Peace Disruption: The Forgotten Chagossians and Deprivation of Human Rights by Imperial Britannia

TRANSCEND MEMBERS, 7 Apr 2025

Prof Hoosen Vawda – TRANSCEND Media Service

Please note that this publication contains graphic text which may be disturbing to some readers.  Reader discretion is advised. Parental guidance is recommended for minors, who may use this publication as a project, resource material.

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 “Britan was a colonial power in the 17^th Century and invaded various parts of the world from the Americas to South East Asia, Australia, New Zealand and Africa. In this imperialistic greed, there ensued not only violent expropriation of land but also violation of Human Rights of the indigenous peoples and first nations, so subjugated, by supposedly the epitome of civilized centre of the world, Britannia”.[1]

 Introduction: Gross Peace Disruption: The Global Colonial Zeal and Imperialism [2]

The British Empire’s expansion was marked by numerous human rights violations across the territories it controlled. Below is an overview of some significant instances:

India[3], [4]

• Bengal Famine (1943): [5]Approximately three million people perished due to starvation and disease. During this period, substantial quantities of food were exported from India to support the British war effort, exacerbating the famine’s impact.
• Amritsar Massacre (1919):[6] [7]British troops, under the command of Brigadier General Reginald Dyer, fired upon a peaceful gathering at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, resulting in the deaths of hundreds and injuries to over a thousand individuals.
• Partition of India (1947)[8], [9]The division of British India into India and Pakistan led to the displacement of over ten million people and the deaths of up to one million, as communal violence erupted during the mass migrations.

Kenya

• Mau Mau Uprising (1952-1960[10]): In response to the Mau Mau rebellion against colonial rule, British authorities detained approximately 1.5 million Kikuyu in camps and fortified villages. Detainees were subjected to forced labour, torture, sexual assault, and executions.

South Africa

• Boer War Concentration Camps (1899-1902): [11] During the Second Boer War, the British established concentration camps where over 107,000 individuals, primarily women and children, were interned. Poor conditions led to the deaths of approximately 28,000 Boers and an unknown number of black Africans.

Caribbean

• Slavery and Exploitation[12]: [13]British families, such as the Drax family, amassed wealth through the operation of sugar plantations that relied on enslaved African labour. Even after the abolition of slavery, practices resembling slavery persisted in British-controlled territories.

Yemen

• Aden Emergency (1963-1967[14]): During the conflict in Aden, British forces were reported to have employed torture techniques, including detaining nationalists in refrigerated cells, reflecting severe human rights abuses during the decolonization process.

Australia

• Impact on Indigenous Populations[15]: The colonization of Australia led to the systematic displacement and killing of Aboriginal and Indigenous peoples, resulting in profound cultural and population losses.

New Zealand

• The Maori chiefs were punished for dissentby havingtheir both hand cut off, leaving them to starve to death.[16]
• Swathes of land were forcibly taken from the Maoris and killing of the giant Dodo bird, led to extinction of the species[17].[18]

These instances underscore the extensive human rights violations associated with British colonial expansion, leaving enduring legacies in the affected

Britain’s colonial expansion into Southeast Asia occurred primarily through the 18th-20th centuries, driven by strategic trade interests and geopolitical rivalry. Here’s a structured overview:

The British Empire’s expansion into Southeast Asia was a strategic endeavor aimed at securing trade routes, accessing valuable resources, and extending geopolitical influence. This colonization process unfolded over several centuries, leading to profound and lasting impacts on the region’s political, economic, and cultural landscapes.​

Early Engagements and the Straits Settlements[19]

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the British East India Company initiated its presence in Southeast Asia:​

• Penang (1786): Captain Francis Light established a settlement on Penang Island, marking the beginning of British territorial acquisition in the region. This move aimed to create a strategic trading post and naval base to counter Dutch dominance.​Wikipedia
• Singapore (1819): Sir Stamford Raffles founded a trading post on the island of Singapore. Its strategic location along the Malacca Strait quickly transformed it into a vital hub for trade and administration.​
• Malacca (1824): The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 resulted in the British acquisition [20] of Malacca, further consolidating their control over the critical maritime routes in the area.​

These territories were collectively known as the Straits Settlements and became the cornerstone of British influence in Southeast Asia.​

Expansion into the Malay Peninsula[21]

Throughout the 19th century, the British extended their influence over the Malay Peninsula through a combination of treaties, protectorates, and direct colonial rule:​

• Federated Malay States (1895–1946): Comprised of Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, and Pahang, these states entered into agreements with the British, leading to the appointment of British Residents who advised on governance, effectively placing them under British control.​
• Unfederated Malay States: Other states such as Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Terengganu also became British protectorates at various points, each with varying degrees of autonomy but under British influence.​

British Colonization of Burma (Myanmar)[22]

British expansion into Burma occurred in phases, primarily driven by geopolitical interests and the desire to control trade routes:​

• First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826): Resulted in British annexation of territories including Assam, Manipur, and parts of Arakan and Tenasserim.​
• Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852): Led to the annexation of Lower Burma, including the key port city of Rangoon (now Yangon).​
• Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885): Culminated in the annexation of Upper Burma and the deposition of King Thibaw, leading to the incorporation of the entire country into British India. Burma remained a province of British India until it became a separate colony in 1937.​

British Borneo[23]

The British established control over parts of Borneo through both colonial and protectorate arrangements:​

• Labuan (1848–1946): A small island off the coast of Borneo, Labuan was ceded to the British and became a Crown Colony, serving as a naval base and coaling station.​
• North Borneo (Sabah): Initially administered by the British North Borneo Company from 1882, it became a British protectorate in 1888 and was later designated as the Crown Colony of North Borneo in 1946.​
• Sarawak: Established as a kingdom under the rule of the Brooke family (the “White Rajahs”) from 1841, it became a British protectorate in 1888 and was later annexed as a Crown Colony in 1946.​
• Brunei: Entered into a treaty with Britain in 1888, becoming a British protectorate while retaining its own monarchy.​

Impact of British Colonization[24]

The impact of British colonization was far-reaching and included:

• Displacement of indigenous peoples
• Introduction of new technologies and religions
• Changes in economic and political structures
• Environmental degradation
• Spread of disease
• Economic instability
• Ethnic rivalries
• Human rights violations

British colonial rule in Southeast Asia brought about significant transformations:​

• Economic Changes: The introduction of plantation agriculture (rubber, tin, and palm oil) and the development of infrastructure such as railways and ports aimed to facilitate resource extraction and trade.​
• Social and Demographic Shifts: The colonial economy led to the migration of laborers from China and India, resulting in multicultural societies with complex ethnic dynamics.​
• Political Structures: The imposition of colonial administrative systems disrupted traditional governance structures, leading to both collaboration and resistance among local populations.​

The legacy of British colonization is evident in the legal systems, educational frameworks, and linguistic influences that persist in these countries today.​

The conquering of the Chagos Archipelago by Colonialists[25]

In their real to cover major colonisations, they have forgotten the colonisation of The Chagos Archipelago by British colonial forces in 1554. The Chagos Archipelago, located in the Indian Ocean, has a complex history of exploration and colonization:​

• Early Exploration:
  • The islands were first discovered by Portuguese explorers in the early 16th century. Notably, Diego García de Moguer, a Spanish navigator serving Portugal, is credited with rediscovering the islands in 1544, leading to the name “Diego Garcia” for the largest atoll. ​
• French Colonization:[26]
  • Permanent settlement began in the late 18th century under French colonial expansion. In 1778, the French governor of Mauritius granted a concession to Monsieur Dupuit de la Faye for Diego Garcia, though initial attempts at settlement were temporary. By 1793, the French had established coconut plantations on Diego Garcia, utilizing enslaved labourers from Madagascar and Mozambique. ​
• British Attempts and Control:
  • In April 1786, the British East India Company attempted to establish a settlement on Diego Garcia[27]. Upon arrival, they encountered French planters who subsequently fled to Mauritius. The British, aiming to avoid diplomatic conflict, evacuated the island in October 1786. ​
  • Following the Napoleonic Wars, the 1814 Treaty of Paris transferred control of the Chagos Archipelago from France to the United Kingdom. ​ [28]

Regarding the specific ship used during the British expedition in 1786, the available sources do not provide this detail. Additionally, there is no indication that other territories were targeted or conquered during this particular expedition.

Where is Chagos Archipelago?[29]

The Chagos Archipelago is a group of over 60 small coral islands in the Indian Ocean, about halfway between Africa and Indonesia. It is part of the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), although its sovereignty is heavily disputed.

Who Owns Chagos?

• The UK currently controls the islands, having separated them from Mauritius in 1965 before granting Mauritius independence in 1968.
• Mauritius claims sovereignty over the islands, arguing that they were unfairly taken during the decolonization process.
• In 2019, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that the UK should return the islands to Mauritius, but the UK has refused to comply so far.

The Forced Evictions

• The most tragic part of Chagos’ history is the forced removal of its indigenous population, the Chagossians, in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
• The UK evicted about 2,000 Chagossians to make way for a US military base on Diego Garcia, the largest island in the archipelago.
• The Chagossians were sent to Mauritius and Seychelles, where they faced extreme hardship.
• Many have been fighting for the right to return ever since, but the UK and the US have blocked their efforts.

Diego Garcia – A Key US Military Base in the Indian Ocean

• The island of Diego Garcia is now a major US military base used for air operations in the Middle East and Asia.
• It played a key role in wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and is strategically important for Western military operations.

Current Situation

• The UK still controls the islands, despite international pressure.
• Chagossians continue to fight for their right to return, and Mauritius pushes for sovereignty.
• In 2023, the UK and Mauritius began talks about transferring sovereignty, but nothing has been finalized.

The Chagossians are now migrants and descendants of displaced people in Mauritius, Seychelles, and even the UK. Their ancestry is a mix of African, Malagasy, Indian, and European origins.

Origins of the Chagossians

• The original inhabitants of Chagos were not indigenous; they were brought to the islands in the 18th and 19th centuries when France and later Britain controlled the territory.
• Most of them were enslaved people from Africa and Madagascar, brought by the French to work on coconut plantations.
• After slavery was abolished in the mid-19th century, Indian and Southeast Asian labourers were also brought in as indentured workers.
• Over time, these different groups mixed, creating a distinct Creole culture with influences from African, Malagasy, Indian, and French traditions.

Chagossian Culture

• The Chagossians had a unique island life, centered around fishing, coconut farming, music, and storytelling.
• They spoke Chagossian Creole, a French-based Creole language similar to Mauritian and Seychellois Creole.
• Their cultural identity remains strong, even after displacement, though many now face poverty, discrimination, and loss of heritage in Mauritius and elsewhere.

Challenges in Exile

• Many Chagossians in Mauritius and Seychelles struggle with poverty, as they were not given proper support after their forced removal.
• Generations born in exile have never seen their homeland, but many still identify strongly as Chagossians and fight for their right to return.
• Some managed to migrate to the UK, especially after the British government allowed them limited citizenship rights in the 2000s.

Human Rights violations

The forced removal of the Chagossians and their ongoing displacement are considered serious human rights violations. The main issues are:

1. Forced Evictions and Displacement (1968–1973)

When the UK leased Diego Garcia to the US for a military base, around 2,000 Chagossians were forcibly removed from their homeland. This involved:

• Deception and coercion: Some were tricked into leaving on short trips and not allowed to return. Others were told the islands were being closed.
• Brutality: Those who resisted were reportedly threatened and forced onto ships.
• Severe trauma: People were separated from their homes, livelihoods, and cultural identity overnight.

What happened to the Chagossians?

• Many were dumped in Mauritius and Seychelles with no compensation, jobs, or housing.
• They lived in slums, struggled to find work, and many fell into poverty and social exclusion.
• Some committed suicide out of despair.

Legal Perspective: This forced expulsion is considered a violation of international human rights laws, particularly the right to self-determination and freedom from forced displacement.

2. Prevention of Return of the Chagossians

• The UK banned Chagossians from returning, even after courts ruled in their favor.
• In 2004, the UK used a royal decree to override earlier legal victories by the Chagossians, keeping them in exile.
• In 2016, the UK renewed the US military lease on Diego Garcia for 20 years, ignoring Chagossian claims.

3. The 2019 ICJ Ruling & UK Defiance

• The International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that the UK must return Chagos to Mauritius and that the continued occupation is illegal.
• The UN General Assembly voted 116-6 in favor of Mauritius, showing overwhelming global support.
• The UK ignored the ruling, arguing it has no obligation to comply.

Legal Perspective: By ignoring the ICJ, the UK is violating the UN Charter and international law.

4. Citizenship and Discrimination

• Despite being British subjects, Chagossians were not given automatic UK citizenship after their expulsion.
• Many who migrated to the UK in the 2000s faced immigration issues, unemployment, and discrimination.
• In 2022, the UK finally granted citizenship to all descendants of Chagossians, but it took decades of legal battles.

5. The US Military Base & Allegations of Abuse

• The Diego Garcia military base is highly secretive and has been linked to CIA rendition flights (illegal transport of detainees).
• Reports suggest tortured prisoners from the War on Terror were held on the island, though the US denies this.

Conclusion: A Long-Standing Human Rights Crisis

The Chagossians’ forced displacement remains one of the worst cases of colonial-era human rights abuses that still continues today. Despite legal victories, they remain in exile, struggling for justice and recognition

Specific legal battles, personal testimonies, or efforts for their return and possibility of reparations?

​The Chagossians, forcibly displaced from the Chagos Archipelago between 1968 and 1973, continue to face significant challenges regarding their rights, resettlement, and reparations.​

Current Status of the Chagossians:

• Sovereignty Negotiations: In October 2024, the United Kingdom agreed to transfer sovereignty of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius, concluding years of dispute over the territory. However, Diego Garcia, hosting a joint UK-US military base, remains under UK control. ​
• Exclusion from Negotiations: Chagossian communities have expressed frustration over their exclusion from these discussions, feeling marginalized in decisions about their ancestral homeland. ​
• Resettlement Prospects: Mauritius plans to manage a trust fund facilitating Chagossian resettlement on islands like Salomon and Peros Banhos. However, concerns persist about the lack of direct involvement of Chagossians in these plans and the adequacy of support for sustainable resettlement. ​

Possibility of Reparations:

• Historical Compensation: In 1972, the UK provided £650,000 to Mauritius for Chagossian resettlement, followed by an additional sum in 1982 after legal pressure. However, many Chagossians view these amounts as insufficient, and those in Seychelles received no compensation. ​
• Calls for Full Reparations: Human Rights Watch has labeled the displacement a crime against humanity, urging the UK and US to offer full reparations, including financial compensation and support for resettlement. ​
• Recent Developments: In February 2025, reports indicated that the UK might pay £9 billion to Mauritius as part of the Chagos Islands handover, with some Mauritian politicians describing this as “reparations.” However, the direct allocation of these funds to Chagossians remains unclear, raising concerns about their benefit to the displaced community. ​

Legal Actions and Advocacy:

• Ongoing Litigation: Chagossians continue to pursue legal avenues to assert their rights. In March 2025, two women born on the Chagos Islands sought to challenge the UK government’s proposed sovereignty transfer, arguing for Chagossian inclusion in decision-making. ​
• International Advocacy: UN experts have emphasized that any treaty finalizing the sovereignty transfer must prioritize Chagossian rights, including their return and reparations. ​

In summary, while there have been recent developments concerning the sovereignty and potential reparations for the Chagossians, significant concerns remain about their direct involvement in negotiations and the adequacy of measures to address the injustices they have endured. The path to meaningful reparations and the realization of their rights continues to be a complex and evolving process.

On a Scale of Human Rights violations, could you please enumerate these for me, compared with other counties and numbers involved, in terms of indigenous and forcibly displaced Chagossians

Human Rights Violations: Comparing the Chagossians’ Displacement with Other International Cases

Forced displacement and human rights violations against indigenous or local populations have occurred worldwide. Below is a comparison of the Chagossians’ experience with other cases in terms of scale, numbers, and severity.

1. Chagossians – British Indian Ocean Territory (1968–1973)

• Number of displaced people: ~2,000 Chagossians
• Main perpetrator(s): United Kingdom, United States
• Human Rights Violations:
  • Forced expulsion from their homeland
  • Destruction of homes and communities
  • Deception (people told they could return, then prevented)
  • Exile and poverty in Mauritius and Seychelles
  • Prevention of return despite legal rulings
  • Exclusion from sovereignty talks
  • No proper reparations provided yet
• International Response:
  • 2019: International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that the UK should return Chagos to Mauritius.
  • 2023–2025: UK and Mauritius negotiating a sovereignty transfer, but Chagossians remain excluded.
  • Human Rights Watch calls it a crime against humanity.

Severity Rating: 7/10 (Severe but smaller in scale compared to other global displacements)

2. The Palestinian Nakba – Israel/Palestine (1948–Present)

• Number of displaced people: 750,000+ initially (1948); ~5.9 million refugees today
• Main perpetrator(s): Israeli forces (post-1948 war), supported by Western powers
• Human Rights Violations:
  • Mass displacement of indigenous Palestinians
  • Confiscation of homes and lands
  • Denial of right to return (UN Resolution 194 ignored)
  • Military occupation and ongoing human rights abuses in Gaza and the West Bank
  • Apartheid accusations by human rights groups
  • Blockade, bombings, and killings
• International Response:
  • UN has passed multiple resolutions supporting Palestinian refugees.
  • ICJ currently reviewing Israeli occupation policies.
  • Ongoing global protests and boycotts.

Severity Rating: 10/10 (One of the most severe cases of forced displacement, still ongoing)

3. Rohingya Crisis – Myanmar (2017–Present)

• Number of displaced people: ~750,000 (2017 mass exodus), 1+ million refugees today
• Main perpetrator(s): Myanmar military (Tatmadaw)
• Human Rights Violations:
  • Ethnic cleansing & genocide (mass killings, rapes, arson)
  • Villages burned down
  • Statelessness (Rohingya denied citizenship in Myanmar)
  • Concentration camps in Myanmar for those who remain
  • Ongoing refugee crisis (mainly in Bangladesh)
• International Response:
  • UN and ICJ classify it as genocide.
  • Myanmar’s leaders face international trials.
  • Rohingya remain stuck in refugee camps.

Severity Rating: 10/10 (Genocide-level human rights violations)

4. Native American Removals – United States (1830s–20th Century)

• Number of displaced people: 100,000+ forcibly moved, millions affected
• Main perpetrator(s): U.S. government and settlers
• Human Rights Violations:
  • Forced relocation (Trail of Tears)
  • Massacres of indigenous tribes
  • Loss of lands, cultures, and languages
  • Destruction of indigenous governance
  • Forced assimilation (boarding schools, sterilizations)
• International Response:
  • U.S. has not formally apologized for many abuses.
  • Indigenous groups still fight for land and reparations.
  • Some land reclamations and cultural revivals happening.

Severity Rating: 9/10 (Long-term systemic genocide and erasure)

5. The Uyghur Repression – China (2014–Present)[30]

• Number of affected people: 1+ million detained in camps
• Main perpetrator(s): Chinese government
• Human Rights Violations:
  • Mass detentions in “re-education camps”
  • Forced labor & sterilization
  • Destruction of mosques and religious sites
  • Surveillance and AI tracking
  • Forced assimilation policies
• International Response:
  • Some countries sanction China, but global action is limited.
  • UN calls for investigation into human rights abuses.

Severity Rating: 9/10 (Ongoing human rights disaster)

Comparing Chagos to Global Cases

Case	Number Displaced	Severity	Ongoing?	Reparations Given?
Chagossians	~2,000	7/10	Yes	No proper reparations
Palestinians (Nakba)	750,000+ (1948); 5.9M refugees today	10/10	Yes	No
Rohingya (Myanmar)	750,000+ (2017); 1M+ refugees	10/10	Yes	No
Native Americans (US)	100,000+ forcibly moved	9/10	Partially (historical genocide)	Partial reparations
Uyghurs (China)	1M+ in camps	9/10	Yes	No

Final Thoughts on Chagos Human Rights Violations by UK and US

• The Chagos displacement is severe but smaller in scale compared to cases like Palestine, the Rohingya, and the Uyghurs.
• It is one of the worst cases of British colonial-era forced removals still unresolved.
• The UK and US refuse to acknowledge their wrongdoing fully.
• Unlike other cases, it is legally recognized as a human rights violation, but no reparations have been given.

What is the economy of Chagos Island based on and what international trade is ongoing?

The economy of the Chagos Islands is unique because the islands are uninhabited, except for the Diego Garcia military base, which dominates all economic activity. There is no civilian economy, no commercial industries, and very little international trade. However, certain economic activities occur due to the military presence and fishing rights.

1. Military Economy (Diego Garcia Base)

• The UK leases Diego Garcia to the US, generating revenue for Britain but not benefiting the displaced Chagossians.
• The US and UK militaries employ contract workers, mainly from the Philippines, India, and Sri Lanka, for base operations, maintenance, and services.
• The base supports logistics, refueling, and intelligence operations, which indirectly contribute to US and UK defense economies.

Revenue from Diego Garcia

• In 2016, the UK renewed the US lease for another 20 years (until 2036), reportedly worth £40 million ($50 million).
• The UK does not disclose how much it earns, and no funds are allocated to the displaced Chagossians.

2. Fishing Rights & Licenses

• The UK sells commercial fishing licenses for the waters around Chagos.
• Tuna fishing is the main activity, with European and Asian vessels operating in the area.
• In 2010, the UK declared a “Marine Protected Area” (MPA), banning commercial fishing in much of the Chagos waters. This was controversial, as it:
  • Prevented Chagossians from resettling and using their natural resources.
  • Benefited large international fisheries while restricting local use.

Revenue from Fishing:

• Mauritius has accused the UK of making millions of dollars annually from licensing fishing rights, despite the so-called MPA.

3. Potential for Future Trade & Economy

If the Chagos Islands are returned to Mauritius, possible economic activities could include:

• Eco-tourism (diving, island tourism)
• Sustainable fishing industry
• Marine research & conservation projects
• Resettlement and small-scale local businesses

However, these would require major investments and negotiations over the Diego Garcia base.

Conclusion

Currently, Chagos has no local economy—its only financial activities are military spending and fishing licenses, both controlled by the UK and US. If the islands are returned to Mauritius, the future economy could shift towards fishing, tourism, and conservation.

A deeper look into the marine economy and political negotiations surrounding the Chagos Islands.

1. Marine Economy: Fishing, Conservation, and Controversy

Fishing Industry & Economic Potential

• The waters around Chagos are part of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission’s richest fishing grounds.
• Fishing licenses are issued by the UK to international fleets (mainly from Taiwan, Spain, and France).
• Mauritius claims that millions of dollars are generated from these licenses, yet the Chagossians see none of the benefits.

The 2010 “Marine Protected Area” (MPA) Controversy

• The UK declared a no-fishing zone around Chagos, allegedly for conservation.
• However, WikiLeaks cables revealed that UK officials privately admitted the MPA was designed to block the Chagossians from returning, rather than for environmental reasons.
• In 2015, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) ruled the MPA illegal, siding with Mauritius, but the UK has ignored the ruling.
• If Mauritius gains full control, it may lift the fishing ban to benefit Chagossian fishers.

Future Economic Potential

If Mauritius gains full sovereignty, possible marine economic developments include:

• Sustainable fisheries controlled by Chagossians.
• Eco-tourism and marine research centers for coral reef conservation.
• Marine biotechnology projects, extracting useful compounds from sea life.

2. Political Negotiations: Who Controls Chagos?

UK-Mauritius Talks (2023–Present)

• The UK and Mauritius are negotiating the transfer of the Chagos Islands, following a 2019 ICJ ruling that deemed British control illegal.
• The US wants to maintain its military base on Diego Garcia, meaning any agreement must include American interests.
• Chagossians feel excluded from discussions, leading to frustration and legal challenges.

The Role of the United States

• The US has used Diego Garcia as a key military base since the Cold War.
• It is essential for US operations in the Middle East and Asia.
• The US is expected to continue leasing the base from Mauritius if control shifts.

Will the Chagossians Finally Return?

• Mauritius has promised to allow Chagossian resettlement after gaining control.
• However, it is unclear how many will return or whether the UK/US will provide compensation.
• Infrastructure, fresh water, and jobs must be developed to support resettlement.

Final Thoughts

• Marine resources and fishing rights will play a key role in Chagos’ future economy.
• Political negotiations are ongoing, but Chagossians are still fighting for their rights.
• The next few years will determine whether the islands remain a military zone or develop into a sustainable economy.

Sovereignty transfer or details on potential Chagossian resettlement plans?

Population of Chagos

• Current Population: 0  (ZERO)  permanent residents (except for military personnel and contract workers on Diego Garcia).
• Historical Population: ~2,000 Chagossians (before they were forcibly removed between 1968–1973).
• Temporary Workers: Around 3,000 military and civilian workers (mainly from the US, UK, and the Philippines) live on Diego Garcia for military operations.

Geological Origins of Chagos

• The Chagos Archipelago is part of a volcanic chain called the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge, extending from India to the central Indian Ocean.
• Formed by hotspot volcanism millions of years ago, the islands are now coral atolls, sitting on extinct volcanic seamounts.
• The region is known for its rich marine biodiversity, with some of the world’s most pristine coral reefs.

Etymology of the Name “Chagos”

The origin of the name “Chagos” is debated:

1. Portuguese Theory: Likely comes from the Portuguese word “Chagas”, meaning “wounds” or referring to Saint Francis Xavier (São Francisco de Chagas), who was active in the Indian Ocean region.
2. Local or Indigenous Influence: Some speculate it could be related to Maldivian or Austronesian words, but there is no strong evidence.

Who “Founded” and Occupied Chagos?

1. Early Maritime Visitors (Pre-European Era)

• Malay, Arab, and Indian sailors knew about the islands but did not settle.
• Maldivian fishermen used the area seasonally for centuries.

2. Portuguese “Discovery” (1500s)

• Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to chart Chagos in the 16th century but did not establish settlements.

3. French Colonial Rule (1700s – 1814)

• In 1776, the French (who controlled Mauritius) established coconut plantations on Chagos, bringing enslaved Africans and Malagasy people to work on them.
• The Chagossians trace their ancestry to these early enslaved people.

4. British Rule (1814–Present)

• In 1814, the British took control of Chagos after defeating the French in the Napoleonic Wars.
• They continued the plantation economy, using indentured labor from India and enslaved workers.
• In 1965, the UK separated Chagos from Mauritius (before Mauritius’ independence) to form the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).

5. US Military Occupation (1971–Present)

• In 1966, the UK leased Diego Garcia to the United States for a military base.
• Between 1968 and 1973, the entire Chagossian population was forcibly removed to Mauritius and Seychelles.
• Today, the islands remain under UK control, with Diego Garcia hosting one of the most strategic US military bases in the world.

Conclusion

• Population: 0 permanent residents, formerly ~2,000 Chagossians.
• Geological Origin: Volcanic seamounts with coral atolls.
• Etymology: Likely from Portuguese “Chagas” (wounds or Saint Francis Xavier).
• History of Occupation:
  • Portuguese (1500s) → French (1700s) → British (1800s) → US Military (1971–Present).
  • Chagossians are descendants of enslaved Africans, Malagasy people, and Indian indentured laborers.
  • They were forcibly removed in the 20th century.

Current sovereignty claims, resettlement efforts, and Diego Garcia’s military importance?

Strategic and Military Significance of the Chagos Islands to the US

The Chagos Archipelago, particularly Diego Garcia, is one of the most important US military bases in the world due to its location, logistical capabilities, and operational flexibility.

1. Geopolitical Location: A Strategic Foothold in the Indian Ocean

• Centrally Located:
  • Diego Garcia sits in the middle of the Indian Ocean, allowing the US to project power across Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.
  • It is isolated, reducing risks of civilian interference or protests.
• Key Distances:
  • 3,500 km (2,200 miles) from the Middle East → Ideal for operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran, and the Persian Gulf.
  • 4,700 km (2,900 miles) from China → Provides access for monitoring the South China Sea and Indo-Pacific region.
  • Close to major maritime chokepoints like the Strait of Hormuz (Middle East) and the Malacca Strait (Asia).

2. [31]Diego Garcia: The “Unsinkable Aircraft Carrier”

• Massive US Military Base:
  • Leased by the US from the UK since 1966.
  • Hosts naval and air force facilities, fuel storage, radar, and deepwater anchorage.
  • Supports long-range bombers, naval ships, and nuclear submarines.
• Military Assets & Capabilities:
  • US Navy Prepositioning Ships: Stores military supplies for rapid deployment.
  • US Air Force (USAF) Base: Hosts B-1, B-2, and B-52 strategic bombers.
  • Submarine Operations: Diego Garcia is a base for US nuclear submarines in the Indian Ocean.
  • Satellite & Missile Tracking: It houses a highly secure satellite communication and space surveillance station.

3. Key Military Operations Supported by Diego Garcia

• 1991 Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm)[32]: Diego Garcia was a launch site for B-52 bombers targeting Iraq.
• 2001 Afghanistan War (Operation Enduring Freedom): US bombers and supply chains operated from the base.
• 2003 Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom): Diego Garcia served as a staging ground for air and naval forces.
• Ongoing Counterterrorism: Supports drone and surveillance missions in Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia.
• China & Indo-Pacific Strategy: Helps counter Chinese naval expansion in the Indian Ocean.

4. Diego Garcia’s Role in the “Indo-Pacific Strategy”[33]

• Countering China: The US military considers Diego Garcia vital for monitoring China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its military buildup in the South China Sea.
• Allied Operations: Used by UK, Australian, and NATO forces for joint military exercises.
• Indian Ocean Security: Helps the US and allies patrol critical shipping lanes and prevent piracy near Somalia.

5. US Concerns Over Sovereignty Disputes

• Mauritius’ Claim: If the UK transfers Chagos to Mauritius, the US may have to renegotiate its lease on Diego Garcia.
• US Negotiating Position:
  • The US prefers to maintain long-term control over Diego Garcia.
  • It is likely to continue its lease under a new agreement with Mauritius.
  • However, the US opposes Chagossian resettlement on security grounds.

Conclusion: Why Diego Garcia is Critical for the US

Prime Military Location → Covers the Middle East, Africa, and Indo-Pacific.
Key Air & Naval Base → Supports bombers, submarines, and logistics.
Nuclear & Space Operations → Crucial for US intelligence and satellite tracking.
Deters Chinese Expansion → Strengthens US power in the Indian Ocean.
Supports Global Wars → Used in every major US military campaign since the 1990s.

The Future of Diego Garcia: US-UK Military Agreements & Mauritius’ Position

The future of Diego Garcia and the Chagos Archipelago is uncertain due to legal disputes, political negotiations, and strategic military interests. Here’s a breakdown of the key players and what’s likely to happen next.

1. US-UK Military Agreements: Control Over Diego Garcia[34]

UK’s Lease to the US (1966–2036)

• The UK leased Diego Garcia to the US for a military base in 1966 under a 50-year agreement (renewable).
• In 2016, the UK extended the lease for another 20 years, until 2036, without consulting Mauritius or the Chagossians.
• The agreement allows the US to maintain full control over the base, including security and military operations.

What Does the US Get?

Exclusive Military Access – No civilians or foreign governments allowed.
Strategic Location – Covers Middle East, Africa, and Indo-Pacific.
Long-Term Use – Lease extended until at least 2036.[35]

2. Mauritius’ Claim: Sovereignty Battle Over Chagos[36]

Legal Rulings Against the UK

• 2019: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that Britain’s occupation of Chagos is illegal and the islands should be returned to Mauritius[37].
• 2021: The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) passed a resolution recognizing Mauritius’ sovereignty over Chagos.[38]
• 2023: UK and Mauritius entered negotiations on the handover of Chagos, but no deal has been finalized.

Mauritius’ Position[39]

• Mauritius argues that the UK illegally separated Chagos from Mauritius before granting it independence in 1968.
• Mauritius wants full sovereignty over Chagos but has agreed to let the US keep Diego Garcia under a new lease.
• Mauritius supports Chagossian resettlement, which the US and UK oppose for security reasons.

3. The US Stance: Military Over Diplomacy?

• The US does not recognize Mauritius’ claim and insists on keeping control over Diego Garcia for military operations.[40]
• US concerns:
  • China’s Influence: The US fears that Mauritius might allow China to establish economic ties or military access in Chagos.
  • Security Risks: The US argues that Chagossian resettlement could create security risks near the base.
  • Negotiation Leverage: The US prefers dealing with the UK over Mauritius for stability.

Will the US Accept a Sovereignty Change?[41]

If Mauritius allows the US to keep the base, Washington is likely to accept the transfer.
If Mauritius pushes for Chagossian resettlement, the US might resist.

4. Future Scenarios: What Will Happen to Diego Garcia?

Scenario 1: UK Transfers Chagos to Mauritius, US Retains the Base (Most Likely)

• Mauritius takes control of Chagos, but the US and UK negotiate a new lease with Mauritius.
• US military operations continue with little disruption.
• Mauritius may allow limited Chagossian resettlement, but not near Diego Garcia.

🔹 Likelihood: High – This satisfies both Mauritius (sovereignty) and the US (military control).

Scenario 2: US Opposes Sovereignty Transfer, Maintains UK Alliance (Less Likely)

• The US pressures the UK to delay or block the transfer.
• The UK ignores the ICJ ruling and keeps Chagos under British control.
• Mauritius escalates diplomatic pressure, possibly at the UN or international courts.

🔹 Likelihood: Medium – But the UK is already negotiating a handover, making this less probable.

Scenario 3: US Ends Its Lease, Mauritius Fully Controls Chagos (Highly Unlikely)

• Mauritius takes full control, and the US leaves Diego Garcia entirely.
• Chagossians return, and Mauritius develops tourism and fishing.
• The US loses a key military base, reducing its global influence.
• China could potentially expand influence in the region.

🔹 Likelihood: Very Low – The US sees Diego Garcia as too strategically valuable to abandon.

5. Conclusion: The way forward?

• The UK will likely transfer Chagos to Mauritius, but the US will continue operating Diego Garcia under a new lease.
• Chagossians may be allowed to return on a limited basis, but not near the military base.
• China’s growing influence in the Indian Ocean makes the US more determined to keep military control.

Updates on the negotiations, Chagossian rights, or US military activities in Diego Garcia?[42]

​The Chagos Archipelago, a group of islands in the Indian Ocean, has been at the center of complex negotiations involving the United Kingdom (UK), United States (US), Mauritius, and the Chagossian people. These discussions aim to address sovereignty disputes, human rights violations, and the future of the indigenous Chagossians.​

Historical Context: Colonial Displacement and Human Rights Violations: The Ultimate Colonial Crime by UK [43]

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the UK and US governments orchestrated the forced displacement of the entire Chagossian population to establish a military base on Diego Garcia, the largest island in the archipelago. This expulsion led to profound suffering, including loss of homeland, cultural disintegration, and socio-economic hardships in Mauritius and Seychelles, where the Chagossians were relocated. Human Rights Watch has characterized these actions as crimes against humanity, citing ongoing abuses and the denial of the Chagossians’ right to return to their ancestral lands. ​[44]

Recent Developments in Sovereignty Negotiations

In October 2024, the UK agreed to transfer sovereignty of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius, marking a significant shift in the longstanding territorial dispute. This agreement includes a 99-year lease allowing the UK and US to maintain their strategic military base on Diego Garcia. The deal aims to prevent geopolitical tensions in the Indian Ocean region and addresses international legal rulings that have challenged the UK’s claim over the islands. ​[45] , [46]

By January 2025, both nations reported “good progress” in finalizing the treaty, with the UK expressing hope for completion before the inauguration of the new US administration. The proposed treaty acknowledges Mauritius’ sovereignty while ensuring the continuation of military operations on Diego Garcia, a critical asset for US and UK defense strategies. ​[47]

Chagossian Rights and Exclusion from Negotiations[48], [49]

Despite these diplomatic advancements, the Chagossian community has voiced significant concerns over their exclusion from the negotiation process. Many Chagossians feel that decisions about the future of their homeland are being made without their input, perpetuating a history of disenfranchisement. Legal actions are being considered to challenge the agreement, emphasizing the need for Chagossian representation in discussions that directly impact their rights and future. ​[50]

Human rights organizations continue to advocate for the Chagossians’ right to return, restitution, and compensation for decades of suffering. They argue that any resolution must prioritize the well-being and aspirations of the indigenous population, ensuring that historical injustices are addressed comprehensively. ​

Conclusion

The negotiations surrounding the Chagos Islands represent a pivotal moment in addressing colonial legacies and advancing human rights. While the UK and Mauritius have made strides toward resolving sovereignty issues, the path forward must include meaningful engagement with the Chagossian people. Ensuring their rights, acknowledging past violations, and facilitating their return are essential steps toward achieving a just and lasting resolution.​

Recent Developments in Chagos Islands Sovereignty Negotiations [51]

Donald Trump indicates he is ready to accept UK proposal for Chagos Islands deal [52]

Evidence of any artefacts plundered from Chagos Islands by colonialists?[53], [54]

​Regarding the plundering of artifacts from the Chagos Islands by colonial powers, there is limited documentation or evidence indicating that significant cultural or historical artifacts were removed from the archipelago and placed in foreign institutions or private collections. Unlike other regions where colonial powers systematically looted cultural treasures, such as the removal of the Benin Bronzes from Nigeria [55]or the Elgin Marbles from Greece[56], the Chagos Islands do not appear prominently in historical accounts of artifact plundering.​

The relative scarcity of documented artifacts from the Chagos Islands could be attributed to several factors:​

1. Cultural Practices: The Chagossian community primarily engaged in oral traditions and daily practices that may not have produced a large number of tangible artifacts sought after by collectors or colonial authorities.​
2. Geographical Isolation: The remote location of the archipelago may have limited extensive colonial exploration and exploitation compared to more accessible regions.​
3. Historical Records: The forced displacement and subsequent restricted access to the islands have hindered comprehensive archaeological studies, leaving gaps in the historical record.​

While the absence of documented artifact plundering is notable, it’s essential to recognize that the Chagossian people have suffered profound injustices, primarily through forced displacement and the denial of their right to return. These actions have led to the loss of intangible cultural heritage and disrupted the transmission of traditions and knowledge across generations. ​

In summary, while there is no substantial evidence of colonial powers looting artifacts from the Chagos Islands, the legacy of colonialism in the region is marked by significant human rights violations and cultural disruption. Addressing these injustices remains a critical aspect of ongoing discussions concerning the future of the Chagos Archipelago and its people.​

What are the facilities in the military base and what is the level of militarisation by the US [57]

​Diego Garcia, the largest island in the Chagos Archipelago, hosts a significant U.S. military installation known as Naval Support Facility (NSF) Diego Garcia. This base serves as a pivotal logistical and strategic hub in the Indian Ocean region.​[58]

Facilities at Naval Support Facility Diego Garcia

NSF Diego Garcia provides comprehensive support to forward-deployed operational forces in the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf areas. Key facilities include:​[59]

• Airfield Operations: The base features a runway capable of accommodating large military aircraft, facilitating various operations. ​[60]
• Port Facilities: Equipped with port facilities, the base supports naval vessels, ensuring readiness for maritime operations. ​[61]
• Logistics and Supply: NSF Diego Garcia functions as a critical logistics node, providing supply chain support, maintenance, and storage for military assets. ​[62]
• Communication Systems: The base hosts advanced communication infrastructures, including satellite tracking stations and high-frequency global communication systems. [63]
• Personnel Support: Amenities for stationed personnel encompass housing, medical facilities, recreational areas, and dining services, ensuring operational effectiveness and well-being. ​

Level of U.S. Militarization

Diego Garcia’s strategic importance has led to a substantial U.S. military presence:​[64]

• Air Force Units: The base accommodates various U.S. Air Force units, including detachments for air mobility and space operations, enhancing global reach and surveillance capabilities. ​[65]
• Naval Operations: Serving as a logistical support center, the base supports naval operations across the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf regions. ​[66]
• Recent Deployments: In March 2025, the U.S. deployed B-2 stealth bombers to Diego Garcia, underscoring the base’s role in power projection and rapid response capabilities[67]. ​

Overall, NSF Diego Garcia stands as a heavily militarized installation, integral to U.S. defence strategy and operations in the region.​

Is US preparing for World War III ?[68]

​The United States is not actively preparing for World War III. However, in response to evolving global dynamics and emerging threats, the U.S. military is engaging in strategic initiatives to enhance readiness and deter potential adversaries. These efforts are part of a broader defence strategy aimed at maintaining global stability and protecting national interests.​

Key U.S. Military Initiatives:

1. Deployment of Advanced Missile Systems:
   • The U.S. Army has deployed the Typhon Missile System in the Philippines, capable of launching missiles up to 1,200 miles. This marks the first overseas stationing of such a long-range land-based system since the Cold War. The deployment aims to counterbalance China’s missile capabilities in the Pacific region. ​[69]
2. Enhanced Military Exercises with Allies:
   • The U.S. and the Philippines have initiated joint army drills involving 5,000 soldiers. These exercises focus on combined operations, large-scale maneuvers, live-fire exercises, and territorial defense, reflecting a commitment to regional security cooperation. ​[70]
3. Strengthening NATO Partnerships:
   • NATO is conducting Ramstein Flag 2025[71], a major exercise designed to train allied air forces to operate in contested environments. This initiative underscores the alliance’s dedication to collective defense and operational readiness. [72]
4. Strategic Force Posturing:
   • The U.S. has deployed B-2 stealth bombers to Diego Garcia, a British island in the Indian Ocean. This move enhances the U.S. military’s capacity to project power and respond swiftly to emerging threats in the Middle East and surrounding areas. ​[73]
5. Defense Strategy Adaptation:
   • The U.S. Department of Defense is revising its strategies to address great-power competition, emphasizing the need for modernization in areas such as cyber warfare, space operations, and artificial intelligence. This shift acknowledges the importance of adapting to contemporary security challenges.[74]

Conclusion:

While these initiatives represent a proactive approach to national and international security, they do not indicate an anticipation of an imminent global conflict. Instead, they reflect a commitment to preparedness, deterrence, and the maintenance of peace through strength.

The Bottom Line in Violation of Human Rights[75],[76]

The Chagossian people, indigenous to the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, were forcibly displaced between 1968 and 1973 by the British government to facilitate the establishment of a U.S. military base on Diego Garcia. This expulsion led to their resettlement in countries such as Mauritius, Seychelles, and the United Kingdom. For decades, Chagossians have been engaged in legal and political battles seeking the right to return to their homeland and obtain compensation for their displacement.​

In April 2025, the UK government, with approval from U.S. President Donald Trump, agreed to cede sovereignty of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius. Under this agreement, the UK and U.S. will retain control over the Diego Garcia military base through a 99-year lease. While this development marks a significant shift in the islands’ governance, it remains uncertain how it will impact the Chagossian community’s aspirations for resettlement and recognition.

The Chagossians are a cohort of marginalized citizenry, globally, subjected to forced removal from their own land by super powers.  This is reminiscent of what has happened throughout history in other parts of the globe, as a colonial strategy and while reparations are on the cards, resettlement to their motherland is but a dream.

References:

[1] https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/fight-against-colonialism-and-imperialism-africaPersonal quote by author, March 2024

[2] https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/fight-against-colonialism-and-imperialism-africa

[3] https://britishonlinearchives.com/series/16/india-under-colonial-rule-1752-1933

[4] https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-British-1600-1740

[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943

[6] https://www.transcend.org/tms/2022/02/barbarism-practised-by-the-epicentre-of-civilisation-part-1/

[7] https://vajiramandravi.com/upsc-exam/jallianwala-bagh-massacre/

[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India

[9] TRANSCEND MEDIA SERVICE » “Peace Disruptor Supreme”: The Odyssey of the Mountain of Light and British Imperial Colonialism

[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion

[11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War_concentration_camps

[12] https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/british-colonial-rule/the-toll-of-slavery-and-exploitation-under-british-colonial-rule-in-the-caribbean/

[13] https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-world-history-of-slavery/slavery-in-the-british-caribbean/57F1B4C7387EF55AFE346A02FEE6F3C9

[14]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Emergency

[15] https://nativetribe.info/the-impact-of-british-colonialism-on-australias-indigenous-communities-exploring-the-historical-consequences/

[16] https://www.meetingplace.nz/2012/10/crime-and-punishment-early-maori-and.html

[17] https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/interactive/maori-land-1860-2000

[18] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo

[19] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Settlements

[20] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824

[21] https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Malaysia/The-impact-of-British-rule

[22] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma#:~:text=British%20colonial%20rule%20in%20Burma%20lasted%20from%201824,of%20an%20independently%20administered%20colony,%20and%20finally%20independence.

[23] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Borneo

[24] https://www.historyskills.com/classroom/modern-history/mod-british-colonialism-reading/

[25] https://www.clearias.com/chagos-archipelago/

[26] https://www.lemauricien.com/le-mauricien/paradise-regained-the-genesis-of-the-settlement-of-the-chagos-archipelago/652833/

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[28] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)

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[33] https://www.academia.edu/125755693/Diego_Garcia_Anchoring_America_s_Future_Presence_in_the_Indo_Pacific

[34] https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2025-01/news/questions-raised-about-uk-agreement-mauritius-base#:~:text=The%20United%20Kingdom%20has%20agreed%20to%20cede%20the,control%20for%20at%20least%20the%20next%2099%20years.

[35] https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG1211.html

[36] https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/explained-the-story-of-chagos-the-indian-ocean-archipelago-that-mauritius-claims-uk-controls-9883678/

[37] https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/uk-mauritius-close-deal-chagos-islands-after-us-120378409#:~:text=LONDON%20–%20Britain%20and%20Mauritius%20are%20finalizing%20a,U.S.%20military%20base,%20the%20U.K.%20government%20said%20Tuesday.

[38] https://www.upu.int/en/Press-Release/2021/Press-release-UPU-adopts-UN-resolution-on-Chagos-Archipelago

[39] https://www.bing.com/news/search?q=Mauritius%E2%80%99mauritius%E2%80%99+Position+Chagos&qpvt=Mauritius%E2%80%99Mauritius%E2%80%99+Position+chagos&FORM=EWRE

[40] https://debuglies.com/2025/04/02/the-chagos-archipelago-sovereignty-transfer-geopolitical-implications-strategic-continuity-and-the-legacy-of-diego-garcia-in-the-indian-ocean-2025/

[41] https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yxxjr8v2vo

[42] https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Updates+on+the+negotiations,+Chagossian+rights,+or+US+military+activities+in+Diego+Garcia?&qpvt=Updates+on+the+negotiations,+Chagossian+rights,+or+US+military+activities+in+Diego+Garcia?&FORM=VDRE

[43] https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/02/15/uk-us-expelled-islanders-50-years-ago-crime-against-humanity

[44] https://www.hrw.org/report/2023/02/15/thats-when-nightmare-started/uk-and-us-forced-displacement-chagossians-and

[45] https://www.gov.uk/government/news/joint-statement-between-uk-and-mauritius-3-october-2024

[46] https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/foreign-secretary-oral-statement-on-the-chagos-islands-7-october-2024

[47] https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/01/1159016

[48] https://www.lemauricien.com/opinions/mauritius-victory-vs-chagossian-struggles/667332/

[49] https://www.prospect-journal.org/articles/mauritius-territory

[50] https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/01/1159016

[51] https://newsmoris.com/2024/12/22/chagos-sovereignty-talks-reach-milestone-3-major-developments/

[52] https://www.ft.com/content/518cd71a-9ed8-4aed-8166-5e129a831ec5

[53] https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Evidence+of+any+artefacts+plundered+from+Chagos+Islands+by+colonialists?&qpvt=Evidence+of+any+artefacts+plundered+from+Chagos+Islands+by+colonialists?&FORM=VDRE

[54] https://www.fact-file.com/introduction-to-the-chagos-islands-dispute/

[55] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Bronzes

[56] https://www.britannica.com/topic/Elgin-Marbles#:~:text=The%20Elgin%20Marbles%20are%20a%20collection%20of%20ancient,the%20subject%20of%20controversy%20since%20their%20original%20removal.

[57] https://thedefensepost.com/2025/02/06/uk-satellite-system-chago-deal/

[58] Mauritius has won back Chagos – but not all of it. Why the largest island, Diego Garcia, is so important to the UK

[59] https://installations.militaryonesource.mil/in-depth-overview/navy-support-facility-diego-garcia

[60] https://www.drasintrisk.com/post/chagos-mil-ops-and-influence

[61] https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/chago-islands-diego-garcia-mauritius-map-us-uk-b2623700.html

[62] https://cnrj.cnic.navy.mil/Installations/NSF-Diego-Garcia/

[63] https://totalmilitaryinsight.com/u-s-military-communication-systems/

[64] https://militarysaga.com/strategic-relevance-of-diego-garcia/

[65] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_installations

[66] https://21stcenturywire.com/2025/03/26/strategic-analysis-understanding-the-vulnerability-of-u-s-bases-located-near-iran/

[67] https://trendsnewsline.com/2025/03/24/us-deploys-b-2-stealth-bombers-fighter-jets-to-diego-garcia/

[68] https://www.bing.com/news/search?q=Is+US+Preparing+For+World+War+III+?&qpvt=Is+US+preparing+for+World+War+III+?&FORM=EWRE

[69] https://www.armyrecognition.com/news/army-news/2024/us-army-deploys-new-typhon-ground-based-missile-system-in-indo-pacific-region#:~:text=The%20U.S.%20Army%20announced%20on%20April%207,%202024,,marking%20its%20first%20deployment%20in%20the%20Indo-Pacific%20region.

[70] https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2025/03/24/us-philippines-joint-army-drills/82632172007/#:~:text=MANILA,%20March%2024%20-%20Soldiers%20from%20the%20Philippine,large-scale%20deployments%20of%20forces,%20the%20Philippine%20Army%20said.

[71] http://www.prk-aviation.nl/Ramsteinflag2025.htm#:~:text=NATO%20Allied%20Air%20Command%20(AIRCOM)%20is%20set%20to,multiple%20scenarios%20designed%20to%20provide%20realistic%20combat%20settings.

[72] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=37db5397ec717e44a19e47f67710a743784f64f3c1b2fa59677637b1e2ed99acJmltdHM9MTc0MzgxMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=0c3c9d6e-714f-6e96-05f4-88d2706c6f48&psq=Air+%26+Space+Forces+Magazine&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWlyYW5kc3BhY2Vmb3JjZXMuY29tLw&ntb=1

[73] https://www.meforum.org/special-reports/israels-crucible-forging-a-new-security-paradigm

[74] Army War College Publications chagos – Search

[75] https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/03/08/erosion-human-rights-protection-systems

[76] https://www.transcend.org/tms/2021/06/endogenous-racism-against-people-of-african-origins-tulsa-and-sharpeville-parallels-in-history-part-2/

______________________________________________

Professor G. Hoosen M. Vawda (Bsc; MBChB; PhD.Wits) is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment.
Director: Glastonbury Medical Research Centre; Community Health and Indigent Programme Services; Body Donor Foundation SA.
Principal Investigator: Multinational Clinical Trials
Consultant: Medical and General Research Ethics; Internal Medicine and Clinical Psychiatry:UKZN, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine
Executive Member: Inter Religious Council KZN SA
Public Liaison: Medical Misadventures
Activism: Justice for All
Email: vawda@ukzn.ac.za

Tags: British Colonialism, Colonization, Peace, UK

This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 7 Apr 2025.

Anticopyright: Editorials and articles originated on TMS may be freely reprinted, disseminated, translated and used as background material, provided an acknowledgement and link to the source, TMS: Peace Disruption: The Forgotten Chagossians and Deprivation of Human Rights by Imperial Britannia, is included. Thank you.

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