Rare Earth Elements: Enter the Dragon-A New Player in the Field of Global Peace Disruptions

TRANSCEND MEMBERS, 10 Mar 2025

Prof Hoosen Vawda – TRANSCEND Media Service

 

Background Introduction on Rare Earth Minerals [1]

7 Mar 2025 – This publication delves into Rare Earth Elements (REEs), often interchangeably referred to as Rare Earth Minerals (REMs), occupy a unique and critical position in the global economy and geopolitical landscape. While the term “Rare Earth Minerals” typically denotes the naturally occurring ores and compounds that contain these elements, such as monazite and bastnäsite, “Rare Earth Elements” refers specifically to the seventeen chemically similar elements—fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium—that are indispensable to modern technology. These elements, though not inherently rare in the Earth’s crust, are rarely found in concentrated, economically exploitable forms, making their extraction and refinement both challenging and strategically significant.

In the complex world of global geopolitics, rare earth elements (REEs) have emerged as the invisible elements combining together the foundation and pillars of modern technology, economic power, and national security. These seventeen elements, often overlooked in public discourse, are the lifeblood of cutting-edge innovations, ranging from smartphones and electric vehicles to advanced defence systems and renewable energy technologies. Yet, their scarcity, uneven global distribution, and the maintenance of complex supply chains required to extract and refine them have transformed REEs into a potent tool of geopolitical leverage. As the world grapples with the transition to a green economy and the escalating rivalry between major powers, the control over rare earth elements has become a focal point of strategic competition, with far-reaching implications for global peace and stability.

Enter China, the “Dragon” in the realm of rare earth elements. With its dominance over nearly 80% of global rare earth production and refining capacity, China has positioned itself as the gatekeeper of this critical resource. This monopolistic control has not only fueled its economic ascent but also provided Beijing with a powerful instrument to influence international relations, disrupt supply chains, and assert its geopolitical ambitions. From trade wars to military standoffs, the strategic use of rare earth elements has become a new frontier in the battle for global supremacy, raising urgent questions about resource security, economic interdependence, and the potential for conflict in an increasingly multipolar world.

This paper explores the transformative role of rare earth elements in shaping the dynamics of global peace and disruption, with a particular focus on China’s ascendancy as the dominant player in this arena. By examining the interplay between resource control, technological advancement, and geopolitical strategy, it seeks to illuminate how the “Dragon’s” mastery of rare earth elements is reshaping the contours of international relations and challenging the existing world order. In doing so, it underscores the urgent need for a coordinated global response to mitigate the risks posed by this new axis of power and ensure a more stable and equitable future.  This introduction highlights the significance of rare earth elements, China’s dominant role, and the broader implications for global peace and stability.

China’s dominance in the rare earth sector encompasses not only the mining of Rare Earth Minerals but also the processing and refining of Rare Earth Elements into usable forms. This vertical integration has granted Beijing unparalleled control over the global supply chain, transforming REEs into a potent tool of geopolitical leverage. As the world becomes increasingly reliant on these elements for everything from renewable energy technologies to advanced defense systems, the distinction between the minerals and the elements themselves becomes a critical point of discussion in understanding the broader implications for global peace and stability.

Terminology and Demystification of Rare Earth Elements

Definition and properties of REMs.

Rare Earth Elements (REEs) vs. Rare Earth Minerals (REMs): Which is More Appropriate?[2]

1. Rare Earth Elements (REEs):
   • Definition: REEs refer specifically to the 17 chemically similar elements in the periodic table, comprising the 15 lanthanides (lanthanum to lutetium) plus scandium and yttrium. These elements are often found together in nature and share unique properties, such as magnetic, luminescent, and electrochemical characteristics.
   • Appropriate Usage: The term “Rare Earth Elements” is more precise when discussing the chemical, physical, or technological properties of these elements. It is also the preferred term in scientific, technical, and geopolitical contexts, as it emphasizes the elements themselves rather than their mineral forms.
   • Example Contexts:
     • Scientific research on the properties of REEs.
     • Geopolitical discussions about the supply and demand of specific elements.
     • Technological applications, such as their use in magnets, batteries, or lasers.
2. Rare Earth Minerals (REMs):
   • Definition: REMs refer to the naturally occurring minerals that contain rare earth elements. These minerals, such as monazite, bastnäsite, and xenotime, are the primary sources from which REEs are extracted. REMs are not pure elements but rather compounds that include REEs along with other elements.
   • Appropriate Usage: The term “Rare Earth Minerals” is more suitable when discussing geological formations, mining processes, or the raw materials used in the extraction of REEs. It is often used in geological, mining, and industrial contexts.
   • Example Contexts:
     • Geological surveys and mining operations.
     • Discussions about ore processing and refining.
     • Environmental impact assessments related to mining activities.

Which Term is appropriate?

Given the focus of rare earth minerals, on the geopolitical and strategic implications of rare earth elements, “Rare Earth Elements (REEs)” is likely the more appropriate term. In this paper, the author emphasises the strategic value, technological applications, and global competition over these elements, rather than the geological or mining aspects. Which is not the scope of this publication.

• “Rare Earth Elements” is the more widely recognised and used term in geopolitical, economic, and technological discussions.
• The term REEs aligns with the narrative of China’s dominance over the production and supply of these elements, which is a central theme in your work.

The author specifies that if the narrative expands into the mining, extraction, or geological distribution of these resources, the term “Rare Earth Minerals (REMs)” is used to provide clarity and precision.

What Are REEs?

A Comprehensive Overview

Rare earth elements (REEs) are a group of 17 metallic elements found in the Earth’s crust. They are essential for modern technology, including electronics, renewable energy, military applications, and medical devices. Despite their name, rare earths are not necessarily rare but are dispersed and difficult to mine in economically viable concentrations.

REEs consist of:

1. The Lanthanide Series (15 elements):

 

Lanthanum (La)

Cerium (Ce)

Praseodymium (Pr)

Neodymium (Nd)

Promethium (Pm) (radioactive and rare in nature)

Samarium (Sm)

Europium (Eu)

Gadolinium (Gd)

Terbium (Tb)

Dysprosium (Dy)

Holmium (Ho)

Erbium (Er)

Thulium (Tm)

Ytterbium (Yb)

Lutetium (Lu)

Two Additional Elements with Similar Properties: Scandium (Sc)

Yttrium (Y)

2. Classification of REEs[3]

REEs are further divided into two categories based on atomic weight:

• Light Rare Earth Elements (LREEs): La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu
• Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREEs): Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Y, HREEs are less abundant and generally more valuable.

Major Sources and Mining Locations[4]

Location of Primary Rare Earth Deposits:

• Bastnäsite (Ce, La, Nd-rich): Found in the USA and China.
• Monazite (Ce, La, Nd, Th-rich): Found in Australia, India, Brazil, and South Africa.
• Xenotime (Y, Dy, Er-rich): Found in China, Malaysia, and Thailand.
• Ion-adsorption Clays (HREEs): Found in Southern China and Myanmar.

Major Producing Countries:

• China (dominates over 60% of global production)
• United States (Mountain Pass mine, California)
• Australia (Lynas Corporation in Western Australia)
• Myanmar (heavy rare earths production)
• India, Brazil, Russia, Vietnam, Malaysia (smaller contributions, applications in technology (e.g., renewable energy, electronics, defence).

The Growing Strategic Importance of REEs [5]

• Role in the green energy transition (e.g., wind turbines, electric vehicles).
• Military applications (e.g., drones, missiles, communication systems).

Electronics and Consumer Goods

• Neodymium (Nd) & Dysprosium (Dy): Used in powerful permanent magnets (e.g., headphones, hard drives, electric vehicle motors).
• Europium (Eu) & Terbium (Tb): Used in LED displays and fluorescent lighting.
• Yttrium (Y) & Gadolinium (Gd): Used in phosphors and MRI contrast agents.

Renewable Energy & Green Technology

• Nd, Dy, Tb: Essential for wind turbine magnets and electric vehicles.
• Ce & La: Used in catalytic converters and battery alloys.

Military & Aerospace

• Erbium (Er): Used in laser-guided weapons.
• Samarium (Sm): Used in radar and stealth technology.
• Yttrium (Y): Used in jet engine coatings.

Medical & Biotechnology

• Gadolinium (Gd): Used in MRI contrast agents.
• Promethium (Pm): Used in nuclear batteries for pacemakers.

Problem Statement: How REEs are becoming a source of global tension and conflict.

• Rare Earth Minerals and Geopolitical Tensions
• Global Supply Chain Dynamics
• Dominance of China in REM production (over 80% of global supply).
• Export restrictions and their impact on global markets.

Geopolitical Hotspots

• S.-China trade wars and REMs as a bargaining chip.
• Tensions in the South China Sea and resource exploration.
• Africa as a new frontier for REM extraction (e.g., Congo, South Africa).

Global Case Studies

• The 2010 China-Japan REM dispute.
• S. and EU efforts to diversify supply chains.

Economic and Environmental Implications

Economic Dependence and Vulnerability

• Risks of monopolistic control over REEs.
• Impact on developing countries rich in REEs (e.g., resource curse).

Environmental Costs and Geopolitical Concerns

Challenges in Mining and Processing

• Ecological damage from mining and processing.
• Social and environmental justice concerns in mining communities.
• Toxic Waste & Radioactivity: Many REE ores contain thorium and uranium, which pose environmental risks.
• Water and Soil Contamination: Acid leaching and solvent extraction techniques can lead to pollution.
• Energy-Intensive Extraction: The refining process requires significant energy and produces hazardous byproducts.
• China’s Dominance & Global Supply Chain Risks
• China controls the majority of rare earth mining, refining, and processing.
• Geopolitical tensions can disrupt supply chains, leading to price spikes and shortages.
• The U.S., EU, and Japan are investing in alternative sources to reduce dependence on China.

The Role of Recycling and Alternatives

• Challenges in recycling REMs.
• Research into alternative materials.

Rare Earth Minerals as Peace Disruptors[6]

• Resource Nationalism
• How countries use REEs as tools of political leverage.
• Examples of resource-driven conflicts.
• Competition for Resources
• REMs as a driver of new Cold War dynamics.
• Potential for proxy wars in resource-rich regions.

Impact on Global Alliances

• Shifting alliances as countries seek to secure REE supplies.
• The role of international organizations (e.g., WTO, UN) in regulating REE trade.

The Future of Rare Earth Minerals

• Technological Advancements
• Innovations in mining and processing technologies.
• Development of synthetic alternatives to REEs.

Diversification of Supply Chains

• Efforts by the U.S., EU, and Japan to reduce dependence on China.
• Investment in mining projects outside China (e.g., Australia, Canada).

Policy and Governance

• Need for international agreements on REE trade and environmental standards.
• Role of multilateral organizations in preventing resource conflicts.

Long-Term Scenarios

• A world with balanced REE supply chains.
• A world with intensified competition and conflict over REMs.

How Rare Earth Elements Lead to Global Peace Disruption [7]

1. Geopolitical Leverage and Resource Nationalism

China’s near-monopoly over the production and refining of rare earth elements has transformed REEs into a strategic tool of geopolitical leverage. By controlling over 80% of global supply, China can weaponize its dominance to exert pressure on other nations, disrupt supply chains, and influence international relations. For example:

Trade Wars and Sanctions: During the 2010 Sino-Japanese territorial dispute, China temporarily restricted REE exports to Japan, crippling its electronics and automotive industries. Similarly, during the U.S.-China trade war, threats of REE export restrictions were used as a bargaining chip.

Resource Nationalism: Other nations, recognizing the strategic importance of REEs, may resort to resource nationalism—hoarding or restricting exports to protect their own interests. This can lead to trade disputes, economic retaliation, and heightened tensions between nations.

2. Supply Chain Vulnerabilities

The concentration of REE production and refining in China creates significant vulnerabilities for other nations, particularly those heavily reliant on these elements for critical industries. Disruptions in the supply chain can have cascading effects:

Economic Instability: Industries such as renewable energy, defense, and electronics depend on a steady supply of REEs. Any disruption can lead to production halts, job losses, and economic downturns.

Technological Stagnation: Advanced technologies, including electric vehicles, wind turbines, and military hardware, rely on REEs. Supply chain disruptions can slow innovation and hinder the global transition to green energy, exacerbating climate-related conflicts.

3. Militarization and Defense Implications

REEs are essential for modern defense technologies, including precision-guided missiles, radar systems, and stealth aircraft. Control over REEs can thus influence military capabilities and strategic balance:

Arms Race: Nations may engage in an arms race to secure REE supplies or develop alternative technologies, increasing the risk of conflict.

Military Alliances and Rivalries: Countries may form alliances or rivalries based on access to REEs, further polarizing the global geopolitical landscape. For instance, the U.S. and its allies are increasingly collaborating to reduce dependence on Chinese REEs, while China strengthens ties with resource-rich nations.

4. Environmental and Social Conflicts

The mining and refining of REEs are environmentally destructive, often leading to social and ecological conflicts:

Environmental Degradation: REE extraction produces toxic waste, contaminates water sources, and devastates ecosystems. This can lead to protests, legal battles, and even violent conflicts between communities, governments, and corporations.

Resource Curse: Nations rich in REEs may fall victim to the “resource curse,” where wealth from natural resources leads to corruption, inequality, and political instability. This can destabilize regions and create breeding grounds for conflict.

5. Global Power Shifts and Multipolarity

The competition over REEs is accelerating the shift from a unipolar to a multipolar world order, with China emerging as a dominant player. This redistribution of power can lead to:

Increased Rivalries: As nations vie for control over REEs, rivalries may intensify, leading to proxy wars, cyberattacks, and other forms of indirect conflict.

Erosion of International Norms: The strategic importance of REEs may encourage nations to bypass international norms and institutions, undermining global cooperation and peacebuilding efforts.

6. Climate Change and Resource Scarcity

The global push for renewable energy and decarbonization has increased demand for REEs, linking their availability to climate change mitigation:

Resource Scarcity: As demand outstrips supply, competition for REEs may escalate, leading to conflicts over access and control.

Climate Refugees and Instability: Failure to secure REEs for green technologies could slow the transition to renewable energy, exacerbating climate change and its associated conflicts, such as resource wars and mass migration.

REEs A New Axis of Global Instability[8]

The strategic importance of rare earth elements has positioned them at the heart of global peace disruptions. From economic coercion and supply chain vulnerabilities to environmental degradation and militarization, the competition over REEs is reshaping the geopolitical landscape and challenging the existing world order. As nations grapple with the dual imperatives of securing REEs and transitioning to a sustainable future, the risk of conflict looms large. Addressing these challenges will require international cooperation, innovative solutions, and a reimagining of global resource governance to ensure that the pursuit of rare earth elements does not come at the cost of global peace and stability.  There should be a call for international cooperation to address supply chain vulnerabilities and environmental concerns.   The future outlook and final thoughts on the future of REEs in a rapidly changing global landscape can be classified as follows:-

• Short-Term (Next 5-10 Years): Increased geopolitical tensions as countries scramble to secure REM supplies. Growth in recycling technologies and exploration of new mining sites.
• Medium-Term (10-20 Years): Potential for breakthroughs in alternative materials, reducing dependence on REMs. Strengthening of international regulations.
• Long-Term (20+ Years): A more balanced global REM market, but only if sustainable practices and international cooperation are prioritized.

Lithium and Zinc: Essential Metals for Modern Industry [9],[10]

Both lithium and zinc are critical minerals used in a wide range of industries, from batteries and electronics to pharmaceuticals and infrastructure. While they are not classified as rare earth elements (REEs), they play a crucial role in global technological advancement and the transition to clean energy.

1. Lithium (Li)

What is Lithium?

Lithium is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal with the lowest density of all metals. It is highly reactive and is never found in its pure form in nature.

Major Uses of Lithium [11]

1. Energy Storage & Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs): Used in smartphones, laptops, electric vehicles (EVs), and grid storage.

Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries: Increasingly used in EVs due to safety and longevity.

2. Pharmaceuticals

Lithium carbonate & lithium citrate: Used in psychiatric medication to treat bipolar disorder.

3. Aerospace & Metallurgy

Lightweight alloys: Used in aircraft, space technology, and specialized industrial applications.

Lithium grease lubricants: High-temperature resistant, used in aircraft and machinery.

Lithium Mining & Production

Major lithium sources:

 

Brine Deposits: Found in salt flats (salars) in South America.

The “Lithium Triangle”: Bolivia, Argentina, Chile (over 50% of global lithium reserves).

Hard Rock Mining: Spodumene-bearing ores (Australia is the largest producer).

Clay Deposits: Under exploration in Nevada, USA.

Leading Lithium Producing Countries:

Australia (largest producer, spodumene-based)

Chile (brine-based lithium from the Atacama Desert)

China (significant mining and refining capacity)

Argentina, Brazil, Canada, USA (growing production)

Environmental & Economic Challenges

High water consumption in lithium brine extraction threatens ecosystems in arid regions.

Pollution and carbon footprint of lithium mining and refining.

Geopolitical tensions due to China’s dominance in lithium refining.

Battery recycling is key to reducing dependence on new lithium mining.

 

1. Zinc (Zn)

What is Zinc?

Zinc is a bluish-white metal that is essential for human health, industrial applications, and infrastructure. It is the fourth most widely used metal after iron, aluminum, and copper.

 

Major Uses of Zinc

1. Infrastructure & Corrosion Protection

Galvanization: Coating steel and iron with zinc to prevent rust (used in bridges, buildings, and vehicles).

Alloys: Brass (copper-zinc alloy) is used in plumbing, musical instruments, and decorative items.

2. Electronics & Energy

Zinc-carbon & zinc-air batteries: Used in hearing aids and backup power systems.

Next-generation zinc-ion batteries: Emerging as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries.

3. Human Health & Agriculture [12]

Zinc supplements & medications: Essential for the immune system and treating zinc deficiency.

Zinc fertilizers: Used to enhance soil and crop yields in agriculture.

Zinc Mining & Production

Major zinc sources:

 

Sphalerite (ZnS): The primary zinc ore.[13]

Byproduct of lead, copper, and silver mining.

Leading Zinc Producing Countries:

 

China (largest producer)

Peru

Australia

India

United States, Mexico, Canada

Environmental & Economic Challenges

Lead contamination: Some zinc ores contain lead, posing environmental and health risks.

Recycling of zinc products: Galvanized steel and zinc batteries can be recovered.

Supply chain dependence: China dominates zinc refining, raising concerns about future availability.

Future Trends & Alternatives

Lithium recycling (from old batteries) is increasing to reduce mining impacts.

Sodium-ion & zinc-ion batteries are emerging as alternatives to lithium-ion for grid storage.

Zinc-based biodegradable batteries could offer safer and more sustainable energy storage solutions.

 The Bottom Line in REEs and Threat of World War III[14]

The recent meeting between Trump and Zelensky needs to establish if there are there any REEs in Ukraine?  Ukraine possesses significant deposits of rare earth elements (REEs), accounting for approximately 5% of the world’s reserves. These critical minerals are essential for various high-tech industries, including electronics, renewable energy, and defense.

 

Geographical Distribution of REEs in Ukraine: [15]

 

Donetsk and Luhansk Regions: A substantial portion of Ukraine’s REE deposits are located in the eastern regions of Donetsk and Luhansk. Notably, the Shevchenko field in Donetsk Oblast is recognized for its lithium reserves.  However, these areas have been affected by ongoing conflicts and territorial disputes, impacting the accessibility and development of these resources.

 

Recent Developments: U.S.-Ukraine Mineral Resources Agreement: In recent weeks, Ukraine has been negotiating a minerals deal with the United States to jointly develop its REE and critical mineral deposits. This agreement aims to provide the U.S. with access to these valuable resources, which are crucial for various sectors, including defense and technology. The deal is also viewed as a strategic move to strengthen economic ties and support Ukraine’s post-war reconstruction efforts. In summary, Ukraine’s substantial REE deposits, particularly in the eastern regions, present significant opportunities for both domestic development and international partnerships. However, geopolitical challenges and ongoing conflicts in these areas pose obstacles to fully harnessing these resources. The U.S.-Ukraine Minerals Deal Faces Challenges amid tensions.  Zelensky says Ukraine still ‘ready’ for minerals deal with U.S. after Oval Office blowup with Trump. Trump says Zelensky is coming to the White House to sign US-Ukraine critical minerals deal. Kyiv can ‘forget about joining Nato’, Trump says.

 

Why does Trump what 50% of Ukraine’s REEs? [16], [17]

Former President Donald Trump has proposed that the United States receive 50% of Ukraine’s rare earth minerals as compensation for U.S. aid provided during the Russia-Ukraine war. This proposal is part of a broader strategy to secure critical minerals essential for various high-tech industries, including defense, electronics, and renewable energy. The rationale behind the proposal is to reduce dependence on China: China currently dominates the global supply of rare earth elements (REEs), controlling a significant portion of mining and processing operations. By securing access to Ukraine’s REE reserves, the U.S. aims to diversify its sources and reduce reliance on Chinese imports.

 

Strengthening National Security: REEs are vital components in various defense applications, including missile systems, radar technologies, and advanced communication devices. Ensuring a stable and independent supply of these materials is crucial for national security.

 

Economic Interests: Access to these minerals supports the U.S. economy by bolstering manufacturing sectors involved in producing high-tech devices, electric vehicles, and renewable energy technologies.

 

Controversy and Criticism: [18]

 

The proposal has faced criticism for potentially exploiting Ukraine’s resources amid its ongoing conflict with Russia. Critics argue that demanding such a substantial share of Ukraine’s mineral wealth could be seen as leveraging aid for economic gain, raising ethical concerns.

 

Additionally, there is skepticism regarding the actual extent of Ukraine’s REE reserves. Some experts suggest that existing data on these reserves are outdated or lack credibility, casting doubt on the feasibility of the proposed agreement.

 

In summary, Trump’s proposal to claim 50% of Ukraine’s rare earth minerals is driven by strategic objectives to secure critical resources, reduce dependence on foreign adversaries, and bolster national security. However, it has sparked debate over ethical considerations and the practicality of such an arrangement.

 

Global Implications of Rare Earth Element Strategies warn that this is no ordinary trade war.[19], [20]

References:

[1] https://profession.americangeosciences.org/society/intersections/faq/what-are-rare-earth-elements-and-why-are-they-important

[2] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=f6fbc996be0d83cd0ea31f0d3a6f4142208e6b62dca237042c7a60ff870f2a78JmltdHM9MTc0MTMwNTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=Rare+Earth+Elements+(REEs)+vs.+Rare+Earth+Minerals+(REMs)%3a+Which+is+More+Appropriate%3f&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubmV0bC5kb2UuZ292L3Jlc291cmNlLXN1c3RhaW5hYmlsaXR5L2NyaXRpY2FsLW1pbmVyYWxzLWFuZC1tYXRlcmlhbHMvcmFyZS1lYXJ0aC1lbGVtZW50cw&ntb=1

[3] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=b64fc2fe5ad22c71b7575c2f2692691ecea9e2b513f1ddd99db8361cde0b4d8bJmltdHM9MTc0MTMwNTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=1.+Classification+of+REEs&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudXNncy5nb3YvcHVibGljYXRpb25zL3JhcmUtZWFydGgtZWxlbWVudHMjOn46dGV4dD1UaGUlMjByYXJlLWVhcnRoJTIwZWxlbWVudHMlMjAlMjhSRUVzJTI5JTIwYXJlJTIwMTUlMjBlbGVtZW50cyUyMHRoYXQsdGhleSUyMGFyZSUyMGNvbW1vbmx5JTIwcmVmZXJyZWQlMjB0byUyMGFzJTIwdGhlJTIwJUUyJTgwJTlDbGFudGhhbmlkZXMuJUUyJTgwJTlE&ntb=1

[4] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=caecc26787f930c8df568514556deb85c91174f3a0d0e7e73b59d44a955f7691JmltdHM9MTc0MTMwNTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&u=a1L2ltYWdlcy9zZWFyY2g_cT1tYWpvcitzb3VyY2VzK2FuZCttaW5pbmcrbG9jYXRpb25zJnFwdnQ9TWFqb3IrU291cmNlcythbmQrTWluaW5nK0xvY2F0aW9ucyZGT1JNPUlHUkU&ntb=1

[5] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=7346691e10cbe5432aac28f363042f3010ef32ff704cabd850fecec094e96b9fJmltdHM9MTc0MTMwNTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=The+Growing+Strategic+Importance+of+REEs&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9rb3Job2dvbWluZXJhbHMuY29tL3RoZS1zdHJhdGVnaWMtaW1wb3J0YW5jZS1vZi1yYXJlLWVhcnRoLWVsZW1lbnRzLWluLWluZHVzdHJ5Lw&ntb=1

[6] The Strategic Importance of Rare Earth Elements in Industry – Korhogo Minerals

[7] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=6c24d3d4a6626a4c803c13af8dc3b57d45af17917bf7d984179ca607a86c12ffJmltdHM9MTc0MTMwNTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=How+Rare+Earth+Elements+Lead+to+Global+Peace+Disruption&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9mcGlmLm9yZy9tYXBwaW5nLXRoZS1pbXBhY3RzLWFuZC1jb25mbGljdHMtb2YtcmFyZS1lYXJ0aC1lbGVtZW50cy8&ntb=1\

[8] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=bd5b66d8c0d69d9ce3d98603b2efa9995f84a96147783b8b8da225d9d2e1a08aJmltdHM9MTc0MTMwNTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=REEs+A+New+Axis+of+Global+Instability&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9ldXJvbWFpZGFucHJlc3MuY29tLzIwMjUvMDEvMDIvdGhpbmstMjAyNC13YXMtd2lsZC1laWdodC1nbG9iYWwtZm9yY2VzLXdpbGwtbWFrZS0yMDI1LWV2ZW4tbW9yZS10dXJidWxlbnQv&ntb=1

[9] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=4ed61e6e0852ee79b2287fd1cb51153bb3d928b236199ebe5208756f6ea60290JmltdHM9MTc0MTMwNTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=Lithium+and+Zinc%3a+Essential+Metals+for+Modern+Industry&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9pb3R3b3JsZG1hZ2F6aW5lLmNvbS8yMDI0LzExLzEyLzI1NzQvdGhlLXJpc2Utb2YtY3JpdGljYWwtbWluZXJhbHMtYW5kLXRoZWlyLXJvbGUtaW4tZW5lcmd5LXRyYW5zaXRpb24&ntb=1

[10] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=35efcb20a9fcedc0f820d04cfc4cad08805d0a48c27fe29ab6e32908acc0f14eJmltdHM9MTc0MTMwNTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&u=a1L2ltYWdlcy9zZWFyY2g_cT1saXRoaXVtK2FuZCt6aW5jK2Vzc2VudGlhbCttZXRhbHMrZm9yK21vZGVybitpbmR1c3RyeSZxcHZ0PUxpdGhpdW0rYW5kK1ppbmMlM2ErRXNzZW50aWFsK01ldGFscytmb3IrTW9kZXJuK0luZHVzdHJ5JkZPUk09SUdSRQ&ntb=1

[11] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=0c243539747c6148d8ae3099584feb003d4d2fd74e35693c2347f4a23df22d22JmltdHM9MTc0MTMwNTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=Major+Uses+of+Lithium&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaW5ub3ZhdGlvbm5ld3NuZXR3b3JrLmNvbS93aGF0LWlzLWxpdGhpdW0tdXNlZC1mb3ItYW5kLXdoZXJlLWRvZXMtaXQtY29tZS1mcm9tLzI3ODA2Lw&ntb=1

 

[12] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=7270c327f92bff71a3d952d13558d95302a97c0bca572380b44cb1cac078580aJmltdHM9MTc0MTMwNTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=zinc+in+Human+Health+%26+Agriculture&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9jcm9wcy56aW5jLm9yZy93cC1jb250ZW50L3VwbG9hZHMvc2l0ZXMvMTEvMjAxNi8xMS9DaGFwdGVyLTMtU291bWl0cmEtRGFzLWFuZC1BbmRyZXctR3JlZW4ucGRmIzp-OnRleHQ9VGhlcmUlMjBpcyUyMGElMjBoaWdoJTIwZGVncmVlJTIwb2YlMjBjb3JyZWxhdGlvbiUyMGJldHdlZW4sb2YlMjBkZWF0aCUyMGFuZCUyMGRpc2Vhc2UlMjBpbiUyMHRoZSUyMGRldmVsb3BpbmclMjB3b3JsZC4&ntb=1

[13] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=d0f35845f4c828b628e4a21e87df774ac40343dba5a8487d65b438bd1e74fbadJmltdHM9MTc0MTMwNTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=Sphalerite+(ZnS)%3a+The+primary+zinc+ore.&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9nZW9sb2d5LmNvbS9taW5lcmFscy9zcGhhbGVyaXRlLnNodG1sIzp-OnRleHQ9U3BoYWxlcml0ZSUyMGlzJTIwYSUyMHppbmMlMjBzdWxmaWRlJTIwbWluZXJhbCUyMHdpdGglMjBhLGFuZCUyMHRoZSUyMHdvcmxkJTI3cyUyMG1vc3QlMjBpbXBvcnRhbnQlMjBvcmUlMjBvZiUyMHppbmMu&ntb=1

[14] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=7651b963d2384db963120dbe19dc39c2be4ff8b3ed35a68d7abc38b74e98d850JmltdHM9MTc0MTMwNTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=The+Bottom+Line+in+REEs+and+Threat+of+World+War+III&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly90aGVib3R0b21saW5lLmFzLnVjc2IuZWR1LzIwMjAvMDEvd2lpaS10aGUtYmF0dGxlLW9mLXRoZS1pbnRlbGxpZ2VuY2VzLWNvcHk&ntb=1

[15] Geographical Distribution of REEs in Ukraine: – Search

[16] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=b261fec931f1a430b7b38141a191f8feba3ca1750b74f25b3efb2926c1137cb9JmltdHM9MTc0MTMwNTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=Why+does+Trump+what+50%25+of+Ukraine%e2%80%99s+REEs%3f&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9uZXdzLnNreS5jb20vc3Rvcnkvd2hhdC1taW5lcmFscy1kb2VzLXVrcmFpbmUtaGF2ZS1hbmQtd2h5LWRvZXMtZG9uYWxkLXRydW1wLXdhbnQtdGhlbS0xMzMxNjYyOQ&ntb=1

[17] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=5cbb60254aa1407865478b0e78e0de4f3c0dd99a53b9b99763b5e04d67be2a67JmltdHM9MTc0MTMwNTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=Why+does+Trump+what+50%25+of+Ukraine%e2%80%99s+REEs%3f&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWJjLm5ldC5hdS9uZXdzLzIwMjUtMDItMjQvdHJ1bXAtdWtyYWluZS1yYXJlLWVhcnRocy1kZWFsLWV4cGxhaW5lZC8xMDQ5NzQ1NzA&ntb=1

[18] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a2d2ecef7f103eeb18275275430fd58da4b7066dc58823e300979000175e4449JmltdHM9MTc0MTMwNTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=Controversy+and+Criticism%3a&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93aWtpZGlmZi5jb20vY29udHJvdmVyc3kvY3JpdGljaXNt&ntb=1

[19] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=64c9f8d12c831dcc3550ff846c584288f790149cb767fe9c8ca0d58ec5c08f05JmltdHM9MTc0MTMwNTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=Global+Implications+of+Rare+Earth+Element+Strategies+warn+that+this+is+no+ordinary+trade+war.&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ2xvYmFsbWluaW5ncmV2aWV3LmNvbS9zcGVjaWFsLXJlcG9ydHMvMTUwMTIwMjUvcmVzaGFwaW5nLXRoZS1yYXJlLWVhcnRocy1zdXBwbHktY2hhaW4tYW1pZC1zb2FyaW5nLWRlbWFuZC1hbmQtc3RyYXRlZ2ljLXJpc2tzLw&ntb=1

[20] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=81170cf7f4ebe316ecb58c1cb4f1b5211924abb5c0e47910b647e3089cad9553JmltdHM9MTc0MTMwNTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=19bf7366-9926-65b9-0269-601d982664b6&psq=Global+Implications+of+Rare+Earth+Element+Strategies+warn+that+this+is+no+ordinary+trade+war.&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9mcGlmLm9yZy9tYXBwaW5nLXRoZS1pbXBhY3RzLWFuZC1jb25mbGljdHMtb2YtcmFyZS1lYXJ0aC1lbGVtZW50cy8&ntb=1

______________________________________________

Professor G. Hoosen M. Vawda (Bsc; MBChB; PhD.Wits) is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment.
Director: Glastonbury Medical Research Centre; Community Health and Indigent Programme Services; Body Donor Foundation SA.
Principal Investigator: Multinational Clinical Trials
Consultant: Medical and General Research Ethics; Internal Medicine and Clinical Psychiatry:UKZN, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine
Executive Member: Inter Religious Council KZN SA
Public Liaison: Medical Misadventures
Activism: Justice for All
Email: vawda@ukzn.ac.za

Tags: China, Conflict, Resources, Trump, USA, Volodymyr Zelenskyy

This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 10 Mar 2025.

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