 7 Facts on Founders Larry Page & Sergey Brin – biorgraphy.com
• The History of Search Engines – An Infographic – WordStream.com

1996  The Julie N tanker ship crashes into the Million Dollar Bridge in Portland, Maine spilling thousands of gallons of oil.

Julie N and the Environmental Disaster in 1996:

• RESTORATION PLAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE SEPTEMBER 27, 1996 JULIE N OIL SPILL
• “On the afternoon of September 27, 1996, the motor tanker, Julie N, owned and operated by Maritime Overseas Corporation, entered Portland Harbor under pilotage carrying a cargo of #2 home heating fuel (HHF). The pilot prepared for passage through the “Million Dollar Bridge,” an extremely narrow draw bridge, affording less than five feet of clearance on either side of the vessel’s mid-section.” – M/T Julie N – NOAA.gov
• Oiling Cleaning Issues Wetlands, M/T Julie N Spill, PORTLANT, MAINE
• Julie N Oil Spill Photographs – Oil-Spill-Info.com

1996  In Afghanistan, the Taliban capture the capital city Kabul after driving out President Burhanuddin Rabbani and executing former leader Mohammad Najibullah.

Taliban:

• Who are the Taliban? – July 29, 2015 – BBC
• What is the Taliban? – WiseGeek.org
• Who Are the Taliban?, by Kalie Szczepanski – About.com
• Taliban – Encyclopedia.com
• Who Are the Taliban – Their history and their resurgence, by Laura Hay, Borgna Brunner, and Beth Rowen – Infoplease.com
• Taliban – Political and religious faction, Afghanistan – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Taliban conflict – BBC News
• The Taliban in Afghanistan, by Zachary Laub – July 4, 2014 – CFR Backgrounders – CFR.org
• Taliban treatment of women – Wikipedia

History of Taliban:

• History of the Taliban – NAZ.edu
• Timeline: Taliban in Afghanistan – 4 Jul 2009 – ALJAZEERA.com
• Timeline – The Taliban – FactMosnter.com

Is the Taliban a Terrorist Organization? :

• Yes, The Taliban Are Terrorists, by Aziz Hikimi – March 25, 2014 – TheDiplomat.com
• Is Taliban Still Considered a ‘Terrorist Group?’ Jay Carney Won’t Say, by Fred Lucas – Jun. 2, 2014 – TheBaze.com
• White House: Yes, The Taliban Is a Terrorist Organization, by John Parkinson and Lee Ferran – June 4, 2014 – ABCNews.go.com
• White House Spokesman: Taliban Not a Terrorist Group, by Joel Himelfarb – Wednesday, 28 Jan. 2015 – NewsMax.com
• White House embarrasses itself with claim Taliban is not a terrorist group – January 28, 2015 – HotAir.com
• White House: The Taliban Isn’t a Terrorist Group, by Katie Pavlich – Jan.29, 2015 – TownHall.com

1993  The Sukhumi massacre takes place in Abkhazia.

Sukhumi Massacre:

• SUKIHUMI MASSACRE – September 27, 2014 – WordPress.com
• SUKIHIMI MASSACRE – World Public Library – WorldPublicLibrary.org
• Ghosts of Sukhumi (Sukihumi, Abkhazia) – July 21^st, 2010

1990  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

US Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
• Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
• The Cold War – AtomCentral.com

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

• Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
• Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
• US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
• 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
• US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21^st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security,  Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State

Nevada Test Site:

• NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
• NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
• Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
• Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
• Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
• Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
• NUKE TESTING in NEVADA – Archure.net
• ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
• 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
• Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• The Nuclear Matters Handbook

Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:

• Environment and the Quality of Life in Nevada – UNLV.edu
• ECONLGOY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH NARRATIVE SUMMARY, KEY WORD INDEX, AND SPECIES LISTS – DOE/NEV/11718-594
• Nevada Applied Ecology Information Center: a review of technical information support provided to the Nevada Applied Ecology Group – Sci-Tech Connect
• “Between 1951 and 1992, the United States bombed its own soil with nuclear weapons — 945 times. All but 17 of those explosions took place on a stretch of basin-and-range desert northwest of Las Vegas called the Nevada Test Site (NTS),…” – Sovereignty at Shoshone Mountain – EcologyCenter.org
• The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions – Princeton.edu
• Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center

1988  National League for Democracy is formed by Aung San Suu Kyi and various others to help fight against dictatorship in Myanmar.

• Also see “SEPTERMBER 18 1988  End of pro-democracy uprisings in Myanmar after a bloody military coup by the State Law and Order Restoration Council. Thousands, mostly monks and civilians (primarily students), are killed by the Tatmadaw.”

National League for Democracy of Myanmar:

• National League for Democracy – Encyclopedia Britannica
• The Official website of the Office of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, Chairperson of the National League for Democracy

Myanmar:

• MYANMAR – COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
• Myanmar – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Myanmar – Infoplease.com
• Latest Myanmar News
• Myanmar – CHRONOLOGY OF COVERAGE – The New York Times

History of Myanmar:

• A Brief History of Burma, by Thomas R. Lansner – Berkeley.edu
• History of Myanmar – Encyclopedia Britannica
• A Brief History of Myanmar (Burma) – MyanmarBurma.com
• History of Burma – CFOB.org
• Myanmar profile – Timeline – BBC

Pro-Democracy Uprising, Ethnic Cleansing and Other Pertinent Issues:

• Myanmar remembers 1988 pro-democracy uprising – 2013-08-08 Vatican Radio
• 1988 Uprising and 1990 Election – Oxford Burma Alliance
• MYANMAR IN THE NATIONAL INTEREST’ Prisoners of conscience, torture, summary trials under martial law
• Burma: Justice for 1988 Massacre – August 6, 2013 – Human Rights Watch
• Student Leader in 1988 Myanmar Pro-Democracy Protests Joins Aung San Suu Kyi to Contest Polls – Updated: July 19, 2015 – NDTV.com
• Myanmar police arrest opposition party executive – 8/12/2008 – USAToday.com
• Ethnic Cleansing Just Went to Bad to Worse, by Graeme Wood – January 24, 2014 – NewRepublic.com
• TMS Archive on Myanmar ethnic cleansing and/or on Myanmar pro-democracy movement

Aung San Suu Kyi:

• Aung San Suu Kyi – Nobelprize.org
• Aung San Suu Kyi (1945 – ) – Biography.com

Aung San Suu Kyi and Issues on the Rohingya People:

• “However, Ms. Suu Kyi has remained silent on an issue that goes to the heart of why Burma (or Myanmar, as its military rulers have rechristened it) is considered to be an autocratic, uncaring state: the plight of its mostly Muslim minorities.” – The Silence of Aung San Suu Kyi – April 8, 2013 – ThePolitic.org
• Why is Aung San Suu Kyi silent on the plight of the Rohingya people? – Tuesday, 19 May 2015 – The Guardian
• Dalai Lama Urges Aung San Suu Kyi to Help Myanmar’s Rohingya, by Thomas Fuller – May 28, 2015 – The New York Times
• Aung San Suu Kyi sidesteps Rohingya migrant crisis for political pragmatism – May 29, 2015 – FirstStep.com
• ‘Rohingya issue needs careful handling’ – Aung San Suu Kyi – June 18, 2015 – Rappler.com

Some Relevant Issues on the Rohingya People:

• Rohingya people – Wikipedia
• Rohingya insurgency in Western Myanmar – Wikipedia
• Rohingya Solidarity Organisation – Wikipedia
• A History For The Conflict of Rohingya – Rohingyana.org
• Brief Note: The Rohingya Refugee: A Security Dilemma for Bangladesh – 02 June 2010 – Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies
• Myanmar: Abuses against Rohingya erode human rights progress – 19 July 2012 – Amnesty International – RefWorld.org
• Islamic militants take aim at Myanmar – July 27, 2012 – Online Asia Times – Atimes.com
• “A post on the radical Islamic website Ar Rahmah Media Network claims that leaders from Myanmar’s ethnic Rohingya community have been in Indonesia for talks with hardline groups about recruiting fighters and weapon supplies.” – Concern militants will seek revenge for Rohingya attacks – 12 July 2013 – RadioAustralia.net.au
• Militant Islam meets Militant Buddhism in Myanmar – October 17, 2013 – Myanmar.com
• “Human rights envoy says the long history of persecution in Myanmar could amount to ‘crime against humanity’.” – UN raises alarm over Rohingya Muslim abuse – 8 April 2014 – ALJAZEERA
• Arrested Rohingya trained militants in Myanmar – November 23, 2014 – HundustanTimes.com
• “Some Rohingya loggers (lumberjacks) in Buthidaung Township witnessed many Rakhine extremists taking part in the militant training being carried out amidst the jungles in the township, according to the reliable sources.” – Rakhine Extremists Carry Out Militant Trainings amidst Jungles of Buthidaung – March 6, 2015 – PEOPLE’S VOICE: ROHINGYA VISION – RvisionTV.com
• Rohingya People In Myanmar Face Genocide, According To One Rights Group, by Beenish Ahmed – May 27, 2015 – ThinkProgress.org
• The Rohingya Genocide, by Ramzy Ramoud – May 28, 2015 – CounterPunch.org
• Pakistani Taliban urges Muslims in Myanmar to ‘take up the sword’ against country’s leaders – 8 Jun. 2015 – ABC.net.au
• India Watchful of Rohingya, Fearing Radicalization by Pakistan Militants – 29.07.2015 – SUPUTNIK – SuputnikNews.com
• Two ‘Rohingya militants’ arrested in Cox’s Bazar – September 6, 2015 – NirapadNews.com

1983  Richard Stallman announces the GNU project to develop a free Unix-like operating system.

GNU Project:

• GNU Project – Computer science – Encyclopedia Britannica
• What is GNU? – GNU Operating System – GNU.org
• The GNU Operating System
• GNU Audio and Video – GNU Operating System

1979  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalatinsk USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1979:

• 1979 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Tests at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalatinsk:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
• GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
• The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
• A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu

Underground Nuclear Tests:

• The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
• Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
• What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
• APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
• Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
• Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
• Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
• Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site:

• Kazakhstan’s radioactive legacy – Boston.com
• “My home: nuclear base Semipalatinsk – 21”, Episode 02 “Main Testing Field” (Video: 3 min. 14 sec.) – WN.com
• Slow Death In Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Library
• Visit to the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – SPEICAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL
• –The Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan – IAEA.org
• Semipalatinsk Test Site – NTI.org
• The Tragic Story of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, by Vincze Miklós – io9.com
• 60 Years After First Soviet Nuclear Test, Legacy Of Misery Lives On In Kazakhstan – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – Monday, August 10, 2015 – RFERL.org
• Soviet nuclear tests leave Kazakh fallout – Sunday, 6 September 2009 – BBC
• In Kazakhstan, the race for uranium goes nuclear, by Philip P. Pan – Thursday, February 25, 2005 – The Washington Post
• Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – NuclearNo.com
• Top 10 Nuclear Test Sites, Michael Affleck, May 15, 2012 – Our World – ListVerse.com

Health, and Ecological Issues in Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk:

• Kazakstan/Kazakhstan – Environmental Problems – Reference.AllRefer.com
• “In Semipalatinsk, the local population was exposed to high levels of radioactivity from nuclear weapon tests for several decades…” – Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Nuclear test site – Nuclear-Risk.org
• Semipalatinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs

• Radionuclide Contamination at Kazakhstan’s Semipalatinsk Test Site Implications on Human and Ecological Heath, by T.M. Carlsen, L.E. Peterson, B.A. Ulsh, C.A. Werner, K.L.Purvis, A.C. Sharber
• Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalatinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
• Plutonium and Uranium in Human Bones from Areas surrounding the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – NukeFreeTexas.org
• “Their research done on sample villages near the test site found cancer mortality rates 2-1/2 times greater than those in a control village. The agency says some 356,000 people face radiation risk, with 70 percent of those being descendants of exposed villagers…” – Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – The Christian Science Monitor
• Studies of Health Effects from Nuclear Testing near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site Kazakhstan, by Bernd Grosche, Tamara Zhunussova, Kazbek Apsalikov, Ausrele Kesminiene
• Information Report on Biological Studies Conducted At the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – IDOSI.org
• Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in the Semipalatinsk Historical Cohort, 1960 – 1999, and its Relationship to Radiation Exposure – Europe PubMed Central

1978  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1978:

• 1978 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net

Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site:

• Novaya Zemlya – GlobalSecurity.org
• NOVAYA ZEMLYA – AtlasObscura.com
• Novaya Zemlya – GiantBomb.com
• NOVA ZEMLYA (NOVAYA ZEMLYA) 58 MEGA TON H BOMB TEST – ArkCode.com
• Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya – NTI.org
• ICE Case Studies – Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker – American.edu
• Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – Image – NASA
• Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – NovayaZemlya.net
• Novaya Zemlya, Russia – Nuclear-Risks.org
• Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated – July 31, 2014 – TASS Russian News Agency
• Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adapt nuclear test site, by Tatyana Sinitsyna – RIA Novosti, Russia – 15 August 2006
• UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRPAPHICAL SURVEY – Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501 – Reston, Virginia – 1993

Soviet Atmospheric Nuclear Tests:

• Soviet Atmospheric Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• USSR Atmospheric Nuclear Tests Database – Zvis.com
• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
• Slow Death of Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFRL.org
• Semipalitinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
• The lasting toll of Semipalitinsk’s nuclear testing – TheBulletin.org
• External Doses of Residents near Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site – ResearchGate.net
• Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalitinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
• GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
• The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
• A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu

1978  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

• For some more pertinent information, see “1990 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site”, mentioned above.

1977  A US Navy McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II crashes into a residential neighborhood in Yokohama, Japan, killing two children on the ground and injuring seven other people.

• “The crash destroys several houses. The boys’ mother is also severely burned. Due to the fear that she may be adversely affected during her recovery by the shock, she is not told until 29 January 1979, that her sons have died. The mother dies in 1982, aged 31, of complications from her injuries.” – 27 September 1977 – List of accident and incidents involving military aircraft (1975-79) – Wikipedia

Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan, and the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA):

• Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan – Wikipedia
• “At the peace negotiations in 1951, the Japanese delegation was pressured to endorse a separate security agreement with the United States. The Japanese were reluctant to accept this ongoing subordination to America, but had no choice but to acquiesce, signing the U.S.- Japan Security Treaty on the same day (September 8, 1951) as the San Francisco Peace Treaty. The Security Treaty was revised and renewed in 1960 and almost 50,000 American troops are still stationed in Japan today.” – TREATY OF MUTUAL COOPERATION AND SECURITY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN, SIGNED JANUARY 19, 1960 – Introduction and the full text of the Treaty
• US-Japan Status of Forces Agreement – Wikipedia
• Text of the Status of Forces Agreement between the United States and Japan, signed January 19, 1960
• Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA): What Is It, and How Has It Been Utilized? – R. Chuck Mason – Legislative Attorney – March 15, 2012 – Congressional Research Service – FAS.org
• About: US-Japan Status of Forces Agreement – DBPedia.org
• Status-of-Forces Agreement [SOFA] – GlobalSecurity.org
• Status of Forces Agreements (SOFA Agreements) – A Premier – The National Law Review
• Status of forces agreement – SourcesWatch.org
• A RE-EXAMINATION OF THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN STATUS OF FORCES AGREEMENT, Lan Roberts McConnel – BC.edu
• Questionnaire on the Japan-US Status of Forces Agreement
• The US-Japan Status of Forces Agreement and Okinawan Anger, by C. Douglas Lummis – JapanFocus.org, or the same article on this website: The US-Japan Status of Forces Agreement and Okinawan Anger – TokyoProgressive.org
• Application of US Status of Forces Agreements to Article 98 of the Rome Statute – Erik Rosenfeld – WUSTL.edu
• US Status of Forces Agreements With Asian Countries: Selected Studies, Charles L. Cochran and Hungdah Chiu – School of Law, University of Maryland – Occasional Papers/Reprints Series in Contemporary Asian Studies – Number 7 – 1979 (28)

1975  The last use of capital punishment in Spain sees the executions of five members of militant organizations, sparking worldwide protests against the Spanish government and the withdrawal of numerous ambassadors.

Capital Punishment:

• Capital punishment – Wikipedia
• Abolitionists and Retentionists Countries – DEATH PENALTY INFORMATION CENTER
• 5 Surprising Facts About the Death Penalty Worldwide – Amnesty International report reveals downwards trend. – NationalGeographic.com
• Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty – Wikipedia
• Full text of the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty – United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Human Rights

1973  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1973:

• 1973 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia
• For some more pertinent information, see “1978  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR”, mentioned above.

1971  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1971:

• 1971 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia
• For some more pertinent information, see “1978  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR”, mentioned above.

1967  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

• For some more pertinent information, see “1990 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site”, mentioned above.

1964  The British TSR-2 aircraft XR219 makes its maiden flight from Boscombe Down in Wiltshire.

1962  The Yemen Arab Republic is established.

Yemen:

• Yemen – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
• Yemen: Country Profile – About.com
• Yemen – Wikipedia
• Yemen – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Yemen – Infoplease.com
• Yemen – Nations Online
• FACTS ABOUT YEMEN – Yemeni-Dreams.com
• Yemen Facts and Culture – CountryReports.org
• Yemen – GlobalSecurity.org
• Yemen profile – Overview – BBC

Foreign Relations of Yemen:

• Foreign relations of Yemen – Wikipedia
• Yemen – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
• FOREIGN RELATIOS OF YEMEN – Self.Guenberg.org

History of Yemen:

• History of Yemen – Wikipedia
• History of Yemen – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Yemen – History – Infoplease.com
• HISTORY OF YEMEN – Yemeni-Dreams.com
• A Brief History of Yemen: Rich Past and Impoverished Present – TIME
• History of Yemen – Yemen.com
• History – Yemen – YemenWeb.com
• Yemen profile – Timeline – BBC

Economy of Yemen:

• Economy of Yemen – Wikipedia
• Yemen – Overview of Economy – NationsEncyclopedia.com
• Yemen – Economy – Infoplease.com
• Yemen – THE WORLD BANK
• Yemen, Rep. – Data – THE WORLD BANK

1962  US sells Israel, Hawk anti-aircraft missiles.

Hawk anti-aircraft missiles:

• HAWK – FAS.org
• HAWK – Army.mil
• Raytheon SAM-A-18/M3/MIM-23 Hawk – MIM-23
• Hawk Surface-to-Air Missile System

US-Israeli (Military) Relations:

• Israel-US military relations – Wikipedia
• US-Israel Relations: Strategic & Military Cooperation – Jewish Virtual Library
• THE HISTORY OF US-ISRAEL RELATIONS – Against Our Better Judgement – The hidden history of how the United States was used to create Israel – IfAmericansKnews.org
• Friends with Benefits: Why the US-Israeli Alliance Is Good for America, by Michael Eisenstadt and David Pollock – November 7, 2012 – The Washington Institute
• The US-Israel Relationship – About.com
• Israel – US Relations – GlobalSecurity.org
• US-Israel Relations: Roots of the US-Israel Relationships – Jewish Virtual Library
• Israel: Background and the US Relations, by Jim Zanotti – June 1, 2015 – Congressional Research Service
• The Complex History of the US-Israel Relationship, by George Friedman – March 4, 2015 – RealClearWorld.com
• Timeline of US-Israeli Relations – About.com

1961  Sierra Leone joins the United Nations.

Sierra Leone:

• Sierra Leone – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
• Sierra Leone – Infoplease.com
• Sierra Leone – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Foreign relations of Sierra Leone – Wikipedia
• Sierra Leone Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Relations – Wikipedia
• Sierra Leone – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
• UN in Sierra Leone
• Sierra Leone country profile – Overview – BBC

History of Sierra Leone:

• History of Sierra Leone – Wikipedia
• Sierra Leone – History – Infoplease.com
• HISTORY OF SIERRA LEONE – HistoryWorld.net
• Sierra Leone – History – NationsEncyclopedia.com
• TIMELINES – Sierra Leone – TimelinesDB.com
• Sierra Leone profile – Timeline – BBC

Economy of Sierra Leone:

• Economy of Sierra Leone – Wikipedia
• Sierra Leone EconomicOutlook – AFDB.org
• Sierra Leone – Data – World Bank, and/or Sierra Leone – World Bank
• Ease of Doing Business in Sierra Leone – World Bank

Sierra Leone and the United Nations:

• Permanent Mission of Sierra Leone to the United Nations
• Permanent Mission of the Republic of Sierra Leone to the United Nations Office and other international organizations in Geneva

1959  Nearly 5,000 people die on the main Japanese island of Honshū as the result of a typhoon.

1956  USAF Captain Milburn G. Apt becomes the first man to exceed Mach 3 while flying the Bell X-2. Shortly thereafter, the craft goes out of control and Captain Apt is killed.

1949  The first Plenary Session of the National People’s Congress approves the design of the Flag of the People’s Republic of China.

Flag of China:

• Flags of The World – China

1944  The Kassel Mission results in the largest loss by a USAAF group on any mission in World War II.

1942  Last day of the September Matanikau action on Guadalcanal as United States Marine Corps troops barely escape after being surrounded by Japanese forces near the Matanikau River.

1940  World War II: The Tripartite Pact is signed in Berlin by Germany, Japan and Italy.

Tripartite Pact of 1940:

• SEP 27 1940 THIS DAY IN HISTORY: The Tripartite Pact signed by Germany, Italy, and Japan – History.com
• Text of the Three-Power Pact Between Germany, Italy, and Japan, Signed at Berlin, September 27, 1940. – Avalon Project – Yale Law School
• Axis powers – Wikipedia
• SOME DOCUMENTS RELEVANT TO THE ALLIANCE OF GERMANY, JAPAN, AND ITALY DURING WORLD WAR II. – iBiblio.org
• Rise of fascism, and militarism in Germany, Italy, and Japan
• Protocol Concluded by Italy, Germany, and Japan, at Rome, November 6, 1937 – ComandoSupremo.com
• “Finally, on September 27, 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan signed the Tripartite Pact, which became known as the Axis alliance.” – AXIS ALLIANCE IN WORLD WAR II – Holocaust Encyclopedia
• Why did Japan and Italy ally themselves with Germany in WW2? – Quora.com
• Declarations of a State of War with Japan, Germany, and Italy – Avalon Project – Yale Law School
• OCT 13 1943 THIS DAY IN HISTORY: Italy declares war on Germany – History.com
• Article 107 of the Charter of the United Nations:
• Article 53 of the Charter of the United Nations:

1937  Balinese Tiger declared extinct.

Balinese Tiger:

• Bali Tiger (Extinct 1937) – UWEC.edu
• Bali Tiger – Panthera tigris balica – The Sixth Extinction
• “The Bali Tiger was part of the  Panthera Tigris species which also included the now extinct Javan Tiger and the critically endangered Sumatran Tiger.” – Bali Tiger – ItsNature.com
• Bali Tiger – About.com
• Historic distribution of Balinese Tiger:

1928  The Republic of China is recognized by the United States.

1922  King Constantine I of Greece abdicates his throne in favor of his eldest son, King George II.

1916  Iyasu V is proclaimed deposed as ruler of Ethiopia in a palace coup in favor of his aunt Zewditu I.

1908  The first production of the Ford Model T automobile was built at the Piquette Plant in Detroit, Michigan.

1905  The physics journal Annalen der Physik received Albert Einstein‘s paper “Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?”, introducing the equation E=mc².

Einstein’s Theory – E=mc² :

• The Annus Mirabilis of Albert Einstein – Science Reference Guides
• Albert Einstein’s Year of Miracles: Light Theory, by Richard Harris – March 17, 2005 – NPR.org
• HPS 2590 Einstein 1905 – PITT.edu
• The Year Of Albert Einstein – Smithsonian.com
• Einstein’s significant 1905 papers – MiniPhysics.com
• Book: Einstein’s Miraculous Year: Five Papers That Changed the Face of Physics, edited and introduced by John Stachehl, with a new introduction by John Stachel, with a forward by Roger Penrose
• List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein – Wikipedia

1903  Wreck of the Old 97, a train crash made famous by the song of the same name.

Wreck of the Old 97:

• Wreck of the Old 97 – ENCYCLOPEDIA VIRGINIA
• Sep 27 1903 Wreck of the Old 97 – WorldHistoryProject.org
• 1903 – The Wreck of the Old ’97 – TheCentreCannotHold.net
• Wreck of the Old 97 – CountryMusicTreasures.com
• WRECK OF THE OLD 97 – MarkerHistory.com

1875  The merchant sailing ship Ellen Southard is wrecked in a storm at Liverpool; the United States Congress subsequently awards 27 gold Lifesaving Medals to the lifeboat men who went to rescue her crew.

1854  The steamship SS Arctic sinks with 300 people on board. This marks the first great disaster in the Atlantic Ocean.

1825  The world’s first public railway to use steam locomotives, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, is ceremonially opened.

1822  Jean-François Champollion announces that he has deciphered the Rosetta stone.

1821  Mexico gains its independence from Spain.

Mexico:

• MEXICO – THE WORLD FACT BOOK – CIA
• Mexico – CountryStudies.us
• Mexico – Infoplease.com
• Mexico – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Mexico – News Archive – Chronology of Coverage – The New York Times
• Mexico – FactMonster.com

Foreign Relations of Mexico:

• Foreign relations of Mexico – Wikipedia
• Mexico – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
• Foreign Relations – Mexico – CountryStudies.us

History and Culture of Mexico:

• MEXICO – History.com
• History of Mexico – Wikipedia
• Mexico: A brief History – The International History Project
• History of Mexico – WhatMexico.com
• History of Mexico – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Mexico – History and Culture – Geographia.com
• History of Mexico – NationsOnline.org
• Mexico – History – LonelyPlanet.com
• Mexican History – Destination360.com
• History of Mexico – Mexperience.com
• Mexico timeline – BBC
• Mexican History Time lines – MexicanHistory.org
• MEXICO TIMELINE – History.com
• Timeline of Mexican history – Wikipedia

Independence of Mexico:

• The History of Mexican Independence – MexonOnline.com
• STRUGGLE FOR MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE – History.com
• Mexican War of Independence – Wikipedia
• Sep 16 1810 Mexican War of Independence begins – History.com
• Independence from Spain – Mexperience.com

Economy of Mexico:

• Economy of Mexico – Wikipedia
• Mexico – Overview – The World Bank
• Mexico – Data – The World Bank
• Mexico’s Economy: Facts, Opportunities, Challenges, by Kimberly Amadeo

1669  The Venetians surrender the fortress of Candia to the Ottomans, thus ending the 21-year-long Siege of Candia.

1605  The armies of Sweden are defeated by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Battle of Kircholm.

 

 

SEPTEMBER 28

• Today is the WORLD RABIES DAY:
• Today is the INTERNATIONAL RIGHT TO KNOW DAY:

2014  Hong Kong protests : Benny Tai announces that Occupy Central is launched as Hong Kong‘s government headquarters is being occupied by thousands of protesters. Hong Kong police resort to tear gas to disperse protesters but thousands remain.

Hong Kong Occupy Central:

• Hong Kong Occupy Central protests – September 27, 2014 – CNN
• Hong Kong Occupy Central Protest Live Stream 2014: At Least 41 People Injured, 78 Arrested, by Maria Voltaggio – September 28, 2014 – International Business Times
• “Occupy Central is a civil disobedience movement which began in Hong Kong on September 28, 2014.” – Occupy Central | South China Morning Post
• Hong Kong Police Remove Protester Barricades, Occupy Central Says – Oct 13, 2014 – Reuters – HuffigtonPost.com

Support of China against Pro-Democracy Movement:

• Thousands in Hong Kong Rally in Support of China – AUG.17, 2014 – The New York Times
• Hong Kong’s “Occupy Central” is US-backed Sedition – October 1, 2014 – Journal-Neo.org

2012  Somali and African Union forces launch a coordinated assault on the Somali port city of Kismayo to take back the city from al-Shabaab militants.

2009  The military junta leading Guinea, headed by Captain Moussa Dadis Camara, raped, killed, and wounded protesters during a protest rally in a stadium called Stade du 28 Septembre.

2000  Al-Aqsa Intifada: Ariel Sharon visits Al-Aqsa Mosque known to Jews as the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.

1996  Former president of Afghanistan Mohammad Najibullah is tortured and brutally murdered by the Taliban.

1995  Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat sign the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

Oslo II Accords:

• Oslo II Accord (= Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip) – Wikipedia
• Oslo II Accords (Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip) – Council on Foreign Affairs – CFR.org
• What was the “Oslo II” Interim Agreement in 1995? – Oslo II Interim Agreement – PalestineFacts.org
• Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip – RefWorld.org

1995  Bob Denard and a group of mercenaries take the islands of Comoros in a coup.

1991  UN weapons inspectors (= UNSCOM) ends 5-day standoff with Iraq.

UN Special Commission (UNSCOM) to Iraq:

• UNSCOM in 1991-1995 – Wikipedia
• UNSCOM Weapon’s Inspector Scott Ritter’s website
• IRAQ: Weapons Inspections: 1991 – 1998 – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
• Weapons Inspection Program – Global Policy Forum

Inspection of Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Iraq War:

• Iraq inquiry: Former UN inspector Blix says war illegal – 27 July 2010 – BBC
• The Cost of Ignoring UN Inspectors: An Unnecessary War with Iraq, by Greg Thielmann – March 5, 2013 – Arms Control Now – ArmsControlNow.org
• Iraq Weapons Inspections and Double Standards, by Anup Shah – Global Issues
• Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction – The National Security Archive – GWU.edu
• Saddam Hussein’s Weapons of Mass Destruction – FRONTLINE – PBS.org
• Disarming Saddam-A Chronology of Iraq and UN Weapons Inspections From 2002-2003: Factsheets & Briefs – Arms Control Association – ArmsControl.org
• Who Was Right About WMDs in Iraq? ,by Hannah Kozlowska – October 17, 2014 – The Opinion Pages – The New York Times
• Bush, the Truth and Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Destruction – February 13, 2015 – The Wall Street Journal
• TWELVE YEARS LATER, US MEDIA STILL CAN’T GET IRAQ WMD STORY RIGHT, by Jon Schwarz – April 10, 2015 – The Intercept
• Stop It, Liberals: Bush Didn’t Lie About Iraq Having WMDs, by Jamie Weinstein – 05/18/2015 – The Daily Caller – DailyCaller.com

1975 The Spaghetti House siege, in which nine people are taken hostage, takes place in London.

1973  The ITT Building in New York City is bombed in protest at ITT’s alleged involvement in the September 11, 1973 coup d’état in Chile.

1971  The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 banning the medicinal use of cannabis.

1970  Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser dies of a heart attack in Cairo. Anwar Sadat is named as Nasser’s temporary successor, and will later become the permanent successor.

1963  Whaam!, now considered Roy Lichtenstein‘s most important work, debuted at an exhibition held at the Leo Castelli Gallery that lasted until at October 24.

1962  The Paddington tram depot fire destroys 65 trams in Brisbane, Australia.

1961  A military coup in Damascus effectively ends the United Arab Republic, the union between Egypt and Syria.

1960  Mali and Senegal join the United Nations.

Mali:

• Mali – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
• Mali – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Mali – Infoplease.com
• Mali – Africa.com
• Exploring Mali – Geographia.com
• Mali country profile – Overview – BBC

Foreign Relations of Mali:

• Foreign relations of Mali – Wikipedia
• US Relations with Mali – US Department of State
• Mali – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
• EU Relations with Mali – Europa.eu
• Mali and China – China.org
• Mali – Russia relations – Wikipedia
• Mali and Germany – Federal Foreign Office of Germany

Mali and the United Nations:

• The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Mali to the United Nations, New York
• Permanent Mission of the Republic of Mali to the United Nations Office and other international organizations in Geneva
• Mali – National Communications Support Programme (NCSP) – UNDP
• Mali – UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
• Mali – UN Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict

US–Mali Military Relations/Cooperation:

• US could resume direct Mali military aid if elections successful, by Pascal Fletcher – Mon Feb 18, 2013 – Reuters.com
• Will US Go Back to Training Mali’s Military? , by John Knefel, – August 16, 2013 – RollingStone.com
• How US military assistance failed in Mali – April 21, 2014 – Bridges from Bamaka
• Military of Mali – Wikipedia

History of Mali:

• History of Mali – Wikipedia
• Mali – History – Nations Encyclopedia
• HISTORY OF MALI – HistoryWorld.net
• A Brief History of Mali – About.com
• Mali – History – LonelyPlanet.com
• Mali – historical empire, Africa – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Mali Empire (ca. 1200 – ) – BlackPast.org
• Mali – History & Politics – Our-Africa.org
• Mali Conflict: Three Things to Know – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
• Mali profile – Timeline – BBC

Economy of Mali:

• Economy of Mali – Wikipedia
• Mali – Economy – Infoplease.com
• Mali – Economy – Nations Encyclopedia
• Mali – Economy & Industry – Our-Africa.org
• Mali – African Economic Outlook
• Mali – Country Overview – THE WORLD BANK
• Mali – THE WORLD BANK
• Mali – Data – THE WORLD BANK

Senegal:

• Senegal – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
• Senegal – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Senegal – Infoplease.com
• Senegal – NationsOnline.org
• Culture of Senegal – EveryCulture.com
• Senegal country profile – Overview

Foreign Relations of Senegal:

• Foreign relations of Senegal – Wikipedia
• Senegal – Foreign Relations (Notes) – Geography IQ
• Senegal: Background and the US Relations, by Alexis Arieff, Analyst of African Affairs – June 20, 2013 – Congressional Research Service

Senegal and the United Nations:

• The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Senegal to the United Nations, New York
• The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Senegal to the United Nations Office and other international organizations in Geneva
• Senegal – UN Data
• Senegal – UN Office for High Commissioner for Human Rights
• Senegal – National Communications Support Programme (NCSP) – UNDP

History of Senegal:

• History of Senegal – Wikipedia
• HISTORY OF SENEGAL – HistoryWorld.net
• Senegal – History & Politics – Our-Africa.org
• Senegal – History – LonelyPlanet.com
• Senegal – History – About.com
• Senegal – History- Infoplease.com
• Senegal profile – Timeline – BBC

Economy of Senegal:

• Economy of Senegal – Wikipedia
• Senegal – Economy – Infoplease.com
• Senegal – Economy & Industry – Our-Africa.org
• Senegal – Overview – THE WORLD BANK
• Senegal – Data – THE WORLD BANK
• Senegal Economy Outlook – AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP

1958  France ratifies a new Constitution of France; the French Fifth Republic is then formed upon the formal adoption of the new constitution on October 4. Guinea rejects the new constitution, voting for independence instead.  On October 2, 1958, Guinea declares its independence from France. “Under Touré’s leadership, Guinea became the only colony to vote against the constitution of the French Community in 1958 and to opt for complete independence, which was achieved on Oct. 2, 1958. France retaliated by severing relations and withdrawing all financial and technical aid.” – Guinea – History – Infoplease.com

French Constitution of 1958:

• Constitution of 1958 – French History – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Text of the English translation of the French Constitution of 1958 and its Amendments – ThisNation.com, or Constitution of 4 October 1958

Guinean Constitutional Referendum on 28 September 1958:

• Guinean constitutional referendum, 1958 – Wikipedia
• “In September 1958, the French territory of Guinea claimed its independence. In a defiant “No” to France, the Guinean people, through a popular referen-dum, decisively rejected a constitution that would have relegated their country to junior partnership in a new French Community.” – Introduction – Cold War and Decolonization in Guinea, 1946-1958, by Elizabeth Schmidt – JHU.edu

1958  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

Atmospheric Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site:

• Atmospheric Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site – onlinenevada.org

Atmospheric/High-altitude Nuclear Explosion Testing:

• Atmospheric nuclear explosion – Wikipedia
• High-altitude nuclear explosions, by Wm Robert Johnston – JohnstonsArchive.net
• “Atmospheric testing refers to explosions which take place in the atmosphere.” – TYPES OF NUCLEA WEAPONS TESTS – CTBTO.org
• US Atmospheric Nuclear Test Page – Nuclear Weapons – Zvis.com

Atmospheric Nuclear Tests of the United States and Radioactive Fallout:

• Atmospheric Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site – OnlineNevada.org
• The Years of Atmospheric Testing 1945-1963 – Trinity Atomic Web Site – Abomb1.org
• High-altitude nuclear explosions – JohnstonArchive.org
• RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT FROM NUCLEAR TESTING AT NEVADA TEST SITE, 1950-60 – GPO.gov – pdf
• Cancer Mortality at the US Nuclear Weapons Tests – US Department of Veterans Affairs – VA.gov
• Atmospheric Nuclear Testing and The US Navy – A BILIOGRAPHY – FMD-INC.org
• Feasibility Study of Weapons Testing Fallout – CDC.gov
• “Between 16 July 1945 and 23 September 1992 the United States of America conducted (by official count) 1054 nuclear tests, and two nuclear attacks….These pages focus principally (although not exclusively) on the period from 16 July 1945 to 4 November 1962, the era of atmospheric testing.” – RADIOCHEMISTORY SOCIETY – US NUCLEAR TESTS – Info Gallery – Radiochemistry.org
• When We Tested Nuclear Bombs, by Alan Taylor – May 06, 2011 – TheAtlantic.com
• US ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR TESTING – The Connection Between John Wayne and Radioactive Fallout, and Other Tales, by Bruce W Church – October 22, 2000 – FalloutRadiation.com – pdf
• Marshall Islands, site of largest-ever U.S. nuclear weapons test, sues 9 superpowers including USA – June 6, 2015 – BoingDoing.net
• YouTube video (13 min. 49 sec.): Declassified US Nuclear Test Film #55
• YouTube video (14 min. 35 sec.): High-altitude Atomic Tests – Operation Dominic parts 1-2 – 1962

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

• Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
• Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
• US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
• 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
• US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21^st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security,  Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State

US Nuclear Tests at Nevada Site:

• List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
• Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
• The Cold War – AtomCentral.com
• NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
• NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
• Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
• Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
• Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
• Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
• NUKE TESTING in NEVADA – Archure.net
• ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
• 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
• Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• The Nuclear Matters Handbook

Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:

• Environment and the Quality of Life in Nevada – UNLV.edu
• ECONLGOY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH NARRATIVE SUMMARY, KEY WORD INDEX, AND SPECIES LISTS – DOE/NEV/11718-594
• Nevada Applied Ecology Information Center: a review of technical information support provided to the Nevada Applied Ecology Group – Sci-Tech Connect
• “Between 1951 and 1992, the United States bombed its own soil with nuclear weapons — 945 times. All but 17 of those explosions took place on a stretch of basin-and-range desert northwest of Las Vegas called the Nevada Test Site (NTS),…” – Sovereignty at Shoshone Mountain – EcologyCenter.org
• The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions – Princeton.edu
• Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center

1951  CBS makes the first color televisions available for sale to the general public, but the product is discontinued less than a month later.

1950  Indonesia joins the United Nations.

Indonesia:

• Indonesia – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA, or Indonesia – Country Studies – The World Fact Book
• Indonesia – CountryStudies.us
• Indonesia – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Indonesia – Infoplease.com

Foreign Relations of Indonesia:

• Foreign relations of Indonesia – Wikipedia
• Indonesia’s foreign relations: policy shamed by the ideal of ‘dynamic equilibrium’, by Dewi Fortuna Anwar – 4 February 2014 – EAST ASIA FORUM
• Indonesian Foreign Policy – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia) – Wikipedia

Indonesia and the United Nations:

• Indonesia and the United Nations – Wikipedia
• Indonesia and the United Nations
• UNDP Indonesia
• Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations, New York
• Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations, WTO, and Other International Organizations in Geneva

History of Indonesia:

• History of Indonesia – Wikipedia
• Indonesia – History – CountryStudies.us
• History – BALI & INDONESIA – Indo.com
• Indonesia’s History and Background – AsianInfo.org
• A BRIEF HISTORY OF INDONESIA – LocalHistories.org
• Indonesia – History – LonelyPlanet.com
• History of Indonesia – NationsOnline.org
• History of Indonesia – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Indonesia – Infoplease.com
• History of Indonesia – IndonesiaPoint.com
• Indonesian History – TheJakartaPost.com
• Timeline of Indonesian history – Wikipedia
• Indonesia country profile – Timeline – BBC

Economy of Indonesia:

• Economy of Indonesia – Wikipedia
• Indonesia – Economy – Infoplease.com
• Business & Economy of Indonesia – IndonesiaPoint.com
• Indonesia – THE WORLD BANK
• Indonesia – Data – THE WORLD BANK
• Indonesia – Economy – ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

1944  Soviet Army troops liberate Klooga concentration camp in Klooga, Estonia.

1941  The Drama Uprising against the Bulgarian occupation in northern Greece begins.

1939  Warsaw surrenders to Nazi Germany during World War II.

1939  Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union agree on a division of Poland after their invasion during World War II.

Invasion of Poland in September 1939:

• Occupation of Poland (1939-1945) – Wikipedia
• Administrative division of Poland during World War II – Wikipedia
• NAZIS, SOVIET DIVIDE POLAND – WW2Days.com
• The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, by Jennifer Rosenberg – About.com
• German Invasion of Poland – September 1939 – Buffalo.edu
• Did the Soviet Union Invade Poland in September 1939? NO! – Montclair.edu
• Soviet Invasion of Poland – World War II Movie Timeline
• How the 1939 Soviet invasion sealed Poland’s fate in WWII – and changed the world forever – World – TheStar.com
• Invasion of Poland – Timeline – SecondWorldWar.com

Holocaust and the Invasion of Poland in 1939:

• INVASION OF POLAND FALL 1939 – Holocaust Encyclopedia
• “The German Army attacked Poland on 1 September 1939. Poland was defeated by the 28 September 1939. The Polish government fled to France, then, in May 1940, to London, after the German invasion of France.” – German Invasion – The Holocaust Explained

1928  Sir Alexander Fleming notices a bacteria-killing mold growing in his laboratory, discovering what later became known as penicillin.

1928  The UK Parliament passes the Dangerous Drugs Act outlawing cannabis.

1924  First round-the-world flight completed.

1919  Race riots begin in Omaha, Nebraska, US.

1918  World War I: The Fifth Battle of Ypres begins.

1912  The Ulster Covenant is signed by half a million Ulster Protestants in opposition to the Third Irish Home Rule Bill.

1901  Philippine–American War: Filipino guerrillas kill more than forty American soldiers while losing 28 of their own, in a surprise attack in the town of Balangiga on Samar Island.

1889  The first General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) defines the length of a meter as the distance between two lines on a standard bar of an alloy of platinum with ten percent iridium, measured at the melting point of ice.

1885  Riots break out in Montreal to protest against compulsory smallpox vaccination.

1871  Brazilian Parliament passes the Law of the Free Womb, granting freedom to all new children born to slaves, the first major step in the eradication of slavery in Brazil.

 

 

SETPEMBER 29

2013  Over 42 people are killed by members of Boko Haram at the College of Agriculture in Gujba, Nigeria.

2009  An 8.0 magnitude earthquake near the Samoan Islands causes a tsunami.

2008  Following the bankruptcies of Lehman Brothers and Washington Mutual, The Dow Jones Industrial Average falls 777.68 points, the largest single-day point loss in its history.

2007  Calder Hall, the world’s first commercial nuclear power station, is demolished in a controlled explosion.

2006  Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 collides in mid-air with an Embraer Legacy 600 business jet near Peixoto de Azevedo, Mato Grosso, Brazil, killing 154 total people, and triggering a Brazilian aviation crisis.

2004  The Burt Rutan Ansari X Prize entry SpaceShipOne performs a successful spaceflight, the first of two required to win the prize.

2004  The asteroid 4179 Toutatis passes within four lunar distances of Earth.

1995  The United States Navy disbands Fighter Squadron 84 (VF-84), nicknamed the “Jolly Rogers”.

1995  US space probe Ulysses completes 2nd passage behind Sun.

Space Probe:

• Space probe – Wikipedia
• Space probe – Infoplease.com
• Space Probes to the Outer Planet – Historic Spacecraft
• Time Line of Space Exploration

Ulysses Space Probe:

• Ulysses – European-United States space probe – Encyclopedia Britannica
• ULYSSES OVERVIEW – ESA.int
• ULYSSES FACTSHEET – ESA.int
• Missions – Ulysses: In Depth – NASA
• “Ulysses space probe is a robotic space probe designed to study the Sun at all latitudes. The Ulysses space probe is named for the Latin translation of “Odysseus”, was launched in October 1990 from the Space Shuttle Discovery (mission STS-41) as a joint venture of NASA and the European Space Agency.” – Universe-Galexies-Stars.com
• “The first probe to fly over the Sun’s poles was the joint European-US Ulysses, launched aboard the space shuttle in 1990.” – Ulysses – BBC

1992  Brazilian President Fernando Collor de Mello is impeached.

1991  Military coup in Haiti (1991 Haitian coup d’état).

Military Coup in Haiti, 1991 :

• 1991 Aristide and Coup – USHaiti Text
• The Overthrow of Haiti’s Aristide: a coup made in the USA – WSWS.org
• Tenth Anniversary of the 1991 coup d’état; President Aristide denounces “economic terrorism,” – Haiti – Progres, This Week in Haiti, Vol. 19, no. 29, 3-9 October 2001

Haiti:

• Haiti – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
• Haiti – CountryStudies.us
• Haiti – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Haiti – Infoplease.com
• Haiti – NationsOnline.org
• HAITI – Current Upheaval – March 2, 2004 – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org

Foreign Relations of Haiti:

• Foreign relations of Haiti – Wikipedia
• FOREIGN RELATIONS – HAITI – CountryStudes.us
• US Relations with Haiti – US Department of State
• Haiti – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org

History of Haiti:

• History of Haiti – Wikipedia
• The History of Haiti – TravelingHaiti.com
• History of Haiti – NationsOnline.org
• Haiti – History – Infoplease.com
• Haiti’s History – FRONTLINE WORLD – PBS.org
• Haiti: A Brief History – Language-Work.com
• Political and Economic History of Haiti – San José State University Department of Economics

Economy of Haiti:

• Economy of Haiti – Wikipedia
• Haiti – Economy – Infoplease.com
• Haiti – THE WORLD BANK
• Haiti – Data – THE WORLD BANK

1990  The YF-22, which would later become the F-22 Raptor, flies for the first time.

1990  Construction of the Washington National Cathedral is completed.

• Washington National Cathedral – Official Site
• Washington National Cathedral Archives – Main Reading Room – The Library of Congress
• National Cathedral, WASHINGTON, D.C. – A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary
• Mysteries of the National Cathedral, by Graham Meyer – September 1, 2007 – Washington.com

1988  UN peacekeeping forces win Nobel Peace prize

Peacekeeping, and the UN Peacekeeping:

• Peacekeeping – Wikipedia
• United Nations peacekeeping – Wikipedia
• What is peacekeeping? – UN.org
• United Nations peacekeeping – UN.org
• Department of Peacekeeping Operations – Wikipedia
• Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) – United Nations Peacekeeping
• Web links on Peacekeeping – Peacekeeping – International Online Training Program on Intractable Conflict – Colorado.edu

UN Peacekeeping Forces and the Nobel Peace Prize 1988:

• “OSLO, Sept. 29— The United Nations peacekeeping forces, which for 40 years have been deployed to reduce tensions in the world’s trouble spots, were named here today as the 1988 winner of the Nobel Peace Prize.” – UN Peacekeeping Forces Named Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, by Sheila Rule – September 30, 1988 – The New York Times
• The Nobel Peace Prize 1988
• United Nations and the Nobel Peace Prize

History of the UN Peacekeeping:

• History of the United Nations peacekeeping – Wikipedia
• United Nations Peacekeeping Forces – History – NobelPrize.org
• History of the UN Peacekeeping – Tripod.com
• Museum of Peacekeeping Operations – UN-Museum.ru

Various Problems, the Past and Present, relating to the UN Peacekeeping Operations:

• Peacekeeping issues – “Peacekeeping operates within a changing physical, social, economic and political environment. We need to be flexible to address a changing set of issues.” – UN.org
• Look at the Benefits and Cost of the UN Peacekeeping, by Cedric Thornberry – June 11, 1998 – Opinion – The New York Times
• CHALLENGES TO [THE] UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA – December 1999 – February 2000 – Volume IV, No. 4 – JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
• Blue Helmets From the South: Accounting for the Participation of Weaker States in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, by Andrew Blum – Spring 2000 – The Journal of Conflict Studies
• Peacekeeping, by Julian Ouellet – Conflict Management Program at SAIS – September 2003 – Beyond Intractability
• The Challenges of the Peacekeeping in the 21^st Century – 19-20 October 2004 – 2004 PARLIAMENTARY HEARING AT THE UNITED NATIONS
• Time for a New United Nations Peacekeeping Organization, by Brett D. Schaefer – February 13, 2007 – The Heritage Foundation
• The Problem with Peacekeeping, by François Grignon and Daniela Kroslak – 14 April 2008 – CrisisGroup.org
• Peacekeeping successes and failures in Africa – 29 April 2009 – ReliefWeb.int
• Confronting New Challenges Facing the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations – Testimony: Susan E. Rice – Permanent Representative to the United Nations Opening Statement to the House Foreign Affairs Committee Washington, DC – July 29, 2009 – US Department of State
• Critical Analysis of the United Nations Peacekeeping Missions in Africa, by John Rabougi Ahere – R50/75472/2009
• The Challenges of UN Peacekeeping in Darfur, by Sarah Mahmood – December 17, 2012 – The OXONIAN Globalist
• Children in Conflict – UN.org
• Avoiding the Scourge of War: The Challenges of the United Nations Peacekeeping, by Donald A. Hempson III – October 2011 – OSU.edu
• United Nations: Problems That Need Congressional Action, by Brett D. Schaefer – February 3, 2011 – The Heritage Foundation
• UN Peacekeeping: Few Successes, Many Failures, Inherent Flaws, by Thomas W. Jacobson – March-April 2012 – International Diplomacy & Public Policy Center
• UN Peacekeeping Troops Face Scandals on Sex Crimes, Corruption, by Alex Newman – Tuesday, 15 October 2013 – The New American
• Secretary-General highlights three major challenges facing peacekeeping – 19 Jun 2013 – UNMultiMedia.org

Relevant Reports on the UN Peacekeeping Operations:

• An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping – Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992 – A/47/277 – S/24111 – 17 June 1992, or the same report, published on the website of Council on Foreign Relations
• The Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, a.k.a. the “Brahimi Report” – A/55/305 – S/2000/809

UN Peacekeeping Trainings, and Other Peace-related Learning Programs:

• UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING TRAINING MANUAL
• Peacekeeping Training Programme – UNITAR
• Peace Operations Training Institute: Expand your knowledge of UN peacekeeping and related subjects, Peacekeeper Training Courses – Peace Operations Training Institute, and/or Peace Operations Training Institute: Study peace and humanitarian relief any place, any time
• Certificate of Training in United Nations Peace Support Operations (COTIPSO) – Peace Operations Training Institute
• UNITAR E-Learning Programs
• University for Peace (of the United Nations) – UNPEACE ONLINE PROGRAMS
• TRANSCEND Peace University Online Programs

1988  Space Shuttle: NASA launches STS-26, the return to flight mission, after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.

1986  USSR releases US journalist Nicholas Daniloff confined on spy charges.

Nicholas Daniloff’s Spy Charge:

• Nicholas Daniloff’s Exclusive Story; Thirteen Days in a KGB Prison – May 16, 2008 – USNews.com
• MAN IN THE NEWS; THE BOLSHEVIKS’ PRISONER: NICHOLOAS DANILOFF – September 9, 1986 – The New York Times
• The Daniloff Affair: 4 Tense Weeks – September 30, 1986 – The New York Times
• Back From the Cold War : Reporter Nick Daniloff Says His KGB Arrest Probably Wouldn’t Happen Under Glasonost , by Elizabeth Mehren – September 21, 1988 – Los Angeles Times – LATimes.com

1982  The Chicago Tylenol murders begin when the first of seven individuals dies in metropolitan Chicago.

1979  Pope John Paul II becomes the first pope to visit Ireland.

1976  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1976:

• 1976 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net

Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site:

• Novaya Zemlya – GlobalSecurity.org
• NOVAYA ZEMLYA – AtlasObscura.com
• Novaya Zemlya – GiantBomb.com
• NOVA ZEMLYA (NOVAYA ZEMLYA) 58 MEGA TON H BOMB TEST – ArkCode.com
• Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya – NTI.org
• ICE Case Studies – Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker – American.edu
• Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – Image – NASA
• Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – NovayaZemlya.net
• Novaya Zemlya, Russia – Nuclear-Risks.org
• Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated – July 31, 2014 – TASS Russian News Agency
• Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adapt nuclear test site, by Tatyana Sinitsyna – RIA Novosti, Russia – 15 August 2006
• UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRPAPHICAL SURVEY – Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501 – Reston, Virginia – 1993

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
• GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
• The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
• A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu

Underground Nuclear Tests:

• The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
• Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
• What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
• APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
• Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
• Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
• Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
• Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

1975  USSR performs underground nuclear test at Krasnoyarsk, Russia.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1975:

• 1975 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
• GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
• The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
• A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu

Underground Nuclear Tests:

• The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
• Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
• What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
• APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
• Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
• Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
• Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
• Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

1975  WGPR in Detroit, Michigan, becomes the world’s first black-owned-and-operated television station.

1972  China–Japan relations: Japan establishes diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China after breaking official ties with the Republic of China.

1971  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

• Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
• Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
• US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
• 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
• US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21^st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security,  Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State

US Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
• Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
• The Cold War – AtomCentral.com

Nevada Test Site:

• NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
• NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
• Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
• Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
• Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
• Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
• NUKE TESTING in NEVADA – Archure.net
• ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
• 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
• Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• The Nuclear Matters Handbook

Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:

• Environment and the Quality of Life in Nevada – UNLV.edu
• ECONLGOY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH NARRATIVE SUMMARY, KEY WORD INDEX, AND SPECIES LISTS – DOE/NEV/11718-594
• Nevada Applied Ecology Information Center: a review of technical information support provided to the Nevada Applied Ecology Group – Sci-Tech Connect
• “Between 1951 and 1992, the United States bombed its own soil with nuclear weapons — 945 times. All but 17 of those explosions took place on a stretch of basin-and-range desert northwest of Las Vegas called the Nevada Test Site (NTS),…” – Sovereignty at Shoshone Mountain – EcologyCenter.org
• The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions – Princeton.edu
• Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center

1971  Oman joins the Arab League.

Arab League:

• Arab League – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Arab League – Infoplease.com
• The Arab League – About.com
• ARAB LEAGUE ONLINE – AN INDEPENDENT VIEW OF THE ARAB WORLD
• The Arab League – Council of Foreign Relations – CFR.org
• Arab League – ArabLeague.org
• Member states of the Arab League – Wikipedia

Oman:

• Oman – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
• Oman – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Oman – Infoplease.com
• Oman – Persian Gulf States – CountryStudies.us
• Oman – Country profile – Overview – BBC

Foreign Relations of Oman:

• Foreign relations of Oman – Wikipedia
• Oman – Foreign Relations – Persian Gulf States – CountryStudies.us
• FOREIGN RELATINS OF OMAN – Self.Gutenberg.org
• Oman: A Unique Foreign Policy – Rand.org

History of Oman:

• History of Oman – Wikipedia
• HISTORY OF OMAN – HistoryWorld.net
• Oman – History – LonelyPlanet.com
• SULTANATE of OMAN – OmanSultanate.com
• The history of Oman – OmanInfo.com
• Oman profile – Timeline – BBC

Economy of Oman:

• Economy of Oman – Wikipedia
• Oman Sultanate Economy
• Oman – The Arab World’s Emerging Economy
• Country Summary: Oman – THE WORLD BANK
• Oman – Data – THE WORLD BANK

1963  The second period of the Second Vatican Council opens.

1962  Alouette 1, the first Canadian satellite, is launched.

1962  US performs nuclear test (atmospheric) at Nevada Test Site.

Atmospheric Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site:

• Atmospheric Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site – onlinenevada.org

Atmospheric/High-altitude Nuclear Explosion Testing:

• Atmospheric nuclear explosion – Wikipedia
• High-altitude nuclear explosions, by Wm Robert Johnston – JohnstonsArchive.net
• “Atmospheric testing refers to explosions which take place in the atmosphere.” – TYPES OF NUCLEA WEAPONS TESTS – CTBTO.org
• US Atmospheric Nuclear Test Page – Nuclear Weapons – Zvis.com

Atmospheric Nuclear Tests of the United States and Radioactive Fallout:

• Atmospheric Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site – OnlineNevada.org
• The Years of Atmospheric Testing 1945-1963 – Trinity Atomic Web Site – Abomb1.org
• High-altitude nuclear explosions – JohnstonArchive.org
• RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT FROM NUCLEAR TESTING AT NEVADA TEST SITE, 1950-60 – GPO.gov – pdf
• Cancer Mortality at the US Nuclear Weapons Tests – US Department of Veterans Affairs – VA.gov
• Atmospheric Nuclear Testing and The US Navy – A BILIOGRAPHY – FMD-INC.org
• Feasibility Study of Weapons Testing Fallout – CDC.gov
• “Between 16 July 1945 and 23 September 1992 the United States of America conducted (by official count) 1054 nuclear tests, and two nuclear attacks….These pages focus principally (although not exclusively) on the period from 16 July 1945 to 4 November 1962, the era of atmospheric testing.” – RADIOCHEMISTORY SOCIETY – US NUCLEAR TESTS – Info Gallery – Radiochemistry.org
• When We Tested Nuclear Bombs, by Alan Taylor – May 06, 2011 – TheAtlantic.com
• US ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR TESTING – The Connection Between John Wayne and Radioactive Fallout, and Other Tales, by Bruce W Church – October 22, 2000 – FalloutRadiation.com – pdf
• Marshall Islands, site of largest-ever U.S. nuclear weapons test, sues 9 superpowers including USA – June 6, 2015 – BoingDoing.net
• YouTube video (13 min. 49 sec.): Declassified US Nuclear Test Film #55
• YouTube video (14 min. 35 sec.): High-altitude Atomic Tests – Operation Dominic parts 1-2 – 1962

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

• Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
• Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
• US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
• 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
• US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21^st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security,  Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State

US Nuclear Tests at Nevada Site:

• List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
• Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
• The Cold War – AtomCentral.com
• NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
• NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
• Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
• Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
• Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
• Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
• NUKE TESTING in NEVADA – Archure.net
• ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
• 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
• Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• The Nuclear Matters Handbook

Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:

• Environment and the Quality of Life in Nevada – UNLV.edu
• ECONLGOY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH NARRATIVE SUMMARY, KEY WORD INDEX, AND SPECIES LISTS – DOE/NEV/11718-594
• Nevada Applied Ecology Information Center: a review of technical information support provided to the Nevada Applied Ecology Group – Sci-Tech Connect
• “Between 1951 and 1992, the United States bombed its own soil with nuclear weapons — 945 times. All but 17 of those explosions took place on a stretch of basin-and-range desert northwest of Las Vegas called the Nevada Test Site (NTS),…” – Sovereignty at Shoshone Mountain – EcologyCenter.org
• The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions – Princeton.edu
• Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center

1960  Nikita Khrushchev, leader of Soviet Union, disrupts a meeting of the United Nations General Assembly with a number of angry outbursts.

1958  US performs nuclear test (atmospheric) at Nevada Test Site.

• For some more pertinent information, see “1962  US performs nuclear test (atmospheric) at Nevada Test Site”, mentioned above.

1957  Twenty MCi (740 petabecquerels) of radioactive material is released in an explosion at the Soviet Mayak nuclear plant at Chelyabinsk.

1954  The convention establishing CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) is signed.

1953  US government gives France $385 million for combat in Indo-China.

US Foreign Aid and Indo-China:

• The Pentagon Papers – Gravel Edition – AID FOR FRANCE IN INDOCHINA 1950-1953
• United States foreign aid – Wikipedia

1949  The Communist Party of China writes the Common Program for the future People’s Republic of China.

1944  Soviet troops invade Yugoslavia.

Yugoslavia during World War II:

• World War II in Yugoslavia – Wikipedia
• History – Partisans: War in the Balkans 1941-1945, by Dr Stephen D Hart – BBC
• Yugoslavia – World War II – Country-Data.com
• YUGOSLAVIA IN WORLD WAR II (1941-1945) – WW2f.com
• YUGOSLAVIA DURING WORLD WAR II – Serbian contribution to the Victory – Srpska-Mreza.com
• Yugoslavia, by C. Peter Chen – World War II Database – WW2DB.com
• History – Yugoslavia and World War II (1918-1990) – Croatia.eu
• The Kingdom of Yugoslavia in World War II – Kingdom-Of-Yugoslavia-In-WW2.com
• World War II in Yugoslavia – A Historical Review – Balkan Savage – WordPress.com

AVNOJ, Yugoslavia and World War II:

• Yugoslavia – The Resistance Movement – Country-Data.com
• The Resolution on the Establishment of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia, November 27, 1942 – Arhivyu.gov.rs
• Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia – Encyclopedia Britannica
• The AVNOJ-Regulations and the Genocide of Germans – Danube Swabian History – DVHH.org
• Profile: Anti-Fascist Council of the National Liberation of Yugoslavia – a.k.a. AVNOJ – HistoryCommons.org

History of Yugoslavia:

• Yugoslavia – Wikipedia
• A brief History of Yugoslavia – ReligiousTorrelance.org
• Yugoslavia – History – Infoplease.com
• Yugoslavia, by Robert Wilde – About.com
• The former Yugoslavia – About.com
• History of Yugoslavia – DidYouKnow.org
• A Brief History of Yugoslavia – Friends Commission on National Legislation – FCNL.org

1941  World War II: Holocaust in Kiev, Soviet Union: German Einsatzgruppe C begins the Babi Yar massacre, according to the Einsatzgruppen operational situation report.

Holocaust of Kiev in 1941:

• Massacre of 29-30 September 1941 – Babi Yar – Wikipedia
• Babi Yar – by Jennifer Rosenberg – about education – about.com
• The Holocaust in Ukraine – Wikipedia
• Video of Bab Yar, Ukraine – Jewish Holocaust – YouTube video (6 min. 50 sec.)

1940  Two Avro Ansons of No. 2 Service Flying Training School RAAF collide in mid-air over Brocklesby, New South Wales, Australia, remain locked together after colliding, and then land safely.

1938  Munich Agreement: Germany is given permission from France, Italy, and Great Britain to seize the territory of Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia. The meeting takes place in Munich, and leaders from neither the Soviet Union nor Czechoslovakia attend.

• See also “SEPTEMBER 30, 1938 At 2:00 am, Britain, France, Germany and Italy sign the Munich Agreement, allowing Germany to occupy the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia”, and “OCTOBER 1, 1938 Germany annexes the Sudetenland.”

• Munich Conference and the Annexation of Sudetenland – 29 September 1938 – 10 October 1938, by C Peter Chen – World War II Database – WW2DB.com

1932  Chaco War: Last day of the Battle of Boquerón between Paraguay and Bolivia.

1923  The British Mandate for Palestine takes effect, creating Mandatory Palestine.

1918  World War I, Battle of St. Quentin Canal: The Hindenburg Line is broken by Allied forces. Bulgaria signs an armistice.

1911  Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.

1907  The cornerstone is laid at Washington National Cathedral in the U.S. capital.

1885  The first practical public electric tramway in the world is opened in Blackpool, England.

1864  American Civil War: The Battle of Chaffin’s Farm is fought.

1850  The Roman Catholic hierarchy is re-established in England and Wales by Pope Pius IX.

1848  Battle of Pákozd: Stalemate between Hungarian and Croatian forces at Pákozd; the first battle of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.

1798  The 1st United States Congress adjourns.

1789  The United States Department of War first establishes a regular army with a strength of several hundred men.

 

 

SETPEMBER 30

• Today is the BLASPHEMY DAY:

2009  The 2009 Sumatra earthquakes occur, killing over 1,115 people.

2005  The controversial drawings of Muhammad are printed in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten.

2004  The AIM-54 Phoenix, the primary missile for the F-14 Tomcat, is retired from service. Almost two years later, the Tomcat is retired.

2004  The first images of a live giant squid in its natural habitat are taken 600 miles south of Tokyo.

1999  Japan’s second-worst nuclear accident at a uranium reprocessing facility in Tōkai-mura, northeast of Tokyo.

1996  The United States Congress passes an Amendment that bans the possession of firearms for people who were convicted of domestic violence, even misdemeanor level.

1993  An earthquake hits India’s Latur and Osmanabad district of Marathwada (Aurangabad division) in Maharashtra state leaving tens of thousands of people dead and many more homeless.

1990  The Dalai Lama unveils the Canadian Tribute to Human Rights in Canada’s capital city of Ottawa.

1986  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

• Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
• Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
• US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
• 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
• US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21^st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security,  Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State

US Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
• Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
• The Cold War – AtomCentral.com

Nevada Test Site:

• NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
• NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
• Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
• Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
• Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
• Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
• NUKE TESTING in NEVADA – Archure.net
• ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
• 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
• Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• The Nuclear Matters Handbook

Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:

• Environment and the Quality of Life in Nevada – UNLV.edu
• ECONLGOY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH NARRATIVE SUMMARY, KEY WORD INDEX, AND SPECIES LISTS – DOE/NEV/11718-594
• Nevada Applied Ecology Information Center: a review of technical information support provided to the Nevada Applied Ecology Group – Sci-Tech Connect
• “Between 1951 and 1992, the United States bombed its own soil with nuclear weapons — 945 times. All but 17 of those explosions took place on a stretch of basin-and-range desert northwest of Las Vegas called the Nevada Test Site (NTS),…” – Sovereignty at Shoshone Mountain – EcologyCenter.org
• The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions – Princeton.edu
• Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center

1986  Mordechai Vanunu, who revealed details of Israel’s covert nuclear program to British media, is kidnapped in Rome, Italy by the Israeli Mossad.

1982  Cyanide-laced Tylenol kills six people in the Chicago area. Seven are killed in all.

1980  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1980:

• 1980 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR Nuclear Tests Overview:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
• Slow Death of Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFRL.org
• Semipalitinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
• The lasting toll of Semipalitinsk’s nuclear testing – TheBulletin.org
• External Doses of Residents near Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site – ResearchGate.net
• Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalitinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net

Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site:

• YouTube video (4 min. 21 sec.): Semipalatinsk Test Site – Kazakhstan – Nuclear Threat Initiative
• THE SOVIET UNION’S NUCLEAR TESTING PROGRAMME – CTBTO
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Nuclear weapons tests in history – HistoryOrb.com

Health, and Ecological Issues in Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk:

• Kazakstan/Kazakhstan – Environmental Problems – Reference.AllRefer.com
• “In Semipalatinsk, the local population was exposed to high levels of radioactivity from nuclear weapon tests for several decades…” – Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Nuclear test site – Nuclear-Risk.org
• Semipalatinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
• Radionuclide Contamination at Kazakhstan’s Semipalatinsk Test Site Implications on Human and Ecological Heath, by T.M. Carlsen, L.E. Peterson, B.A. Ulsh, C.A. Werner, K.L.Purvis, A.C. Sharber
• Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalatinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
• Plutonium and Uranium in Human Bones from Areas surrounding the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – NukeFreeTexas.org
• “Their research done on sample villages near the test site found cancer mortality rates 2-1/2 times greater than those in a control village. The agency says some 356,000 people face radiation risk, with 70 percent of those being descendants of exposed villagers…” – Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – The Christian Science Monitor
• Studies of Health Effects from Nuclear Testing near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site Kazakhstan, by Bernd Grosche, Tamara Zhunussova, Kazbek Apsalikov, Ausrele Kesminiene
• Information Report on Biological Studies Conducted At the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – IDOSI.org
• Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in the Semipalatinsk Historical Cohort, 1960 – 1999, and its Relationship to Radiation Exposure – Europe PubMed Central

1980  Ethernet specifications are published by Xerox working with Intel and Digital Equipment Corporation.

1977  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1977:

• 1977 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net

Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site:

• Novaya Zemlya – GlobalSecurity.org
• NOVAYA ZEMLYA – AtlasObscura.com
• Novaya Zemlya – GiantBomb.com
• NOVA ZEMLYA (NOVAYA ZEMLYA) 58 MEGA TON H BOMB TEST – ArkCode.com
• Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya – NTI.org
• ICE Case Studies – Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker – American.edu
• Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – Image – NASA
• Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – NovayaZemlya.net
• Novaya Zemlya, Russia – Nuclear-Risks.org
• Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated – July 31, 2014 – TASS Russian News Agency
• Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adapt nuclear test site, by Tatyana Sinitsyna – RIA Novosti, Russia – 15 August 2006
• UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRPAPHICAL SURVEY – Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501 – Reston, Virginia – 1993

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
• GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
• The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
• A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu1977  Because of US budget cuts and dwindling power reserves, the Apollo program’s ALSEP experiment packages left on the Moon are shut down.

1975  The Hughes (later McDonnell Douglas, now Boeing) AH-64 Apache makes its first flight.

1973  USSR performs underground nuclear test at Orenburg, Russia.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1973:

• 1973 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
• GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
• The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
• A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu

Underground Nuclear Tests:

• The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
• Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
• What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
• APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
• Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
• Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
• Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
• Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

1972  Roberto Clemente records the 3,000th and final hit of his career.

1970  Jordan makes a deal with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) for the release of the remaining hostages from the Dawson’s Field hijackings.

1966  USSR performs underground nuclear test at Bukhara, Uzbekistan.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1966:

• 1966 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
• GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
• The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
• A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu

Underground Nuclear Tests:

• The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
• Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
• What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
• APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
• Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
• Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
• Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
• Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

1966  The British protectorate of Bechuanaland declares its independence, and becomes the Republic of Botswana. Seretse Khama takes office as the first President.

1965  The 30 September Movement attempts a coup against the Indonesian government, which is crushed by the military under Suharto and leads to a mass anti-communist purge, with over 500,000 people killed.

1962  James Meredith enters the University of Mississippi, defying segregation.

1962  Mexican-American labor leader César Chávez founds the National Farm Workers Association, which later becomes United Farm Workers.

1958  USSR performs nuclear test (atmospheric) at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1958:

• 1958 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net

Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site:

• Novaya Zemlya – GlobalSecurity.org
• NOVAYA ZEMLYA – AtlasObscura.com
• Novaya Zemlya – GiantBomb.com
• NOVA ZEMLYA (NOVAYA ZEMLYA) 58 MEGA TON H BOMB TEST – ArkCode.com
• Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya – NTI.org
• ICE Case Studies – Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker – American.edu
• Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – Image – NASA
• Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – NovayaZemlya.net
• Novaya Zemlya, Russia – Nuclear-Risks.org
• Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated – July 31, 2014 – TASS Russian News Agency
• Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adapt nuclear test site, by Tatyana Sinitsyna – RIA Novosti, Russia – 15 August 2006
• UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRPAPHICAL SURVEY – Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501 – Reston, Virginia – 1993

Soviet Atmospheric Nuclear Tests:

• Soviet Atmospheric Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• USSR Atmospheric Nuclear Tests Database – Zvis.com
• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net
• Slow Death of Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – RFRL.org
• Semipalitinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
• The lasting toll of Semipalitinsk’s nuclear testing – TheBulletin.org
• External Doses of Residents near Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site – ResearchGate.net
• Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalitinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
• GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
• The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
• A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu

1955  Film star James Dean dies in a road accident aged 24.

1954  The US Navy submarine USS Nautilus is commissioned as the world’s first nuclear reactor powered vessel.

1954  The Berlin Airlift ends.

1947  Pakistan and Yemen join the United Nations.

1943  The United States Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA) at Kings Point, New York was dedicated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

1941  World War II: Holocaust in Kiev, Ukraine: German Einsatzgruppe C complete Babi Yar massacre.

1939  General Władysław Sikorski becomes commander-in-chief of the Polish Government in exile.

1938  The League of Nations unanimously outlaws “intentional bombings of civilian populations”.

Civilian Bombing and International Law:

• Targeting Civilians – cs.stanford.edu
• Civilians in modern conflicts – Civilian – Wikipedia
• International Law on the Bombing of Civilians – dannen.com
• Firestorms: The Bombing of Civilians in World War II – crf-usa.org
• Aerial bombardment and international law – Wikipedia
• MSF: hospital bombing ‘violates international law’ – Oct.03, 2015 – theguardian.com
• When can a military force lawfully attack civilian infrastructure under international law? – quora.com
• International law – Civilian casualties – Wikipedia
• Civilian casualties in strategic bombing – Wikipedia
• Hiroshima: How bombing civilians became thinkable – August 14, 2015 – Aljazeera.com

1938  At 2:00 am, Britain, France, Germany and Italy sign the Munich Agreement, allowing Germany to occupy the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia.

Munich Agreement:

• See also “SEPTEMBER 29, 1938 Munich Agreement: Germany is given permission from France, Italy, and Great Britain to seize the territory of Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia. The meeting takes place in Munich, and leaders from neither the Soviet Union nor Czechoslovakia attend”, and “OCTOBER 1, 1938 Germany annexes the Sudetenland.”

• The Sudeten crisis, 1938 – AirMinded.org
• Czechoslovakia resistance – HistoryLearningSite.co.uk
• “The Munich Crisis was one of the many waypoints along the road to World War II. This Crisis began when Nazi Germany demanded the annexation of the Sudetenland, the Czech territory bordering Germany.” – Executive Summary: The Munich Crisis – UMBC.edu
• The Current Crisis: It Takes Me Back to the Sudetenland, 1938, by Dr. Charles G. Cogan – posted 03/04/2014; updated 05/04/2014 – The World Post – HuffingtonPost.com
• Sudetenland Timeline – Sep 30 1938 – Munich Agreement – WorldHistoryProject.org

1935  The Hoover Dam, astride the border between the US states of Arizona and Nevada, is dedicated.

1931 Start of “Die Voortrekkers” youth movement for Afrikaners in Bloemfontein, South Africa.

1927  Babe Ruth becomes the first baseball player to hit 60 home runs in a season.

1915  A Serbian Army private becomes the first soldier in history to shoot down an enemy aircraft with ground-to-air fire.

1907  McKinley National Memorial, the final resting place of assassinated U.S. President William McKinley and his family, is dedicated in Canton, Ohio.

1906  The Royal Galician Academy, Galician language‘s biggest linguistic authority, starts working in Havana.

1903  The new Gresham’s School is officially opened by Field Marshal Sir Evelyn Wood.

1895  Madagascar becomes a French protectorate.

1888  Jack the Ripper kills his third and fourth victims, Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes.

1882  Thomas Edison‘s first commercial hydroelectric power plant (later known as Appleton Edison Light Company) begins operation on the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States.

1813  Battle of Bárbula: Simón Bolívar defeats Santiago Bobadilla.

1791  The National Constituent Assembly in Paris is dissolved; Parisians hail Maximilien Robespierre and Jérôme Pétion as “incorruptible patriots”.

1791  The first performance of The Magic Flute, the last opera by Mozart to make its debut, took place at Freihaus-Theater auf der Wieden in Vienna, Austria.

1744  France and Spain defeat the Kingdom of Sardinia at the Battle of Madonna dell’Olmo.

 

 

OCTOBER 01

• Today is the INTERNATIONAL DAY OF OLDER PERSONS:
• Today is the WORLD VEGETARIAN DAY:

2013  The US federal government shuts down non-essential services after it is unable to pass a budget measure.

US Federal Government Financial Crisis of 2013:

• United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2013 – Wikipedia
• The Financial Crisis: Why Have No High-Level Executives Been Prosecuted? ,by Jed S. Rakoff – January 6, 2014 issue – The New York Review of Books – NYBooks.com

1994  Palau gains independence from the United Nations (trusteeship administered by the United States of America).

1991  The Siege of Dubrovnik begins.

Siege of Dubrovnik:

• The Siege of Dubrovnik 1991 – 92
• Bombing of Dubrovnik
• Yugoslav army shelling the city of Dubrovnik in 1991
• Yugoslav Army Driving on Dubrovnik, 2 Other Cities: Civil War: Military brushes aside offer by Croatian president to lift the blockade of army facilities
• Dubrovnik War in 1991 – Serbian Attack on Dubrovnik
• Dubrovnik under Siege: Artists’ Interactions with the Old City During the Yugoslav Aggression
• UN jails Yugoslav general over attack on Dubrovnik

1889  Denmark introduces the world’s first legal modern same-sex civil union called “registered partnership”.

1987  The Whittier Narrows earthquake shakes the San Gabriel Valley, registering as magnitude 5.9.

1985  The Israeli Air Force bombs Palestine Liberation Organization Headquarters in Tunis.

1982  Sony launches the first consumer compact disc player (model CDP-101).

1982  Helmut Kohl replaces Helmut Schmidt as Chancellor of Germany through a constructive vote of no confidence.

1982  USSR performs underground nuclear test.

• Note that this nuclear test, even if it was actually performed, is not recorded in “1982 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia”.

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
• GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
• The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
• A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu

Underground Nuclear Tests:

• The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
• Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
• What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
• APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
• Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
• Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
• Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
• Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

1981  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1981:

• 1981 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
• GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
• The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
• A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu

Underground Nuclear Tests:

• The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
• Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
• What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
• APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
• Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
• Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
• Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
• Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site:

• Novaya Zemlya – GlobalSecurity.org
• NOVAYA ZEMLYA – AtlasObscura.com
• Novaya Zemlya – GiantBomb.com
• NOVA ZEMLYA (NOVAYA ZEMLYA) 58 MEGA TON H BOMB TEST – ArkCode.com
• Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya – NTI.org
• ICE Case Studies – Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker – American.edu
• Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – Image – NASA
• Novaya Zemlya Archipelago – NovayaZemlya.net
• Novaya Zemlya, Russia – Nuclear-Risks.org
• Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated – July 31, 2014 – TASS Russian News Agency
• Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adapt nuclear test site, by Tatyana Sinitsyna – RIA Novosti, Russia – 15 August 2006
• UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRPAPHICAL SURVEY – Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501 – Reston, Virginia – 1993

1979  The United States returns sovereignty of the Panama Canal to Panama.

1979  Pope John Paul II begins his first pastoral visit to the United States.

1978  The Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party is founded.

1978  Tuvalu gains independence from the United Kingdom.

1975  Thrilla in Manila: Muhammad Ali defeats Joe Frazier in a boxing match in Manila, Philippines.

1975  The Seychelles gain internal self-government. The Ellice Islands split from Gilbert Islands and take the name Tuvalu.

Seychelles:

• Seychelles – The World Factbook – CIA
• Seychelles – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Seychelles – Infoplease.com
• Seychelles – NationsOnline.com

Foreign Relations of Seychelles:

• Foreign relations of Seychelles – Wikipedia
• FOREIGN RELATIONS – Seychelles – CountryStudies.us
• US Relations With Seychelles – US Department of State

History of Seychelles:

• History of Seychelles – Wikipedia
• Seychelles – History – Infoplease.com
• A Brief History of Seychelles – Part 1 – About.com, and Part 2
• The History of The Seychelles – Seychelles.org

Economy of Seychelles:

• Economy of Seychelles – Wikipedia
• Seychelles – The Heritage Foundation – Heritage.org
• Seychelles – THE WORLD BANK
• Seychelles – Data – THE WORLD BANK

1971  The first brain-scan using x-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is performed at Atkinson Morley Hospital in Wimbledon, London.

1969  Concorde breaks the sound barrier for the first time.

1969  USSR performs nuclear test (underground) at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1969:

• 1969 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Tests at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Nuclear Test Summary – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• Database of nuclear tests, USSR/Russia: overview – JohnstonArchive.net

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

• Page 3: Effects of Nuclear Weapon Testing by the Soviet Union – Economic, social, and environmental impacts – CTBTO
• GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING – CTBTO
• The Secret Effort To Clean Up a Former Soviet Nuclear Test Site – Slashdot.org
• A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya, by Vitaly I. Khalturin , Tatyana G. Rautian , Paul G. Richards , and William S. Leith – CiteSeerX- PSU.edu

Underground Nuclear Tests:

• The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions, by Vitaly V. Adshkin, and William Leith – OPEN FILE REPROT 01-312, September 2001 – US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
• Political Seismology or Seismological Politics: Natural Resources Defense Council – USSR Experiments in Underground Nuclear Test Verification, by Anna Amramina
• What happens with an underground nuclear test? , by Kevin Voigt – February 19, 2013 – CNN
• APPENDIX H – UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTING
• Buried History: Underground Nuclear Tests – GAJITZ.com
• Underground Nuclear Tests – TheBlogBelow.com
• Borovoye Archive Data from Underground Nuclear Tests – Columbia.edu
• Physical Environment of the Underground Nuclear Test Site on Novaya Zemlya, Russia, by John R. Matzko – Open-File Report 93-501- Reston, Virginia – 1993 – THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site:

• Kazakhstan’s radioactive legacy – Boston.com
• “My home: nuclear base Semipalatinsk – 21”, Episode 02 “Main Testing Field” (Video: 3 min. 14 sec.) – WN.com
• Slow Death In Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests – Radio Free Europe Radio Library
• Visit to the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – SPEICAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL
• –The Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan – IAEA.org
• Semipalatinsk Test Site – NTI.org
• The Tragic Story of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, by Vincze Miklós – io9.com
• 60 Years After First Soviet Nuclear Test, Legacy Of Misery Lives On In Kazakhstan – Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty – Monday, August 10, 2015 – RFERL.org
• Soviet nuclear tests leave Kazakh fallout – Sunday, 6 September 2009 – BBC
• In Kazakhstan, the race for uranium goes nuclear, by Philip P. Pan – Thursday, February 25, 2005 – The Washington Post
• Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – NuclearNo.com
• Top 10 Nuclear Test Sites, Michael Affleck, May 15, 2012 – Our World – ListVerse.com

Health, and Ecological Issues in Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk:

• Kazakstan/Kazakhstan – Environmental Problems – Reference.AllRefer.com
• “In Semipalatinsk, the local population was exposed to high levels of radioactivity from nuclear weapon tests for several decades…” – Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Nuclear test site – Nuclear-Risk.org
• Semipalatinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
• Radionuclide Contamination at Kazakhstan’s Semipalatinsk Test Site Implications on Human and Ecological Heath, by T.M. Carlsen, L.E. Peterson, B.A. Ulsh, C.A. Werner, K.L.Purvis, A.C. Sharber
• Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalatinsk Nuclear Tests – IRPA.net
• Plutonium and Uranium in Human Bones from Areas surrounding the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – NukeFreeTexas.org
• “Their research done on sample villages near the test site found cancer mortality rates 2-1/2 times greater than those in a control village. The agency says some 356,000 people face radiation risk, with 70 percent of those being descendants of exposed villagers…” – Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia – The Christian Science Monitor
• Studies of Health Effects from Nuclear Testing near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site Kazakhstan, by Bernd Grosche, Tamara Zhunussova, Kazbek Apsalikov, Ausrele Kesminiene
• Information Report on Biological Studies Conducted At the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site – IDOSI.org
• Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in the Semipalatinsk Historical Cohort, 1960 – 1999, and its Relationship to Radiation Exposure – Europe PubMed Central

1968  The Guyanese government takes over the British Guiana Broadcasting Service (BGBS).

1965  General Suharto puts down an apparent coup attempt by the 30 September Movement in Indonesia.

30 September Movement in Indonesia:

• 30 September Movement – Wikis – thefullwiki.org, or Wikipedia
• September 30^th Movement – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Transition to the New Order – Wikipedia
• PKI / communist coup attempt in Indonesia – 30 September Movement 1965 / Gerakan 30 September G30S – Part 1 Ahmad Yani – blogspot.com
• Who plotted the 1965 coup? – insideindonesia.com
• Indonesian killings 1965-66 – Wikipedia

History of Indonesia:

• History of Indonesia – Wikipedia
• Indonesia – History – CountryStudies.us
• History – BALI & INDONESIA – Indo.com
• Indonesia’s History and Background – AsianInfo.org
• A BRIEF HISTORY OF INDONESIA – LocalHistories.org
• Indonesia – History – LonelyPlanet.com
• History of Indonesia – NationsOnline.org
• History of Indonesia – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Indonesia – Infoplease.com
• History of Indonesia – IndonesiaPoint.com
• Indonesian History – TheJakartaPost.com
• Timeline of Indonesian history – Wikipedia
• Indonesia country profile – Timeline – BBC

Indonesia:

• Indonesia – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA, or Indonesia – Country Studies – The World Fact Book
• Indonesia – Data – UN Data
• Indonesia – CountryStudies.us
• Indonesia – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Indonesia – Infoplease.com

Foreign Relations of Indonesia:

• Foreign relations of Indonesia – Wikipedia
• Indonesia’s foreign relations: policy shamed by the ideal of ‘dynamic equilibrium’, by Dewi Fortuna Anwar – 4 February 2014 – EAST ASIA FORUM
• Indonesian Foreign Policy – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia) – Wikipedia

Indonesia and the United Nations:

• Indonesia and the United Nations – Wikipedia
• Indonesia and the United Nations
• UNDP Indonesia
• Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations, New York
• Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations, WTO, and Other International Organizations in Geneva

Economy of Indonesia:

• Economy of Indonesia – Wikipedia
• Indonesia – Economy – Infoplease.com
• Business & Economy of Indonesia – IndonesiaPoint.com
• Indonesia – THE WORLD BANK
• Indonesia – Data – THE WORLD BANK
• Indonesia – Economy – ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

1964  Japanese Shinkansen (“bullet trains”) begin high-speed rail service from Tokyo to Osaka.

Shinkansen:

• Tokaidō Shinkansen – Wikipedia
• Milestones: Tokaido Shinkansen (Bullet Train), 1964
• Shinkansen, Japan – Railway-Technology.com
• Shinkansen bullet train in 1964, photograph

1964  The Free Speech Movement is launched on the campus of University of California, Berkeley.

1962  UN gives Netherlands control of New Guinea.

United Nations Security Force (UNSF) and United Nations Temporary Security Authority (UNTEA):

• West New Guinea – UNSF: Background – UN.org
• New York Agreement – Wikipedia

New Guinea:

• New Guinea – Encyclopedia Britannica
• New Guinea – New World Encyclopedia

History of New Guinea:

• History of New Guinea – HowStuffWorks.com
• History of Netherlands New Guinea

1961  US performs nuclear test (atmospheric) at Nevada Test Site.

Atmospheric Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site:

• Atmospheric Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site – onlinenevada.org

Atmospheric/High-altitude Nuclear Explosion Testing:

• Atmospheric nuclear explosion – Wikipedia
• High-altitude nuclear explosions, by Wm Robert Johnston – JohnstonsArchive.net
• “Atmospheric testing refers to explosions which take place in the atmosphere.” – TYPES OF NUCLEA WEAPONS TESTS – CTBTO.org
• US Atmospheric Nuclear Test Page – Nuclear Weapons – Zvis.com

Atmospheric Nuclear Tests of the United States and Radioactive Fallout:

• Atmospheric Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site – OnlineNevada.org
• The Years of Atmospheric Testing 1945-1963 – Trinity Atomic Web Site – Abomb1.org
• High-altitude nuclear explosions – JohnstonArchive.org
• RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT FROM NUCLEAR TESTING AT NEVADA TEST SITE, 1950-60 – GPO.gov – pdf
• Cancer Mortality at the US Nuclear Weapons Tests – US Department of Veterans Affairs – VA.gov
• Atmospheric Nuclear Testing and The US Navy – A BILIOGRAPHY – FMD-INC.org
• Feasibility Study of Weapons Testing Fallout – CDC.gov
• “Between 16 July 1945 and 23 September 1992 the United States of America conducted (by official count) 1054 nuclear tests, and two nuclear attacks….These pages focus principally (although not exclusively) on the period from 16 July 1945 to 4 November 1962, the era of atmospheric testing.” – RADIOCHEMISTORY SOCIETY – US NUCLEAR TESTS – Info Gallery – Radiochemistry.org
• When We Tested Nuclear Bombs, by Alan Taylor – May 06, 2011 – TheAtlantic.com
• US ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR TESTING – The Connection Between John Wayne and Radioactive Fallout, and Other Tales, by Bruce W Church – October 22, 2000 – FalloutRadiation.com – pdf
• Marshall Islands, site of largest-ever U.S. nuclear weapons test, sues 9 superpowers including USA – June 6, 2015 – BoingDoing.net
• YouTube video (13 min. 49 sec.): Declassified US Nuclear Test Film #55
• YouTube video (14 min. 35 sec.): High-altitude Atomic Tests – Operation Dominic parts 1-2 – 1962

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

• Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
• Nuclear Weapons Testing: History, Progress, Challenges: Verifications and Entry into Force of the CTBT – US Department of State
• US Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Life Extension Programs – January 3, 2013 – US Department of State
• 50 Facts About US Nuclear Weapons Today – April 28, 2014 – Brookings.edu
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Michaela Dodge – The Heritage Foundation
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Policy – Arms Control Association
• The Future of the US Nuclear Weapons Program, by Linton F. Brooks – ResearchGate.net
• US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the 21^st Century – Rose Gottemoeller, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security,  Dixie State University, St. George, Utah – October 21, 2014 – US Department of State

US Nuclear Tests at Nevada Site:

• List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia
• Nuclear Weapons and the United States – Wikipedia
• The Cold War – AtomCentral.com
• NEVADA TEST SITE – FAS.org
• NEVADA TEST SITE – GlobalSecurity.org
• Nevada Test Site Overview – OnlineNevada.org
• Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site – Brookings.edu
• Nevada Test Site – Toxipedia.org
• Nevada Test Site – Oral History Project
• NUKE TESTING in NEVADA – Archure.net
• ECOLOGY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center – NevadaTestSite.info
• 50 Facts About the US Nuclear Weapons – Brookings.edu
• Gallery of US Nuclear Tests – NuclearWeaponArchive.org
• The Nuclear Matters Handbook

Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:

• Environment and the Quality of Life in Nevada – UNLV.edu
• ECONLGOY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH NARRATIVE SUMMARY, KEY WORD INDEX, AND SPECIES LISTS – DOE/NEV/11718-594
• Nevada Applied Ecology Information Center: a review of technical information support provided to the Nevada Applied Ecology Group – Sci-Tech Connect
• “Between 1951 and 1992, the United States bombed its own soil with nuclear weapons — 945 times. All but 17 of those explosions took place on a stretch of basin-and-range desert northwest of Las Vegas called the Nevada Test Site (NTS),…” – Sovereignty at Shoshone Mountain – EcologyCenter.org
• The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions – Princeton.edu
• Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation – National Cancer Benefits Center

1961  The United States Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) is formed, becoming the country’s first centralized military espionage organization.

1960  Nigeria gains independence from the United Kingdom.

Nigeria:

• Nigeria – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
• Nigeria – CountryStudies.us
• Nigeria – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Nigeria – Infoplease.com
• Nigeria – NigeriaWorld.com
• Nigeria – The Economist

Foreign Relations of Nigeria:

• Foreign relations of Nigeria – Wikipedia
• Foreign Relations of Nigeria – CountryStudies.us
• Nigeria – Council of Foreign Relations – CFR.org
• US Relations with Nigeria – US Department of State

History of Nigeria:

• History of Nigeria – Wikipedia
• History of Nigeria – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Nigeria – History – Infoplease.com
• HISTORY OF NIGERIA – HistoryWorld.net
• History of Nigeria – 123IndependenceDay.com
• History – Nigeria – CountryStudies.us
• History of Nigeria since 1960 – GLPINC.org
• NIGERIA – PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE – NigeriaEmbassyUSA.org
• Timeline of Nigerian history – Wikipedia
• Nigeria profile – Timeline – BBC
• Nigeria – History – LonelyPlanet.com

Economy of Nigeria:

• Economy of Nigeria – Wikipedia
• Nigeria – Economy – CountryStudies.us
• Nigeria – Economy – Infoplease.com
• Nigeria – Heritage Foundation
• Economy of Nigeria – 123IndependenceDay.com
• Nigeria Economic Outlook – AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP
• Nigeria – THE WORLD BANK
• Nigeria – Data – THE WORLD BANK

1958  NASA is created to replace NACA.

History of NASA:

• A Brief History of NASA – nasa.gov
• NASA History – nasa.gov
• HISTORY HOME – nasa.gov

1957  First appearance of In God we trust on US paper currency.

1949  The People’s Republic of China is established and declared by Mao Zedong.

Mao Zedong:

• Mao Zedong – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Mao Tse-tung – Biography.com
• Mao Zedong – Infoplease.com
• Mao Zedong (1893-1976) – History – BBC

China:

• China – The World Factbook – CIA
• China – Encyclopedia Britannica
• China – Infoplease.com
• China – FactMonster.com

Foreign Relations of China:

• Foreign relations of China – Wikipedia
• China’s Foreign Policy: The Historical Challenge and the Current Challenge – Columbia.edu
• China – Council of Foreign Relations – CFR.org
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People’s Republic of China
• US-China Relations – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org

History of China:

• History of China – UMD.edu
• Timeline of Chinese history – Wikipedia
• China: A Basic Timeline – Scholatic.com
• Introduction to China’s Modern History – Columbia.edu
• Chinese History – Quatr.us
• China profile – Timeline – BBC

Economy of China:

• Economy of China – Wikipedia
• China – Economy – Infoplease.com
• China – The Heritage Foundation – Heritage.org
• China Economy – ChinaTravel.com
• China – THE WORLD BANK
• China – Data – THE WORLD BANK

1947  US control of Haitian customs & governmental revenue ends.

History of Haiti, and the United States:

• History of Haiti – Wikipedia
• History of Haiti – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Haiti – History – Infoplease.com
• HISTORY OF HAITI – HistoryWorld.net
• History of Haiti – NationsOnline.org
• History of Haiti – Scholastic.com
• Haiti-United States relations – Wikipedia
• The United States and the Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804 – Office of the Historian – US Department of State
• United States occupation of Haiti – Wikipedia
• THE UNITED STATES OCCUPATION 1915-1935 – TravelingHaiti.com
• HAITI – FOREIGN RELATIONS – CountryStudies.us
• How Haiti Saved the United States
• Haiti – Corruption – GlobalSecurity.org

Haiti and Jewish People:

• Haiti – Jewish Virtual Library

Timelines of Haitian History:

• Timeline of Haitian history – Wikipedia
• Haiti profile – Timeline – BBC

1947  The North American F-86 Sabre flies for the first time.

1946  Mensa International is founded in the United Kingdom.

1946  Daegu October Incident occurs in Allied occupied Korea.

1946  Nazi leaders are sentenced at Nuremberg trials.

Nuremberg Military Tribunal and Its Trials:

• The Nuremberg Trials: Chronology – UMKC.edu
• The International Military Tribunal for Germany – Contents of the Nuremberg Trials Collection – Avalon Project – Yale Law School
• THE NUBERMBERG TRIALS – History.com
• The Nuremberg Trials – About.com
• THE NUREMBERG TRIALS AND THEIR LEGACY – USHMM.org
• INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL AT NUREMBERG – Holocaust Encyclopedia
• Origin of the International Tribunal at Nuremberg, by January Godkin – UMB.edu

1943  World War II: Naples falls to Allied soldiers.

1942  First flight of the Bell XP-59 “Aircomet”.

1942  USS Grouper torpedoes Lisbon Maru not knowing she is carrying British PoWs from Hong Kong

1940  The Pennsylvania Turnpike, often considered the first superhighway in the United States, opens to traffic.

1939  After a one-month Siege of Warsaw, hostile Nazi forces enter the city.

Siege of Warsaw of 1939:

• Siege of Warsaw (1939) – Wikipedia
• Siege of Warsaw (Poland 1939) – drekcrowe.com
• Sep 8 1939 to Sep 28 1939: Siege of Warsaw (1939) – worldhistoryproject.org

History of Poland:

• History of Poland – Wikipedia
• HISTORY OF POLAND – HistoryWorld.net
• Poland – History – LonelyPlanet.com
• History of Poland – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Poland – HISTORY – CountryStudies.us
• A BRIEF HISTORY OF POLAND – LocalHistories.org
• Poland – The Virtual Jewish World – Jewish Virtual Library
• Timeline of Polish History – Roots Web – Ancestry.com
• Historical Maps of Poland – Buffalo.edu
• Poland country profile – Timeline – BBC

Poland:

• POLAND – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – CIA
• Poland – UN Data
• Poland – Infoplease.com
• Poland – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Poland – FactMonster.com
• Geography of Poland – About.com
• Poland country profile – Overview – BBC

Foreign Relations of Poland:

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland
• Foreign relations of Poland – Wikipedia
• Poland – FOREIGN RELATOINS – CountryStudies.us
• Poland – Council on Foreign Relations – CFR.org
• Poland-United States relations – Wikipedia
• US Relations with Poland – US Department of State

Economy of Poland:

• Economy of Poland – Wikipedia
• Poland – Economy – Infoplease.com
• Poland – WORLD BANK
• Poland – Data – WORLD BANK
• Poland – Index – THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION

1938  Germany annexes the Sudetenland.

Munich Agreement:

• See also “SEPTEMBER 30, 1938 At 2:00 am, Britain, France, Germany and Italy sign the Munich Agreement, allowing Germany to occupy the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia.”

• World War II: Munich Agreement – About.com
• Munich Agreement – Wikipedia
• Munich Agreement – Encyclopedia Britannica
• Munich Agreement – Spartacus Educational

1936  Francisco Franco is named head of the Nationalist government of Spain.

1931  Spain adopted women’s suffrage.

Women’s Suffrage in Spain:

• Spain: women’s rights – abc.net.au
• “In 1931, the Second Spanish Republic allowed women the right of passive suffrage with three women being elected.” – Women’s suffrage – Universal suffrage – Wikipedia
• Women in Spain – Wikipedia
• Women’s Suffrage and Beyond – Europe – womensuffrage.org
• Women’s Suffrage – infoplease.com
• A Step Backwards for Women’s Human Right in Spain – March 11, 2014 – hrw.org

Women’s Suffrage and Its History:

• Timeline of women’s suffrage – Wikipedia
• History of Women’s Suffrage – Scholastic.com
• WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT – Historynet.com
• Woman Suffrage – History-World.org
• Women’s Suffrage Around The World, by Kerilynn Engel – Answers.com
• Women’s suffrage and World War I – CUNY.edu
• Causes: The Woman Suffrage Movement – Reforming Their World: Women in the Progressive Era – The National Women’s History Museum – NWHM.org
• International Woman Suffrage Timeline – About.com
• A timeline of women’s right to vote – interactive – Wednesday, 6 July, 2011 – TheGuardian.com
• WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE – IPU.org
• Timeline of Women’s Suffrage Granted, by Country – Infoplease.com

Women’s Suffrage in General (1) – Overview:

• THE FIGHT FOR WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE – History.com
• WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT – HistoryNet.com
• HISTORY OF WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE – Women’s Suffrage – Scholatic.com
• WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE – IPU.org
• Women’s Rights Are Human Rights – UUSC.org
• Timeline of women’s suffrage – Wikipedia

Women’s Rights in General (2) – Worldwide:

• List of suffragists and suffragettes – Wikipedia
• List of women’s rights activists – Wikipedia
• Major suffrage organizations – List of suffragist and suffragettes – Wikipedia
• Women’s rights – Wikipedia
• Women’s Rights Worldwide – WomensRightsWorldwide.org
• Women’s Rights, by Anup Shah – Global Issues
• A Brief History of Women’s Rights Movements: The prominent figures and notable events of women’s rights movements in America and beyond – Scholatic.com
• Women’s Rights as Human Rights – UN Chronicle – UN.org
• Women’s Human Rights as Gender Equality – United Nations Human Rights – Office of High Commissioner for Human Rights – OHCHR.org
• POLL: Women’s Rights in the Arab World – THOMPSON REUTERS FOUNDATION – Trust.org
• Women’s Rights are Human Rights – Amnesty International USA

Women’s Rights in General:

• Women’s rights – Wikipedia
• Women’s Rights Worldwide – WomensRightsWorldwide.org
• Women’s Rights, by Anup Shah – Global Issues
• A Brief History of Women’s Rights Movements: The prominent figures and notable events of women’s rights movements in America and beyond – Scholatic.com
• Women’s Rights as Human Rights – UN Chronicle – UN.org
• Women’s Human Rights as Gender Equality – United Nations Human Rights – Office of High Commissioner for Human Rights – OHCHR.org
• POLL: Women’s Rights in the Arab World – THOMPSON REUTERS FOUNDATION – Trust.org
• Women’s Rights are Human Rights – Amnesty International USA

1928  The Soviet Union introduces its First five-year plan.

1920  Sir Percy Cox lands in Basra to assume his responsibilities as High Commissioner in Iraq.

1918  World War I: Arab forces under T. E. Lawrence, also known as “Lawrence of Arabia”, capture Damascus.

1910  Los Angeles Times bombing: A large bomb destroys the Los Angeles Times building in downtown Los Angeles, killing 21.

1908  Ford puts the Model T car on the market at a price of US$825.

1905  František Pavlík is killed in a demonstration in Prague, inspiring Leoš Janáček to the piano composition 1. X. 1905.

YouTube videos of the piano composition 1. X. 1905:

• (1)
• (2)
• (3)
• (4)

1898  The Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration is founded under the name k.u.k. Exportakademie.

1891  In California, Stanford University opens its doors.

1890  Yosemite National Park is established by the U.S. Congress.

1887  Balochistan is conquered by the British Empire.

1880  First electric lamp factory is opened by Thomas Edison.

1854  The watch company founded in 1850 in Roxbury by Aaron Lufkin Dennison relocates to Waltham, Massachusetts, to become the Waltham Watch Company, a pioneer in the American system of watch manufacturing.

1847  German inventor and industrialist Werner von Siemens founds Siemens AG & Halske.

1829  South African College is founded in Cape Town, South Africa; it will later separate into the University of Cape Town and the South African College Schools.

1827  Russo-Persian War: The Russian army under Ivan Paskevich storms Yerevan, ending a millennium of Muslim domination in Armenia.

1814  Opening of the Congress of Vienna, intended to redraw Europe’s political map after the defeat of Napoléon the previous spring.

______________________________________________

(Sources and references: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September25     to_October_1; http://www.onthisday.com/events/september/25     to october/1;   http://www.brainyhistory.com/days/september_25.html.  to october_1.html; and other pertinent web sites and/or documents, mentioned above.)

1. The views expressed in the cited or quoted websites and/or documents in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the author of this article. These websites and/or documents are cited or quoted for academic or educational purposes. Neither the author of this article nor the Transcend Media Service (TMS) is responsible for the contents, information, or whatsoever contained in these websites and/or documents.
2. One of the primary purposes of this article is to provide the readers with opportunities to think about “peace”, including positive peace and negative peace as well as external/outer peace and internal/inner peace, and more, directly or indirectly, from various angles and/or in the broadest sense, through historical events. It is because this article is prepared specifically for the TMS whose main objective is to address “peace”.

Satoshi Ashikaga, having worked as researcher, development program/project officer, legal protection/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, prefers a peaceful and prudent life, especially that in communion with nature.  His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, remind him of the invaluableness of peace.  His interest and/or expertise includes international affairs, international law, jurisprudence, economic and business affairs, project/operations or organizational management, geography, history, the environmental/ecological issues, science and technology, visual/audio documentation of nature and culture, and more. Being a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, he is currently compiling This Week in History on TMS.

This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 25 Sep 2017.

Anticopyright: Editorials and articles originated on TMS may be freely reprinted, disseminated, translated and used as background material, provided an acknowledgement and link to the source, TMS: This Week in History, is included. Thank you.

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