Peace Disruptors: Diplomats and Diplomacy-Declaration of Persona Non Grata, a Global Tool in the Present Era

TRANSCEND MEMBERS, 24 Mar 2025

Prof Hoosen Vawda – TRANSCEND Media Service

Parental guidance is recommended for minors, who may use this publication as a project, resource material.

 Persona Non Grata: The Ultimate Diplomatic Rejection

Introduction

Perspectives from Antiquity

The story of Moses[1] and his interactions with Pharaoh in the Old Testament (found primarily in the Book of Exodus) does not explicitly describe Moses being “banished” by Pharaoh in the modern sense of a formal declaration of Persona Non Grata. However, there are key events that could be interpreted as a form of banishment or expulsion.

Moses’ Early Life and Flight from Egypt: After killing an Egyptian taskmaster who was beating a Hebrew slave, Moses fled Egypt to escape Pharaoh’s wrath (Exodus 2:11-15).[2] This could be seen as a de facto banishment, as Moses was no longer welcome in Egypt due to his actions.

Moses’ Return and Confrontation with Pharaoh: Years later, Moses returned to Egypt at God’s command to demand the release of the Israelites from slavery. Pharaoh repeatedly refused, leading to the Ten Plagues. While Pharaoh did not formally banish Moses, their relationship was hostile, and Pharaoh’s refusal to let the Israelites go could be seen as a rejection of Moses’ presence and demands.

Expulsion of the Israelites: After the final plague (the death of the firstborn), Pharaoh not only allowed but expelled the Israelites from Egypt (Exodus 12:31-32). This could be interpreted as a collective expulsion, with Moses as their leader.

Classification as Persona Non Grata in Antiquity

The concept of Persona Non Grata (an unwelcome person) is a modern diplomatic term, but in antiquity, similar ideas existed. Pharaoh’s actions—forcing Moses to flee and later expelling the Israelites—could be seen as analogous to declaring someone Persona Non Grata. However, it was not a formal or legal declaration as we understand it today, but rather an act of political and personal rejection.

It is important to note that while Moses was not formally declared Persona Non Grata in the modern sense, his expulsion from Egypt and Pharaoh’s hostile actions toward him and the Israelites align with the broader idea of being unwelcome or banished.

This publication was prompted following the notice of declaration and expulsion of Ambassador Ebrahim Rasool, to the United States, as a Persona Non Grata (PNG), as a diplomat, by the US Secretary of State Marc Rubio on14th March 2025. The paper explores PNG as a diplomatic tool, used in the present era.  The author further highlights its implications, and notable case studies during the cold war, the historical origins and relevance in international relations, especially with reference to the new world order propagated by President Donald Trump, following his reelection as the 47^th President of the United States on 20^th January 2025.

Ebrahim Rasool, [3]South Africa’s outgoing ambassador to the United States whom Secretary of State Marco Rubio expelled, was not disturbed by the decision and said he had been through worse. He called for the government to continue paving a way to engage Donald Trump’s administration.  His Excellency Ambassador Rasool presented credentials to the outgoing 46th President of the United States of America, President Joseph Robinette Biden Jr., on 13 January 2025, which marked the beginning of Ambassador Rasool’s second stint as South Africa’s Ambassador to the USA.[4]

According to the South African Broadcasting Corporation, the national broadcaster, news, Rasool spoke a day after he was expelled from Washington on 14^th March 2025. Rasool has been given a week, until 21^st March, 2025, to leave the United States. He said the government should continue its momentum in repairing relations with the United States government in the face of growing diplomatic tensions. Rasool also said the country would survive this tumultuous period.

It is relevant to summarise what happened to Rasool, who was unexpectedly expelled from the United States, after Rubio slammed him on social media platform X. Secretary Rubio  accused Ambassador Rasool of being a race-baiting politician after some remarks he made during a webinar hosted by the Mapungubwe Institute for Strategic Reflection. The South African Minister of International Relations Ronald Lamola noted with dismay Ambassador Rasool’s expulsion and said proper diplomatic procedures were not followed. He remarked that Rasool was paving a way for a special envoy from the South African government, which was expected to meet with Donald Trump to discuss the diplomatic tensions.

Tensions between the United States and South Africa, while festering away as discordant, for some time, since South Africa took Israel headed by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to the International Criminal Court of Justice[5], for crimes of genocide in Gaza, against the Palestinians, presently amounting to over  46,707,[6] were killed in the 15 months of the war and nearly 14,000, missing, presumed dead.  The majority of these were tallying at 18,000 children, according to the Palestinian Ministry of Health.   Recently, the tensions between the two countries increased after President Donald Trump accused the South African government of stealing land from White Afrikaners[7], in South Africa, mainly farmers and signing an Executive Order granting them refugee status, in United States. It is to be noted that South Africans welcomed Rubio’s decision to pull out of the upcoming G20 summit, which will be held in November 2025.[8]

The South African President Cyril Ramaphosa[9], said the door to engage Trump maturely is open, and he would not engage in mud-slinging. Netizens in South Africa shared their opinions commenting on SABC News’ Facebook page, saluted Ambassador Rasool, for his comments at the webinar, which profoundly upset President Donald Trump.

Definition of Persona Non Grata (PNG) in diplomacy: Persona Non Grata, demystified

 “Persona Non Grata” is a Latin phrase that translates to “person not welcome” or “unwelcome person.” It is a formal diplomatic term used in international relations to declare a foreign diplomat or individual as unacceptable or unwelcome in a host country. Once declared persona non grata, the individual is typically required to leave the country within a specified period.

 Historical Context and Usage

The concept of persona non grata has its roots in diplomatic practices and international law. It is a tool used by sovereign states to protect their interests, maintain diplomatic decorum, or respond to perceived offenses. The term is most commonly applied to diplomats but can also extend to other foreign nationals.

 Legal Basis

The legal basis for declaring someone persona non grata is found in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (18^th April 1961),[10] which governs diplomatic relations between independent countries, entered into force on 24^th April 1964. Key provisions include:

1. Article 9: This article explicitly allows a receiving state to declare a member of a diplomatic mission persona non grata at any time, without providing an explanation. The sending state must recall the individual or terminate their functions.
2. Diplomatic Immunity: While diplomats generally enjoy immunity from prosecution under the Vienna Convention, this immunity does not protect them from being declared persona non grata..
3. How countries use PNG declarations as a foreign policy tool.

 Reasons for Declaring Someone Persona Non Grata

A host country may declare a diplomat or foreign national persona non grata for various reasons, including but not limited to:

1. Espionage or Spying: Engaging in activities deemed harmful to the host country’s national security.
2. Interference in Internal Affairs: Meddling in the political or social affairs of the host country.
3. Violation of Laws: Breaking local laws or engaging in criminal activities.
4. Diplomatic Tensions: As a retaliatory measure in response to actions taken by the individual’s home country.
5. Disrespect or Offense: Behavior or statements that are considered disrespectful or offensive to the host country’s government or people.

 Process of Declaring Someone Persona Non Grata

1. Notification: The host country informs the sending country’s embassy or foreign ministry of the decision.
2. Recall or Expulsion: The individual is required to leave the country within a specified timeframe (usually 24 to 72 hours).
3. Consequences: The sending country may reciprocate by expelling a diplomat of equivalent rank from the host country.

 Examples of Persona Non Grata Declarations[11]

1. Cold War Era: During the Cold War, the U.S. and the Soviet Union frequently declared each other’s diplomats persona non grata for alleged espionage.
2. Recent Cases: In 2018, the U.K. declared 23 Russian diplomats persona non grata following the poisoning of a former Russian spy on British soil.
3. Non-Diplomatic Cases: In some instances, non-diplomats, such as journalists or activists, have been declared persona non grata for their perceived involvement in activities against the host country’s interests.

 

Implications of Being Declared Persona Non Grata

1. Diplomatic Strain: Such declarations often strain bilateral relations between countries.
2. Reciprocal Actions: The sending country may retaliate by expelling diplomats from the host country.
3. Individual Consequences: The individual declared persona non grata may face professional and personal repercussions, including damage to their reputation.

 

Key Takeaways

• Persona Non Grata is a formal diplomatic tool used to expel unwelcome individuals from a country.
• It is rooted in international law, particularly the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.
• The declaration can be made without providing a reason, though it is often tied to national security or diplomatic tensions.
• It has significant implications for both the individual and the countries involved.

 

Historical Roots of the term Persona Non Grata[12]

 

The questions often raised is that does this term have any roots in Ancient Greece, Rome, China or they just used to execute the PNG? Why does it have a Latin nomenclature? Did Socrates et al have any influence on the etymology of PNG?   The historical roots of the term “Persona Non Grata” and its connections to ancient civilizations like Greece, Rome, and China, as well as its Latin nomenclature, needs elaboration.

 

Ancient Greece

In ancient Greece, the concept of expelling or ostracizing individuals who were deemed a threat to the state or society was well-established. The practice of ostracism (from the Greek word ostrakon, meaning “pottery shard”) allowed citizens to vote to exile a prominent individual for ten years. This was not exactly the same as declaring someone persona non grata, as it was a democratic process rather than a unilateral diplomatic action. However, it reflects the ancient roots of the idea of removing unwelcome individuals from a community.

• Socrates: While Socrates was not “declared persona non grata,” he was tried and sentenced to death for allegedly corrupting the youth and impiety. His case highlights how ancient societies dealt with individuals perceived as threats to social harmony.

Ancient Rome

The term “Persona Non Grata” itself is Latin, reflecting its Roman origins. In ancient Rome, the concept of declaring someone unwelcome or expelling them was also present, though it was not formalized in the same way as modern diplomatic practices.

• Exile: Romans used exile (exilium) as a punishment for political or social offenses. Prominent figures like Cicero were exiled for political reasons. While this was more punitive than the modern concept of persona non grata, it shares the idea of removing someone from a community or territory.
• Diplomatic Practices: Rome, as a vast empire, engaged in diplomatic relations with other states and tribes. While there is no direct evidence of a formal “persona non grata” process, the Romans certainly had mechanisms for dealing with foreign envoys or individuals who were deemed hostile or unwelcome.

Ancient China

In ancient China, the concept of expelling or excluding individuals who were seen as threats to the state or social order was also present. For example:

• Banishment: Chinese emperors and officials often used banishment as a punishment for political dissidents or criminals. This practice was more punitive than the modern concept of persona non grata but reflects a similar idea of removing unwelcome individuals.
• Diplomatic Relations: Ancient China had sophisticated diplomatic practices, particularly during the Han and Tang dynasties, when it engaged with neighboring states and empires. While there is no direct equivalent to persona non grata, Chinese rulers certainly had the authority to expel foreign envoys or individuals who were seen as disruptive.

 

Why Latin Nomenclature?

The term “Persona Non Grata” is Latin because Latin was the lingua franca of diplomacy, law, and scholarship in Europe for centuries. Even after the fall of the Roman Empire, Latin remained the language of international diplomacy, particularly in the context of the Catholic Church and European courts. The use of Latin terms in diplomacy reflects this historical legacy.

• Vienna Convention (1961): The formalization of the term in modern international law through the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations continued this tradition of using Latin for legal and diplomatic terminology.

 

Did Socrates Influence the Etymology of PNG?

While Socrates himself did not directly influence the etymology of “Persona Non Grata,” his life and trial reflect the broader historical context of how societies have dealt with individuals deemed unwelcome or threatening. The philosophical and legal traditions of ancient Greece, including the concept of ostracism, contributed to the development of ideas about justice, governance, and diplomacy that eventually influenced Roman and later European practices.

• Philosophical Influence: Socrates’ emphasis on questioning authority and challenging societal norms indirectly influenced the development of legal and diplomatic principles that prioritize the protection of state interests and social harmony.

 

Key Takeaways

1. Ancient Roots: The concept of expelling or ostracizing unwelcome individuals has ancient roots in Greece, Rome, and China, though it was not formalized as “persona non grata.”
2. Latin Nomenclature: The term is Latin because Latin was the language of diplomacy and law in Europe for centuries.
3. Socrates and Philosophy: While Socrates did not directly influence the term, his life and trial reflect the broader historical context of dealing with unwelcome individuals.

 

In summary, while the formal term “Persona Non Grata” is a product of modern diplomatic practices, its underlying concept has deep historical roots in ancient civilizations. The use of Latin reflects the enduring influence of Roman legal and diplomatic traditions.

 

The use of Persona Non Grata (PNG) has continued to be a significant tool in international diplomacy, especially in the post-Cold War era. Below are some recent examples of PNG declarations, as well as an overview of countries that frequently use this diplomatic measure.

 

Recent Examples of Persona Non Grata Declarations

1. Russia and Western Countries (2018)

• Context: The poisoning of former Russian spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia in Salisbury, UK, led to a major diplomatic crisis.[13]
• Action: The UK declared 23 Russian diplomats persona non grata, accusing them of being intelligence officers operating under diplomatic cover.
• Response: Russia retaliated by expelling 23 British diplomats and closing the British Council in Russia.

2. U.S. and Russia (2021)

• Context: Tensions between the U.S. and Russia escalated over issues like cyberattacks, election interference, and the imprisonment of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny.[14]
• Action: The U.S. declared 10 Russian diplomats persona non grata and imposed sanctions on Russian entities.
• Response: Russia responded by expelling 10 U.S. diplomats and banning senior U.S. officials from entering Russia.

3. Canada and Saudi Arabia (2018)

• Context: Canada criticized Saudi Arabia’s human rights record, particularly the arrest of women’s rights activists[15].
• Action: Saudi Arabia declared the Canadian ambassador persona non grata and expelled him, along with recalling its own ambassador from Canada.
• Response: The diplomatic rift led to a freeze in trade and investment talks between the two countries.

4. China and Lithuania (2021)

• Context: Lithuania allowed Taiwan to open a representative office in Vilnius under the name “Taiwan,” which China viewed as a violation of its One-China policy.[16]
• Action: China declared the Lithuanian ambassador persona non grata and demanded Lithuania recall its envoy.
• Response: Lithuania reciprocated by asking the Chinese ambassador to leave.

5. Turkey and the Netherlands (2017)

• Context: Tensions arose when the Netherlands blocked Turkish ministers from campaigning among the Turkish diaspora for a referendum on expanding presidential powers.[17]
• Action: Turkey declared the Dutch ambassador persona non grata and suspended high-level diplomatic relations.
• Response: The Netherlands responded by recalling its ambassador from Ankara.

6. India and Pakistan (2016)

• Context: Following the Uri terrorist attack in India, which India blamed on Pakistan-based militants, diplomatic relations deteriorated.
• Action: India declared a Pakistani High Commission official persona non grata for alleged espionage activities.[18]
• Response: Pakistan retaliated by expelling an Indian diplomat.

 

Countries That Frequently Use Persona Non Grata

1. Russia: Frequently uses PNG declarations in response to diplomatic tensions, especially with Western countries like the U.S., UK, and EU members.
2. United States: Often employs PNG as a tool in response to espionage, cyberattacks, or human rights violations.
3. China: Uses PNG declarations to assert its diplomatic stance, particularly on issues like Taiwan and territorial disputes.
4. United Kingdom: Frequently engages in reciprocal PNG declarations, especially in cases involving national security or espionage.
5. Turkey: Has used PNG declarations in response to perceived slights or interference in its domestic affairs.
6. India and Pakistan: Both countries frequently use PNG declarations in the context of their long-standing tensions and accusations of espionage.

 

Why Do Countries Use PNG Frequently?

1. Diplomatic Signaling: PNG declarations are a clear way to signal displeasure or protest against another country’s actions.
2. National Security: Countries use PNG to expel individuals involved in espionage or other activities threatening national security.
3. Reciprocity: PNG declarations are often used reciprocally, as seen in the tit-for-tat expulsions between the U.S. and Russia.
4. Political Leverage: PNG can be used to exert pressure in negotiations or to assert dominance in diplomatic disputes.
5. Domestic Politics: Declaring someone PNG can also serve domestic political purposes, demonstrating a government’s strength or resolve.

 

Key Takeaways

• Post-Cold War Era: PNG declarations remain a common diplomatic tool, especially in cases involving espionage, human rights, and territorial disputes.
• Frequent Users: Russia, the U.S., China, the UK, Turkey, India, and Pakistan are among the countries that frequently use PNG declarations.
• Reciprocal Nature: PNG declarations often lead to reciprocal actions, escalating diplomatic tensions.

 

The use of Persona Non Grata (PNG) in the context of U.S.-Cuba relations, Latin American countries, and African nations, including South Africa. These regions have also seen their share of diplomatic expulsions, often tied to political tensions, espionage, or ideological conflicts.

 

U.S. and Cuba

The relationship between the U.S. and Cuba has been fraught with tension since the Cold War, and PNG declarations have been used by both sides.

Examples:

1. Cold War Era (1960s-1980s):
   • Cuban Diplomats Expelled: The U.S. frequently declared Cuban diplomats persona non grata during the Cold War, accusing them of espionage and subversive activities.[19]
   • Reciprocal Actions: Cuba responded by expelling U.S. diplomats, further straining relations.
2. Post-Cold War (2000s):
   • 2003: The U.S. declared 14 Cuban diplomats persona non grata, accusing them of spying. Cuba retaliated by expelling U.S. diplomats.
   • 2017: Under the Trump administration, the U.S. expelled 15 Cuban diplomats from its embassy in Washington, D.C., following mysterious health incidents (later termed “Havana Syndrome”) affecting U.S. personnel in Cuba.

Key Issues:

• Espionage allegations.
• Political and ideological differences.
• Human rights concerns.

 

U.S. and Latin American Countries

The U.S. has had complex relationships with Latin American countries, often marked by ideological conflicts, espionage, and political interference. PNG declarations have been used in these contexts.

Examples:

1. Venezuela:
   • 2010: Venezuela declared the U.S. ambassador persona non grata, accusing the U.S. of meddling in its internal affairs.[20]
   • 2019: During the political crisis involving Juan Guaidó and Nicolás Maduro, the U.S. expelled Venezuelan diplomats in solidarity with Guaidó’s interim government.
2. Bolivia:
   • 2008: Bolivia expelled the U.S. ambassador, accusing him of supporting opposition groups. [21]The U.S. responded by expelling the Bolivian ambassador.
3. Ecuador:
   • 2011: Ecuador declared the U.S. ambassador persona non grata after leaked diplomatic cables suggested U.S. interference in Ecuador’s police appointments.[22]
4. Nicaragua:
   • 2022: Nicaragua expelled the U.S. ambassador [23]and other diplomats, citing U.S. interference in its internal affairs.

Key Issues:

• Allegations of U.S. interference in domestic politics.
• Ideological conflicts (e.g., socialism vs. capitalism).
• Human rights and democracy concerns.

 

South Africa and Other African Countries

In Africa, PNG declarations are less common but have been used in cases involving espionage, political tensions, or diplomatic disputes.

Examples:

1. South Africa:
   • 2014: South Africa declared three North Korean diplomats persona non grata for allegedly violating UN sanctions.
   • 2018: South Africa expelled several Rwandan diplomats following allegations of espionage and involvement in the killing of a Rwandan dissident.
2. Nigeria:
   • 2021: Nigeria declared two Cameroonian diplomats persona non grata in a tit-for-tat response to Cameroon’s expulsion of Nigerian diplomats.
3. Zimbabwe:
   • 2008: Zimbabwe expelled the U.S. ambassador after the U.S. criticized the government’s handling of elections.
4. Kenya:
   • 2019: Kenya declared a Somalian diplomat persona non grata amid tensions over maritime boundary disputes.
5. Rwanda:
   • 2010: Rwanda expelled the German ambassador after a German court issued an arrest warrant for a Rwandan official over alleged war crimes.

Key Issues:

• Espionage and security concerns.
• Regional conflicts and territorial disputes.
• Political tensions and human rights issues.

 

Why PNG Declarations Are Less Common in Africa

1. Diplomatic Pragmatism: Many African countries prioritize diplomatic engagement over confrontation, especially given the need for foreign aid and investment.
2. Regional Solidarity: Organizations like the African Union (AU) encourage peaceful conflict resolution, reducing the use of PNG declarations.
3. Limited Resources: Expelling diplomats can strain resources, as maintaining embassies and consulates is costly.

 

Key Takeaways

• U.S.-Cuba: PNG declarations have been used frequently, often tied to espionage and ideological conflicts.
• Latin America: The U.S. has faced PNG declarations from countries like Venezuela, Bolivia, and Ecuador, often over allegations of interference.
• Africa: PNG declarations are less common but occur in cases involving espionage, regional conflicts, or political tensions.

 

As often happens uncertain autocratic countries such as North Korea, Myanmar, Russia and some Latin American countries, the potential PNG is executed extra judicially or if the individual is settled in another country, then “hit Squads” are deployed to literally eradicate the individual, who is perceived or is a genuine threat to the particular country.  A case in point is that of the Russian Sergei Skripal and the use of  Novichock poisoning in UK, to eradicate him extra judicially. It is relevant to elaborate on this special case.

 

The Novichok poisoning in the UK [24] is one of the most high-profile cases of chemical weapon use in recent history. It involved the poisoning of Sergei Skripal, a former Russian military officer and double agent for the UK’s intelligence services, and his daughter Yulia Skripal. The incident sparked an international diplomatic crisis and led to widespread condemnation of Russia.

 

Background

Who was Sergei Skripal?

• Sergei Skripal was a former colonel in Russia’s military intelligence agency, the GRU.
• In the 1990s, he became a double agent for the UK’s MI6, providing information on Russian operatives in Europe.
• In 2006, he was arrested in Russia, convicted of treason, and sentenced to 13 years in prison.
• In 2010, he was released as part of a spy swap between Russia and the U.S. and settled in the UK.

 

The Poisoning Incident

What Happened?

• On March 4, 2018, Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia were found unconscious on a bench in Salisbury, a city in southern England.
• They were rushed to the hospital and found to have been poisoned with a Novichok nerve agent, a highly toxic chemical weapon developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
• A police officer, Detective Sergeant Nick Bailey, who responded to the incident, was also hospitalized after being exposed to the nerve agent.

What is Novichok?

• Novichok (Russian for “newcomer”) is a group of advanced nerve agents developed by the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s.
• It is extremely potent, with effects that include seizures, respiratory failure, and death.
• Novichok agents are designed to be harder to detect and more resistant to standard treatments than other nerve agents like VX or sarin.

 

Investigation and Findings

UK’s Response

• The UK government launched an investigation, led by the Porton Down chemical weapons laboratory and counter-terrorism police.
• On March 12, 2018, then-Prime Minister Theresa May announced that the Skripals had been poisoned with a Novichok nerve agent.
• May stated that it was “highly likely” that Russia was responsible, given the history of Novichok and the targeting of a former Russian spy.

International Involvement

• The UK sought support from its allies, and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) confirmed the use of Novichok.
• The incident led to a coordinated international response, with many countries expelling Russian diplomats in solidarity with the UK.

 

Diplomatic Fallout

UK’s Actions

• The UK declared 23 Russian diplomats persona non grata, the largest expulsion of Russian officials since the Cold War.
• It suspended high-level contacts with Russia and boycotted the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.
• The UK also imposed sanctions on Russian individuals and entities.

Russia’s Response

• Russia denied involvement and accused the UK of staging the incident to provoke anti-Russian sentiment.
• Russia expelled 23 British diplomats and closed the British Council in Russia.
• The Russian government suggested that the UK or another country might have carried out the attack to frame Russia.

 

Aftermath and Long-Term Impact

Recovery of the Victims

• Sergei and Yulia Skripal survived the poisoning after weeks of intensive medical treatment.
• Detective Sergeant Nick Bailey also recovered but suffered long-term health effects.
• In July 2018, a local resident, Dawn Sturgess, died after coming into contact with a perfume bottle believed to have been used to transport the Novichok agent. Her partner, Charlie Rowley, was hospitalized but survived.

Legal and Political Consequences

• The UK charged two Russian nationals, Alexander Petrov and Ruslan Boshirov, with the poisoning. They were identified as officers of the GRU, Russia’s military intelligence agency.
• The suspects claimed they were tourists visiting Salisbury, but their story was widely dismissed as implausible.
• The incident further strained UK-Russia relations and led to increased scrutiny of Russian intelligence activities in Europe.

Global Implications

• The Novichok poisoning highlighted the use of chemical weapons in targeted assassinations, raising concerns about state-sponsored attacks on foreign soil.
• It reinforced the perception of Russia as a state willing to use extreme measures to eliminate perceived traitors or enemies.

 

Key Takeaways

1. Targeted Assassination Attempt: The poisoning of Sergei Skripal was seen as a targeted attack, likely orchestrated by Russian intelligence.
2. Use of Novichok: The use of a military-grade nerve agent in a civilian area demonstrated the brazen nature of the attack.
3. Diplomatic Crisis: The incident led to a major diplomatic rift between the UK and Russia, with widespread international repercussions.
4. Long-Term Impact: The poisoning underscored the dangers of chemical weapons and the lengths to which states might go to silence dissent.

 

Were there any PNG incidents in UAE Bahrain, Iran?

There have been instances of Persona Non Grata (PNG) declarations in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, and Iran, often tied to diplomatic tensions, espionage allegations, or regional conflicts. The notable examples from these countries are:

 

United Arab Emirates (UAE)[25]

The UAE, as a major diplomatic and economic hub in the Middle East, has occasionally used PNG declarations to address security concerns or diplomatic disputes.

Examples:

1. Qatari Diplomats (2017):
   • Context: During the Gulf diplomatic crisis, the UAE, along with Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Egypt, severed ties with Qatar, accusing it of supporting terrorism and aligning with Iran.
   • Action: The UAE declared Qatari diplomats persona non grata and gave them 48 hours to leave the country.
   • Response: Qatar reciprocated by expelling Emirati diplomats.
2. Iranian Diplomats (2016):
   • Context: Tensions between the UAE and Iran have often been high due to Iran’s regional influence and disputes over islands in the Persian Gulf (Abu Musa and the Tunbs).
   • Action: The UAE expelled several Iranian diplomats for alleged “interference in internal affairs.”
   • Response: Iran condemned the move and retaliated by expelling Emirati diplomats.

Bahrain

Bahrain, a close ally of Saudi Arabia and the U.S., has also used PNG declarations, particularly in the context of regional tensions and domestic unrest.

Examples:

1. Iranian Diplomats (2016):
   • Context: Bahrain has long accused Iran of supporting Shia opposition groups within the country, which has a Shia-majority population but is ruled by a Sunni monarchy.
   • Action: Bahrain declared the Iranian charge d’affaires persona non grata and expelled him, accusing Iran of meddling in its internal affairs.
   • Response: Iran condemned the expulsion and denied the allegations.
2. Qatari Diplomats (2017):
   • Context: During the Gulf diplomatic crisis, Bahrain joined Saudi Arabia and the UAE in isolating Qatar.
   • Action: Bahrain declared Qatari diplomats persona non grata and ordered them to leave within 48 hours.
   • Response: Qatar responded by expelling Bahraini diplomats.

 

Iran

Iran, as a major regional power, has frequently used PNG declarations in response to perceived threats or interference, particularly from Western countries and Gulf states.

Examples:

1. British Diplomats (2011):
   • Context: Following the imposition of sanctions by the UK over Iran’s nuclear program, tensions between the two countries escalated.
   • Action: Iran declared the British ambassador persona non grata and expelled him.
   • Response: The UK responded by expelling Iranian diplomats and closing the Iranian embassy in London.
2. Saudi Diplomats (2016):
   • Context: After Saudi Arabia executed a prominent Shia cleric, Nimr al-Nimr, Iran-Saudi relations deteriorated sharply. Protesters in Iran attacked the Saudi embassy in Tehran.
   • Action: Saudi Arabia severed diplomatic ties with Iran, and Iran responded by expelling Saudi diplomats.
   • Response: Saudi Arabia expelled Iranian diplomats and cut all ties.
3. U.S. Diplomats (1979):
   • Context: During the Iranian Revolution, the U.S. embassy in Tehran was stormed, and 52 American diplomats were taken hostage. While not a formal PNG declaration, the incident effectively made U.S. diplomats unwelcome in Iran for decades.
   • Legacy: Diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Iran remain severed to this day, with no embassies in either country.
4. French Diplomats (2023):
   • Context: In 2023, Iran expelled two French diplomats in response to France’s support for protests in Iran following the death of Mahsa Amini, a young woman who died in police custody.
   • Response: France condemned the expulsion and called for de-escalation.

 

Key Themes in PNG Declarations in the Region

1. Regional Rivalries: PNG declarations are often tied to the broader rivalry between Iran and the Gulf states (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain), as well as tensions within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), such as the Qatar crisis.
2. Espionage Allegations: Many expulsions are based on accusations of espionage or interference in domestic affairs.
3. Diplomatic Retaliation: PNG declarations are frequently reciprocal, with countries expelling diplomats in response to similar actions by another state.
4. Human Rights and Protests: In some cases, PNG declarations are linked to human rights issues, such as Iran’s expulsion of French diplomats over protests.

 

Key Takeaways

• UAE: Has used PNG declarations primarily in the context of the Gulf diplomatic crisis and tensions with Iran.
• Bahrain: Frequently expels Iranian and Qatari diplomats over allegations of interference and regional rivalries.
• Iran: Often uses PNG declarations as a tool to retaliate against Western and Gulf states, particularly over nuclear issues, sanctions, and human rights.

 

Non-Governmental Use of PNG by Institutions

PNG is used as a tool to academically exfoliate individuals who are classified as PNG by universities and other institutions, as well, not necessarily in government circles, such as Universities, Financial Institutions, Casinos, Multinational companies, Law Enforcement agencies and the motor industry.

 

The concept of Persona Non Grata (PNG), while traditionally a diplomatic tool, can indeed be applied in non-governmental contexts such as universities, financial institutions, casinos, multinational corporations, and law enforcement agencies. In these settings, the term is used more informally to denote someone who is unwelcome or banned from the premises or activities of the organization. PNG can be applied in these contexts, as follows:

 

1. Universities and Academic Institutions

Universities may declare individuals persona non grata for various reasons, often related to misconduct, security concerns, or violations of institutional policies.

Examples:

• Disruptive Behavior: A student or visitor who engages in violent, threatening, or harassing behavior may be banned from campus.
• Academic Misconduct: Individuals found guilty of plagiarism, cheating, or other forms of academic dishonesty may be expelled and declared unwelcome.
• Controversial Speakers: In some cases, universities may ban controversial speakers or activists whose presence is deemed to pose a risk to campus safety or harmony.

 

Real-World Example:

• In 2017, UC Berkeley faced protests over the invitation of a controversial speaker. While the event was eventually canceled, the university has at times barred individuals deemed to incite violence or unrest.

2. Financial Institutions

Banks and financial institutions may declare individuals or entities persona non grata for reasons such as fraud, money laundering, or other financial crimes.

Examples:

• Fraudulent Activity: Individuals involved in fraudulent transactions may be banned from using the institution’s services.
• Non-Compliance: Clients who fail to comply with anti-money laundering (AML) or know-your-customer (KYC) regulations may be blacklisted.
• Sanctions: Financial institutions may declare individuals or entities persona non grata if they are on international sanctions lists.

Real-World Example:

• After the Panama Papers leak, several banks blacklisted clients linked to offshore tax evasion schemes.

3. Casinos and Gaming Establishments

Casinos often use the concept of PNG to ban individuals who engage in cheating, fraud, or other undesirable behavior.

Examples:

• Card Counting: Professional gamblers caught counting cards in blackjack may be banned from casinos.
• Disruptive Behavior: Individuals who cause disturbances or violate casino rules may be declared unwelcome.
• Exclusion Lists: Casinos maintain self-exclusion lists for individuals who voluntarily ban themselves due to gambling addiction.

Real-World Example:

• In Las Vegas, notorious card counters like the MIT Blackjack Team have been banned from multiple casinos.

4. Multinational Corporations

Multinational companies may declare individuals persona non grata for reasons such as corporate espionage, ethical violations, or conflicts of interest.

Examples:

• Corporate Espionage: Employees or contractors caught stealing trade secrets may be banned from company premises.
• Ethical Violations: Individuals involved in bribery, corruption, or harassment may be expelled and barred from future involvement with the company.
• Competitors: Rival companies or their representatives may be banned from corporate events or facilities.

Real-World Example:

• In 2018, Google reportedly banned Didi Chuxing, a Chinese ride-hailing company, from its internal systems after Didi partnered with a competitor.

5. Law Enforcement Agencies

Law enforcement agencies may declare individuals persona non grata in certain contexts, such as banning them from specific areas or events.

Examples:

• Gang Members: Known gang members may be banned from entering certain neighborhoods or public spaces.
• Protesters: Individuals involved in violent protests or riots may be barred from future demonstrations.
• Sex Offenders: Convicted sex offenders may be restricted from living near schools or parks.

Real-World Example:

• In the UK, Anti-Social Behaviour Orders (ASBOs) are used to ban individuals from specific areas or activities.

6. Sports Organizations

Sports leagues and teams may declare individuals persona non grata for misconduct, doping, or other violations.

Examples:

• Doping Scandals: Athletes caught using performance-enhancing drugs may be banned from competitions.
• Violent Conduct: Players or fans involved in violence may be barred from stadiums or events.
• Match Fixing: Individuals involved in match-fixing scandals may be banned for life.

Real-World Example:

• Lance Armstrong, the cyclist, was banned for life and stripped of his Tour de France titles after a doping scandal.

 

Key Takeaways

• Non-Governmental Use: While PNG is traditionally a diplomatic tool, it can be applied in various non-governmental contexts to denote someone as unwelcome or banned.
• Reasons for PNG: Common reasons include misconduct, security concerns, ethical violations, or legal issues.
• Legal and Ethical Considerations: Organizations must ensure that PNG declarations comply with local laws and regulations, particularly regarding due process and discrimination.

 

Definitions of a Diplomat, Diplomacy. Right of a Diplomat and Freedom of Speech

 

The question often raised is can the person appointed as a diplomat, talk freely or use diplomacy and supreme discretion when issuing public statements, against a host country? It is necessary to clarify these concepts step by step to address the questionraised.The author will define diplomat, diplomacy, and explain the freedom of speech rights for a diplomat, including the  the ever hanging spectre of striking a fine balance between speaking freely and exercising discretion.  The red line is often extremely very thin and can be crossed unknowingly, resulting in irreparable international damage, conflict and peace disturbance as it happened between the United States and South Africa resulting from Ambassador Rasool’s unguarded comments.

 

1. What is a Diplomat?

A diplomat is an official representative of a country who is appointed to conduct diplomatic relations with other countries or international organizations. Diplomats work to protect and promote their home country’s interests abroad, negotiate agreements, and foster positive relationships between nations.

Key Roles of a Diplomat:

• Representation: Acting as the official face of their country in a foreign nation.
• Negotiation: Engaging in discussions to resolve disputes or reach agreements.
• Reporting: Gathering and analyzing information about the host country’s political, economic, and social conditions.
• Protection: Assisting citizens of their home country who are abroad (e.g., during crises or legal issues).

Types of Diplomats:

• Ambassadors: The highest-ranking diplomats, representing their country’s head of state.
• Consuls: Focus on assisting citizens and promoting trade and cultural ties.
• Attachés: Specialized diplomats (e.g., military, cultural, or economic attachés).

2. What is Diplomacy?

Diplomacy is the art and practice of managing international relations through negotiation, dialogue, and tact. It involves maintaining peaceful and productive relationships between countries, resolving conflicts, and advancing mutual interests.

Key Aspects of Diplomacy:

• Communication: Diplomacy relies on clear, respectful, and strategic communication.
• Negotiation: Finding common ground and resolving disputes without resorting to conflict.
• Discretion: Diplomats often handle sensitive information and must exercise caution in their actions and statements.
• Protocol: Following established rules and customs to ensure smooth interactions between nations.

Types of Diplomacy:

• Bilateral Diplomacy: Relations between two countries.
• Multilateral Diplomacy: Involving multiple countries, often in international organizations like the United Nations.
• Public Diplomacy: Engaging with foreign publics to promote a positive image of one’s country.

3. Freedom of Speech Rights for a Diplomat

While diplomats, like all individuals, have the right to freedom of speech, their role requires them to exercise supreme discretion when issuing public statements. This is because their words and actions can have significant implications for their country’s foreign relations.

Key Points:

1. Freedom of Speech:
   • Diplomats, as individuals, have the right to express their opinions.
   • However, their role as representatives of their country limits this right in practice.
2. Diplomatic Discretion:
   • Diplomats must avoid making statements that could harm their country’s interests or damage relations with the host country.
   • They are expected to adhere to their government’s policies and positions.
3. Official vs. Personal Statements:
   • Official Statements: Diplomats must carefully follow their government’s instructions when speaking on behalf of their country.
   • Personal Opinions: Diplomats may express personal views privately, but doing so publicly can lead to disciplinary action or even recall.
4. Consequences of Overstepping:
   • If a diplomat makes unauthorized or controversial statements, they may be reprimanded, recalled, or declared persona non grata by the host country.
   • For example, in 2019, the U.S. Ambassador to Germany faced criticism for publicly interfering in German domestic politics, which strained diplomatic relations.

Real-World Example:

• In 2016, the Russian Ambassador to Turkey was assassinated by a gunman who was reportedly angered by Russia’s involvement in Syria. While this was an extreme case, it highlights the risks diplomats face when their statements or actions provoke strong reactions.

Key Takeaways

1. Diplomat: An official representative of a country who manages international relations.
2. Diplomacy: The practice of managing international relations through negotiation, dialogue, and tact.
3. Freedom of Speech for Diplomats:
   • Diplomats have the right to freedom of speech but must exercise discretion.
   • Their public statements must align with their government’s policies to avoid damaging relations or facing consequences.

 

In the author’s personal opinion: “A diplomat cannot overtly criticise any host government for the danger of overstepping the boundaries of diplomacy and hallowed red line” To illustrate this with examples and what is the natural course of events if the diplomat transgresses the respect for the host country

 

A diplomat must avoid overtly criticizing the host government to prevent overstepping the boundaries of diplomacy and crossing the “hallowed red line” of diplomatic conduct. When a diplomat transgresses this respect, it can lead to serious consequences, including strained bilateral relations, expulsion, or even a diplomatic crisis. The following examples are relevant to illustrate the natural course of events which follow such transgressions.

 

Why Diplomats Must Avoid Criticizing the Host Government

1. Diplomatic Immunity is Not a Free Pass:
   • While diplomats enjoy immunity from prosecution under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961), this immunity does not protect them from being declared persona non grata (PNG) if they violate diplomatic norms.
2. Maintaining Bilateral Relations:
   • Diplomats are representatives of their home country, and their actions reflect on their government. Criticizing the host government can damage trust and cooperation.
3. Host Country’s Sovereignty:
   • Public criticism can be seen as interference in the host country’s internal affairs, which is a violation of international diplomatic norms.

 

Examples of Diplomats Overstepping Boundaries

1. U.S. Ambassador to Germany (2018):

• Incident: Richard Grenell, the U.S. Ambassador to Germany, openly criticized German policies, including its defense spending and its support for the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline with Russia. He also expressed support for right-wing political movements in Europe.
• Consequences:
  • Grenell’s comments sparked outrage in Germany, with politicians and media accusing him of meddling in domestic affairs.
  • The incident strained U.S.-Germany relations, with German officials calling his behavior “unacceptable” for a diplomat.
  • While Grenell was not expelled, his tenure was marked by tension and mistrust.

2. Canadian Ambassador to China (2019):

• Incident: John McCallum, Canada’s Ambassador to China, made public statements criticizing China’s detention of a Canadian citizen (Michael Kovrig) and suggesting that the U.S. should drop its extradition request for Huawei executive Meng Wanzhou.
• Consequences:
  • McCallum’s comments were seen as undermining Canada’s official stance and interfering in the legal process.
  • He was recalled by the Canadian government and eventually resigned, as his statements created confusion and diplomatic friction.

3. Indian Diplomat in the U.S. (2013):

• Incident: Devyani Khobragade, an Indian diplomat in New York, was arrested and strip-searched by U.S. authorities over allegations of visa fraud and underpaying her domestic worker.
• Consequences:
  • India viewed the treatment of Khobragade as a violation of diplomatic immunity and an insult to its sovereignty.
  • India retaliated by revoking privileges for U.S. diplomats in India and removing security barriers around the U.S. Embassy.
  • Khobragade was eventually declared persona non grata and left the U.S., causing a significant diplomatic rift.

 

Natural Course of Events When a Diplomat Transgresses

1. Host Country’s Response:
   • The host government may issue a formal complaint to the diplomat’s home country, demanding an explanation or apology.
   • If the transgression is severe, the host country may declare the diplomat persona non grata, requiring them to leave the country within a specified period (usually 24-72 hours).
2. Home Country’s Reaction:
   • The diplomat’s home country may recall the individual to avoid further escalation.
   • In some cases, the home country may retaliate by expelling a diplomat of equivalent rank from the host country.
3. Impact on Bilateral Relations:
   • The incident can strain diplomatic ties, leading to a breakdown in communication and cooperation.
   • It may also affect trade, security, and cultural exchanges between the two countries.
4. Media and Public Backlash:
   • The diplomat’s actions may attract negative media coverage, further escalating tensions.
   • Public opinion in both countries may turn against the diplomat or their home country.
5. Long-Term Consequences:
   • The incident may leave a lasting impact on bilateral relations, making it harder to rebuild trust.
   • The diplomat’s career may suffer, as they may be seen as unreliable or unfit for future postings.

 

Key Takeaways

• Diplomatic Discretion: Diplomats must avoid public criticism of the host government to maintain respect and avoid overstepping boundaries.
• Consequences of Transgression: Overstepping can lead to expulsion, strained relations, and long-term diplomatic fallout.
• Balancing Act: Diplomats must balance their duty to represent their home country with the need to respect the host country’s sovereignty and norms.

 

So to be realistic, a host country can justifiably declare a DIPLOMAT and his entourage PNG if the diplomat is upsetting the host country and demonstrate ungratefulness to the host after the host accepts the credentials and afford the honour of diplomatic immunity. A host country can justifiably declare a diplomat and their entourage Persona Non Grata (PNG) if the diplomat engages in behavior that is deemed unacceptable, ungrateful, or disruptive to the host country’s interests or diplomatic norms. This is a well-established principle in international diplomacy, rooted in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961). It is relevant to  explore the justification, process, and implications of such a declaration.

 

Justification for Declaring a Diplomat PNG

A host country can declare a diplomat PNG for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to:

1. Interference in Internal Affairs:
   • If a diplomat meddles in the host country’s politics, supports opposition groups, or makes public statements criticizing the government, this can be seen as a violation of diplomatic norms.
2. Ungrateful or Disrespectful Behavior:
   • Diplomats are expected to show respect and gratitude for the privileges and courtesies extended to them by the host country. Ungrateful or disrespectful behavior can justify expulsion.
3. Espionage or Illegal Activities:
   • If a diplomat is found engaging in espionage, smuggling, or other illegal activities, the host country has every right to declare them PNG.
4. Abuse of Diplomatic Immunity:
   • While diplomats enjoy immunity from prosecution, they are expected to respect local laws. Abuse of this privilege (e.g., involvement in criminal activities) can lead to expulsion.
5. Public Criticism or Insults:
   • Overt criticism of the host country’s government, culture, or policies can be seen as a breach of diplomatic decorum.

 

Process of Declaring a Diplomat PNG

1. Formal Notification:
   • The host country’s foreign ministry notifies the diplomat’s home country of the decision to declare them PNG.
   • The notification may or may not include specific reasons, as the host country is not obligated to provide an explanation under the Vienna Convention.
2. Expulsion Timeline:
   • The diplomat and their entourage are typically given a short period (usually 24 to 72 hours) to leave the country.
3. Reciprocal Actions:
   • The home country may retaliate by expelling a diplomat of equivalent rank from the host country, leading to a tit-for-tat escalation.

 

Examples of Justifiable PNG Declarations

1. Russian Diplomats Expelled from the UK (2018):

• Context: The poisoning of Sergei Skripal and his daughter with a Novichok nerve agent in Salisbury, UK.
• Action: The UK declared 23 Russian diplomats PNG, accusing them of being intelligence officers operating under diplomatic cover.
• Justification: The UK government believed Russia was behind the attack and that the diplomats were involved in espionage or other hostile activities.

2. Iranian Diplomats Expelled from Saudi Arabia (2016):

• Context: Saudi Arabia executed a prominent Shia cleric, Nimr al-Nimr, leading to protests in Iran and an attack on the Saudi embassy in Tehran.
• Action: Saudi Arabia severed diplomatic ties with Iran and expelled Iranian diplomats.
• Justification: Saudi Arabia viewed Iran’s response as interference in its internal affairs and a violation of diplomatic norms.

3. U.S. Ambassador to Ecuador Expelled (2011):

• Context: Leaked diplomatic cables revealed that the U.S. Ambassador had made critical remarks about Ecuador’s government and police.
• Action: Ecuador declared the U.S. Ambassador PNG.
• Justification: Ecuador viewed the Ambassador’s comments as disrespectful and interfering in its internal affairs.

 

Implications of Declaring a Diplomat PNG

1. Diplomatic Strain:
   • The expulsion of a diplomat often leads to strained relations between the two countries, affecting cooperation on trade, security, and other issues.
2. Reciprocal Expulsions:
   • The home country may retaliate by expelling diplomats from the host country, escalating the diplomatic rift.
3. Public and Media Backlash:
   • The incident may attract negative media coverage, further damaging bilateral relations.
4. Long-Term Consequences:
   • The expulsion can have long-term effects on trust and cooperation, making it harder to rebuild diplomatic ties.

 

Key Takeaways

• Justifiable Grounds: A host country can declare a diplomat PNG if the diplomat’s behavior is deemed unacceptable, ungrateful, or disruptive.
• Process: The host country notifies the diplomat’s home country and gives them a short period to leave.
• Consequences: Expulsion can lead to diplomatic strain, reciprocal actions, and long-term damage to bilateral relations.

 

It is necessary to summarise the role and duties of a diplomat and who else is included, apart from the ambassador in the diplomatic team of any country

To summarize the role and duties of a diplomat and outline the key members of a diplomatic team beyond the ambassador is vital. Diplomats play a crucial role in representing their country’s interests abroad, fostering international relations, and ensuring smooth communication between nations.

 

Role and Duties of a Diplomat

1. Representation:
   • Diplomats act as the official representatives of their home country in a foreign nation.
   • They convey their government’s policies, positions, and interests to the host country.
2. Negotiation:
   • Diplomats engage in negotiations to resolve disputes, sign treaties, and establish agreements on trade, security, and cultural exchange.
3. Reporting:
   • They gather and analyze information about the host country’s political, economic, and social conditions.
   • This information is reported back to their home government to inform decision-making.
4. Protection of Citizens:
   • Diplomats assist citizens of their home country who are living or traveling abroad, especially during emergencies (e.g., natural disasters, conflicts, or legal issues).
5. Promotion of Interests:
   • They promote their country’s economic, cultural, and political interests, such as attracting investment, boosting tourism, and fostering educational exchanges.
6. Crisis Management:
   • Diplomats play a key role in managing diplomatic crises, such as conflicts, espionage cases, or expulsions.

 

Key Members of a Diplomatic Team

A diplomatic mission (embassy or consulate) is composed of various officials, each with specific roles. Here’s a breakdown of the team:

1. Ambassador:

• The highest-ranking diplomat and the official representative of their country’s head of state.
• Responsible for overseeing the entire diplomatic mission and maintaining high-level relations with the host country.

2. Deputy Chief of Mission (DCM):

• The second-in-command at the embassy, assisting the ambassador and managing day-to-day operations.
• Acts as the ambassador’s representative in their absence.

3. Political Officers:

• Analyze and report on the host country’s political developments, policies, and relations with other nations.
• Advise the ambassador on political matters.

4. Economic Officers:

• Focus on trade, investment, and economic relations between the home and host countries.
• Work to promote economic cooperation and resolve trade disputes.

5. Consular Officers:

• Provide services to citizens of the home country, such as issuing visas, passports, and assisting in emergencies (e.g., arrests, medical crises).
• Protect the rights of their citizens abroad.

6. Cultural and Public Diplomacy Officers:

• Promote cultural exchanges, educational programs, and mutual understanding between the two countries.
• Organize events, exhibitions, and collaborations to showcase their country’s culture.

7. Defense Attachés:

• Represent their country’s military and defense interests.
• Liaise with the host country’s military and provide insights on defense-related matters.

8. Administrative and Support Staff:

• Handle the logistical and administrative functions of the embassy, including finance, human resources, and IT.
• Ensure the smooth operation of the diplomatic mission.

9. Specialized Attachés:

• Depending on the country’s priorities, there may be attachés for specific areas such as:
  • Science and Technology: Promote collaboration in research and innovation.
  • Agriculture: Facilitate agricultural trade and cooperation.
  • Environment: Address climate change and environmental issues.

10. Local Staff:

• Employed from the host country to assist with translation, cultural insights, and administrative tasks.
• Play a vital role in bridging cultural and linguistic gaps.

 

Key Takeaways

• Diplomat’s Role: Represent their country, negotiate agreements, protect citizens, and promote national interests.
• Diplomatic Team: Includes the ambassador, deputy chief of mission, political officers, economic officers, consular officers, cultural officers, defense attachés, and support staff.
• Specialized Roles: Depending on the mission’s focus, there may be experts in areas like science, agriculture, or the environment.

 

The Role of The Ambassador to the United Nations in New York

The United Nations have a similar set of applicable rules like that of a diplomat to a country, similar rules for a Diplomat and can that person be declared a PNG.

 

The rules governing diplomats at the United Nations (UN), including whether they can be declared Persona Non Grata (PNG),  illustrate these principles.

 

Diplomats at the United Nations

Diplomats serving at the UN are subject to a unique set of rules and privileges, distinct from those governing bilateral diplomats in a host country. These rules are primarily outlined in the 1946 Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations and the 1947 Headquarters Agreement between the UN and the United States (since the UN headquarters is in New York).

 

Key Rules for UN Diplomats

1. Immunities and Privileges:
   • UN diplomats enjoy immunity from legal process for acts performed in their official capacity.
   • They are exempt from taxation on their salaries and have immunity from immigration restrictions.
2. Scope of Immunity:
   • Unlike bilateral diplomats, UN diplomats’ immunity is functional, meaning it applies only to their official duties.
   • They do not enjoy the same broad immunity as bilateral diplomats, who are protected from prosecution for most actions.
3. Respect for Host Country Laws:
   • While UN diplomats are expected to respect the laws of the host country (in this case, the U.S.), they are not subject to the same level of scrutiny as bilateral diplomats.
4. Declaring a UN Diplomat PNG:
   • The concept of Persona Non Grata does not directly apply to UN diplomats in the same way it does to bilateral diplomats.
   • However, the host country (the U.S.) or the UN itself can take action against a diplomat who violates rules or engages in misconduct.

 

Can a UN Diplomat Be Declared PNG?

While the term Persona Non Grata is not formally used for UN diplomats, there are mechanisms to address misconduct or unacceptable behavior:

1. Expulsion by the Host Country:
   • The U.S., as the host country, can request the removal of a UN diplomat if they engage in activities deemed harmful to national security or public order.
   • For example, if a UN diplomat is involved in espionage or other illegal activities, the U.S. can ask the UN to withdraw the individual’s accreditation.
2. Withdrawal of Accreditation by the UN:
   • The UN Secretary-General or the relevant UN body can revoke a diplomat’s accreditation if they violate UN rules or engage in misconduct.
   • This is not called PNG but has a similar effect, as the individual loses their diplomatic status and must leave the UN.

 

Examples of UN Diplomats Facing Consequences[26]

1. Soviet Diplomats at the UN (1986):

• Incident: The U.S. expelled 55 Soviet diplomats from the UN, accusing them of espionage.[27]
• Action: While the term PNG was not used, the U.S. requested their removal under the UN Headquarters Agreement.
• Outcome: The Soviet Union retaliated by expelling U.S. diplomats from Moscow.

2. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (2007):

• Incident: During a visit to the UN, Ahmadinejad requested to visit the site of the 9/11 attacks in New York[28].
• Action: The U.S. denied his request, citing security concerns and his controversial statements about the attacks.
• Outcome: While not a formal PNG declaration, the U.S. restricted his movements, demonstrating the host country’s authority over UN-affiliated individuals.

3. Cuban Diplomats at the UN (2020):[29]

• Incident: The U.S. imposed travel restrictions on Cuban diplomats at the UN, accusing them of abusing their privileges.
• Action: The U.S. did not declare them PNG but limited their ability to travel outside New York, effectively curtailing their activities.

 

Table of Key Differences Between UN and Bilateral Diplomats

Aspect	UN Diplomats	Bilateral Diplomats
Immunity	Functional (limited to official duties)	Broad (covers most actions except serious crimes)
PNG Declaration	Not formally applicable, but host country or UN can revoke accreditation	Host country can declare PNG
Host Country Authority	U.S. has limited authority under the UN Headquarters Agreement	Host country has full authority to expel diplomats
Examples of Action	Expulsion for espionage (e.g., Soviet diplomats in 1986)	PNG declarations for interference or misconduct (e.g., Russian diplomats)

 

Key Takeaways

• UN Diplomats: Enjoy functional immunity and are subject to the UN’s rules and the host country’s limited authority.
• PNG for UN Diplomats: The term is not formally used, but the host country or UN can revoke accreditation or request removal.
• Examples: Soviet diplomats expelled for espionage (1986), Iranian President’s movements restricted (2007).

 

Noting the above, it is relevant to clarify the circumstances behind and the context related to the declaration of South African Ambassador as a PNG by US?

 

The declaration of the South African Ambassador to the United States as Persona Non Grata (PNG) is a significant diplomatic incident that reflects the complexities of international relations. While there isn’t a widely publicized case of a South African ambassador being declared PNG by the U.S. in recent history, I can provide context on similar incidents and the circumstances under which such actions might occur. If you have a specific incident in mind, feel free to share more details, and I can tailor the response accordingly.

 

Hypothetical Context for Declaring a South African Ambassador PNG

If the U.S. were to declare the South African ambassador PNG, it would likely be due to one or more of the following reasons:

1. Interference in Internal Affairs:
   • If the ambassador were found to be meddling in U.S. domestic politics, such as supporting opposition groups or making public statements critical of U.S. policies.
2. Espionage or Illegal Activities:
   • If the ambassador or their staff were involved in espionage, smuggling, or other illegal activities.
3. Disrespectful or Ungrateful Behavior:
   • If the ambassador were to act in a manner deemed disrespectful or ungrateful, such as publicly insulting U.S. officials or institutions.
4. Reciprocal Actions:
   • If South Africa were to declare a U.S. diplomat PNG, the U.S. might retaliate by expelling the South African ambassador.

Historical Context of U.S.-South Africa Relations

U.S.-South Africa relations have experienced periods of tension, particularly during the apartheid era (1948–1994). While the two countries have largely maintained positive relations since the end of apartheid, disagreements over issues like foreign policy, trade, and human rights could potentially lead to diplomatic friction.

Examples of Tensions:

1. Apartheid Era:
   • During apartheid, the U.S. imposed economic sanctions on South Africa and restricted diplomatic engagement.
   • South Africa’s apartheid policies were widely condemned, and many countries, including the U.S., limited their diplomatic ties.
2. Post-Apartheid Era:
   • Relations improved after apartheid, but disagreements have arisen over issues such as:
     • South Africa’s close ties with Russia and China.
     • Differing positions on international conflicts (e.g., the Israel-Palestine issue).
     • Trade disputes, such as those involving agricultural products or intellectual property rights.

 

How a PNG Declaration Might Unfold

If the U.S. were to declare the South African ambassador PNG, the process would likely follow these steps:

1. Formal Notification:
   • The U.S. State Department would notify the South African government of the decision to declare the ambassador PNG.
   • The notification might or might not include specific reasons, as the host country is not obligated to provide an explanation under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961).
2. Expulsion Timeline:
   • The ambassador and their entourage would be given a short period (usually 24 to 72 hours) to leave the country.
3. Reciprocal Actions:
   • South Africa might retaliate by expelling a U.S. diplomat of equivalent rank, leading to a tit-for-tat escalation.

 

Hypothetical Example

Scenario:

• The South African ambassador publicly criticizes U.S. foreign policy in Africa, accusing the U.S. of undermining African sovereignty through military interventions and economic pressure.
• The U.S. views these statements as interference in its foreign policy and a violation of diplomatic norms.

Action:

• The U.S. declares the South African ambassador PNG and requests their immediate departure.

Consequences:

• South Africa retaliates by expelling the U.S. ambassador to South Africa.
• Diplomatic relations between the two countries become strained, affecting cooperation on trade, security, and other issues.

 

Key Takeaways

• PNG Declaration: A host country can declare a diplomat PNG for interference, espionage, disrespect, or reciprocal actions.
• U.S.-South Africa Relations: While generally positive, disagreements over foreign policy, trade, or human rights could lead to diplomatic friction.
• Process: The host country notifies the diplomat’s home country and gives them a short period to leave.

The Bottom Line

The author has presented a thesis on the demystification of a diplomat, diplomacy and related issues. Diplomacy is a fascinating, complex field, and understanding its nuances can be incredibly rewarding. A deep understanding of the Legal and Diplomatic Framework is necessary in terms of The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961) Article 9 and the legal basis for declaring a diplomat PNG. The process of expelling a diplomat and its consequences must be fully appreciated by every government. Diplomacy is the key to ensure global peace and harmony, to obviate strained inter-governmental tensions, leading to conflicts and even a future, Global, World War III. Peace propagation is the keystone to operational diplomacy, at all times.

Recently, President Donald Trump has invoked and age old Act of 1798 [30]to effect mass deportations of individuals within the United States which is actually a PNG In another guise to “Make America Great Again”.[31]

 References:

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[4] https://www.saembassy.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/South-Africa-Oval-Office-Credentialing-Photo-2-1536×1024.jpg

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[6] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/15/the-human-toll-of-israels-war-on-gaza-by-the-numbers

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[18] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=c40ad5a98ad4bcec27ced200aaeaad405f8cb420bd23f403e486dd3d4567c158JmltdHM9MTc0MjUxNTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=India+declared+a+Pakistani+High+Commission+official+persona+non+grata+for+alleged+espionage+activities.&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly96ZWVuZXdzLmluZGlhLmNvbS9pbmRpYS9wYWtpc3Rhbi1lc3Bpb25hZ2UtY2FzZS1leHBlbGxlZC1vZmZpY2lhbHMtdG8tY3Jvc3Mtd2FnaGEtYXR0YXJpLWJvcmRlci0yMjg3Mzk0Lmh0bWwjOn46dGV4dD1UaGV5JTIwd2VyZSUyMGRlY2xhcmVkJTIwcGVyc29uYSUyMG5vbiUyMGdyYXRhJTIwb24lMjBTdW5kYXksdG8lMjBzb3VyY2UlMjBzZW5zaXRpdmUlMjBkb2N1bWVudCUyMG9uJTIwYSUyMHNwZWNpZmljJTIwdGlwLg&ntb=1

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[22] https://cdn-3.timesofoman.com/article/144051-ecuador-declares-mexico-ambassador-persona-non-grata

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[24] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=ab613901fb1b81ed52045bfda204a25e73398085df1c844da5ec9f2bd4da050eJmltdHM9MTc0MjUxNTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=Novichok+poisoning+in+the+UK+&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ292LnVrL2dvdmVybm1lbnQvbmV3cy9ub3ZpY2hvay1uZXJ2ZS1hZ2VudC11c2UtaW4tc2FsaXNidXJ5LXVrLWdvdmVybm1lbnQtcmVzcG9uc2U&ntb=1

[25] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e2aded0f904f04c19c581d06d4987cf061d8f83aa371adad3d83539b9a90bde1JmltdHM9MTc0MjUxNTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&u=a1L2ltYWdlcy9zZWFyY2g_cT11bml0ZWQrYXJhYitlbWlyYXRlcyt1YWUrcG5nK2luY2lkZW50cyZxcHZ0PVVuaXRlZCtBcmFiK0VtaXJhdGVzKyhVQUUpK1BORytpbmNpZGVudHMmRk9STT1JR1JF&ntb=1

[26] https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=un+diplomats+facing+consequences+with+png&qpvt=UN+Diplomats+Facing+Consequences+with+png&form=IGRE&first=1

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[28] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=6c12cb7d5fe0e6faa138d2159ed948df7ebe67842b6833838f14663fa2d1644bJmltdHM9MTc0MjUxNTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=During+a+visit+to+the+UN%2c+Ahmadinejad+requested+to+visit+the+site+of+the+9%2f11+attacks+in+New+York&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnlzdW4uY29tL2FydGljbGUvbmV3LXlvcmstbmV3LXlvcmstdG8tYWhtYWRpbmVqYWQtbm8&ntb=1

[29] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=6e5ae151ee40d520cf94e544f26120af2adb672d7f760051fec8e2371e3a1dffJmltdHM9MTc0MjUxNTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=Cuban+Diplomats+at+the+UN+(2020)%3a&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cua29yZWF0aW1lcy5jby5rci93d3cvb3Bpbmlvbi8yMDI0LzExLzE5N18yNTc2NjYuaHRtbA&ntb=1

[30] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=0811209d92358cd56ce90114552cb1acc3c98bc4f72ae72b1d81e6b8362264c1JmltdHM9MTc0MjUxNTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&u=a1L25ld3Mvc2VhcmNoP3E9UHJlc2lkZW50K0RvbmFsZCtUcnVtcCtIYXMrSW52b2tlZCtBbmQrQWdlK09sZCtBY3QrT2YrMTc5OCZxcHZ0PVByZXNpZGVudCtEb25hbGQrVHJ1bXAraGFzK2ludm9rZWQrYW5kK2FnZStvbGQrQWN0K29mKzE3OTgmRk9STT1FV1JF&ntb=1

[31] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=22a6b141de1f2d54a0495bf5fd7cb20155570625bdb6b0ecf0b322dcb71d1b4aJmltdHM9MTc0MjUxNTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=Make+America+Great+Again&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vdG9waWMvTUFHQS1tb3ZlbWVudA&ntb=1

______________________________________________

Professor G. Hoosen M. Vawda (Bsc; MBChB; PhD.Wits) is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment.
Director: Glastonbury Medical Research Centre; Community Health and Indigent Programme Services; Body Donor Foundation SA.
Principal Investigator: Multinational Clinical Trials
Consultant: Medical and General Research Ethics; Internal Medicine and Clinical Psychiatry:UKZN, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine
Executive Member: Inter Religious Council KZN SA
Public Liaison: Medical Misadventures
Activism: Justice for All
Email: vawda@ukzn.ac.za

Tags: Diplomacy

This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 24 Mar 2025.

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