World’s Transitional Justice Ironically Ensures Freedom to the Perpetrators Further Limiting Justice to the Victims
TRANSCEND MEMBERS, 30 Jul 2018
Prof. Bishnu Pathak – TRANSCEND Media Service
30 Jul 2018 – The objective of this writing is to dig out the abstract meanings from a Nepali language paper on Transitional Justice Practices in the World: Truth, Justice and Prosecution Being Shadowed. Transition is a gap period between the two-Government systems: old (past) and new (present and future). This is the situation when neither the old system (government) is completely collapsed nor a new one is fully established. In general, the satisfaction of victims serving or achieving justice during the Transition is called Transitional Justice (TJ). TJ is directly linked with the Truth Commission. It means, Transitional Justice is a core component of the Truth Commission. In the contemporary world, TJ belong to State to State, State to non-State and non-State to non-State conflicting mechanisms. At the beginning, the concept of TJ relied on State to State and State to non-State conflicting judgements only, but it, now expends non-State to non-State perspectives, too.
A few TJ Bodies, for instance, Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission (USA), Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Canada) and Citizens’ Truth Commission (Kandy, Sri Lanka) were formed to investigate the past human wrongdoings (atrocities and crimes) whose human rights were violated and or abused by the group of non-State Actors. Moreover, Chadian Commission worked even against illicit narcotics trafficking. Thus, it pursues the formal and informal investigation of the past crimes through inter-and-intra-national conflicts and intra-and-inter-group conflicts.
The Transitional Justice Commission purviews a retrospective investigation. Ruti G Teitel said that transitional justice is a bridge between two ruling systems. Former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan stated that transitional justice is to ensure accountability, serve justice and achieve reconciliation against the legacy of past violations and abuses. The UN appointed the Special Rapporteur Pablo de Greiff for the promotion of truth, justice, reparation and non-recurrence dimensions. Transitional justice encompasses the accountability of (a grave loss of) person and family; highlights his or her economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights that were encroached during the past armed conflict or civil war; and seeks recovery of justice to the victims. TJ is a four-decade old concept, initiated from Uganda establishing Commission of Inquiry of Disappearances in June 1974, but a complex politico-legal phenomenon. It collects structural facts, evidences and testimonies breaking down the silence of memory of the victims, witnesses and other concerned persons. Transitional justice refers to six-pillar set of judicial and non-judicial mechanisms. Among the pillars, justice and prosecuting belongs to judicial measures; reparation and non-recurrence comply with non-judicial apparatus and truth and vetting fall under semi-judicial bodies.
The objective of TJ is to explore how different countries or a country officially or unofficially try or tries to find out truth through Commission on the course of responding wrongdoings that happened during the past intra-and-inter-national conflicts, colonial, slavery, anarchical and cultural genocide periods. Each Commission gathers documents and evidences or testimonies from the complainants or victims and witnesses to examine and evaluate a complete cause, nature, degree and patterns of truth of punitive human rights violations or abuses, crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide. It recommends the concerned authority to ensure accountability by prosecuting perpetrators, repairing or healing the damages in the communities or societies, serving justice to the victims or survivors, paying respect to them, satisfying them (through relief and reparation), accepting reconciliation among concerned actors, and reforming institutions eliminating the chances to recur such conflict in future.
More than 70 transitional justice bodies have already been established across the continents. The countries which formed one form or other form of transitional justice bodies like Truth Commissions include: Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Balkans, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Chad, Chile, Columbia, DR Congo, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, Eretria, Ethiopia, Fiji, Former Yugoslavia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jordon, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Macedonia, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Republic of Central Africa, Russia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Sudan-Dafur, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, United States, Uruguay, Vietnam and Zimbabwe.
Sri Lanka has the youngest transitional justice mechanism. It established a seven member[1] body, including Major General of the Army to the Office of the Missing Persons (OMP), on March 1, 2018 with a single objective to ensure reparation to more than 20,000 disappeared victims. The District Inter Religious Committee of Kandy appointed an unofficial Citizens’ Truth Commission to find out the root causes of the communal (Singhalese vs. Muslims) conflict that was spread in early March 2018 for a week where Sri Lanka imposed a nationwide state of emergency. Kosovo has the second youngest transitional justice body that was formed with a 9-member[2] led preparatory team to set up Truth and Reconciliation Commission in December 2017. The team is now working towards preparing TRC’s legal and technical infrastructures within a given mandate for one year. National Commission on the Search for Disappeared Persons in El Salvador has been the third youngest Commission which has been established on August 21, 2017 by means of Presidential Decree.
A NGOs Coalition campaigning for the establishment of the RECOM (Regional Fact-Finding Commission) in the Western Balkan States was expected to sign first Regional Truth-Seeking Commission through the Western Balkans Summit that was held in London on July 9-10, 2018. Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia were ready to establish RECOM, but some of the highest levels of victimization occurring in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina during the conflict barred any such past promises from being materialized. In July 2018, Spain planned to establish a Truth Commission under the Historical Memory Law 2007 to investigate the cases of crime against humanity committed by the former dictator Francisco Franco[3] (1939-1975), who died more than four decades in 1975. Human remains of 120,000 people were exhumed from 2,591 unmarked graves. It is to be noted that Spain (estimated 140,000) is just behind Cambodia with the highest number of disappeared persons in the world.
A dozen countries have established more than one Truth Commission. These countries are: Colombia, Burundi, Uganda, Uruguay, Ecuador, South Korea, Mali, Philippines, Central African Republic, El Salvador, Sri Lanka and Nepal. Notwithstanding that Nepal has established two Commissions: Commission of Investigation on Enforced Disappeared Persons (CIEDP) and Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) at a time by a single Act 2014. Formation of CIEDP and TRC in Nepal has been the first case in the world.
More than a dozen transitional justice bodies in countries such as Argentina, Uganda, Uruguay (1st), Philippines (1st), Chile, El Salvador, Haiti, Ecuador (1st), Morocco, USA, Darfur-Sudan, Burundi and Nepal (2nd, 1990) functioned for the shortest time, less than a year (12-month period). Moderately, one-and-half dozen Truth Commissions served for one to three years. Such commissions were formed in the following countries: Bolivia, Chad, Germany (1st and 2nd), Guatemala, Nigeria, Uruguay (2nd), South Korea (1st), Panama, Former Yugoslavia, Peru, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Algeria, Ecuador (2nd), Mauritius, Solomon Island, Eretria and Philippines (2nd). A number of countries, namely Ivory Coast, Uganda (2nd), Sri Lanka (1st), South Africa, East-Timor, Rwanda, DR Congo, Paraguay, Liberia, Canada, Togo, Brazil, Tunisia and Kenya had worked for longer periods, more than three years. The permanent transitional justice Commissions were formed in Ethiopia (1993), Colombia (2000) and Rwanda (2002). Likewise, there were no time-limitations for the Commissions established in Honduras (1982) and Fiji (2005).
The United Nations was involved in seven countries, viz. El Salvador, Guatemala, East-Timor, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Solomon Islands and Eritrea on the issue of TJ. The tenure of many TJ bodies namely in South Africa, Guatemala, Kenya, South Korea, and Nepal among others has been extended. The last UN founded Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea presented its report to the Human Rights Council on June 21, 2016. And, the three-member team of Commissioners were neither the staff of the United Nations nor were they remunerated. They served in their independent personal expert capacity[4]. The UN established its Commissions in Sierra Leon, El Salvador and East-Timor, but failed to restore normalcy in Kosovo.
The Liberian truth commission threatened the government to submit its findings to the International Criminal Court if the government failed to establish an international tribunal. Most Truth Commissions are Court-like judicial and non-judicial processes bodies, but without binding authority, except in Sierra Leone.
No public hearings were conducted in Argentina and former Yugoslavia, but only 8 public hearings in Ghana, 8 national hearings in East-Timor and 15 in Brazil were conducted. Moroccan Commission held public hearings after signing the bond paper for not to disclose the names of the perpetrators whereas Guatemala did not include the perpetrators’ names in the report.
The Shining Path’s activists have been serving sentences based on civil-anti-terrorist court. Former President Alberto Fujimori who had been convicted for 25 years was pardoned in November 2017. Fujimori has been four year younger than Abimael Guzmán ‘Gonzalo’, but Gonzalo has been in life imprisonment since 1992. Thousands of Fujimori’s victims protested against the Government’s decision.
Haiti prosecuted 50 perpetrators whereas Guatemala prosecuted its former military dictator. The Philippines’ Commission had limited investigation jurisdiction over the army, but treated the insurgents differently. In El Salvador, the State security forces were responsible for 85 percent and the non-state actors for 15 percent similar to CIEDP, Nepal. The TRCs of Argentina, East-Timor, Guatemala, Morocco, Peru and South Africa partially succeeded. A large number of victims have failed to register the complaints fearing possible insecure consequences in the future.
Observing, reviewing and analyzing more than five-dozen Truth Commissions formed around the world, the author himself reached the conclusion that immediately after the conflict is over, the alleged perpetrators order their chain of command to destroy remaining structural facts, documents, evidences and testimonies that might prove them guilty. The same perpetrators take special attention to draft the perpetrator-centric Act or Decree further weakening the voices (pains, grievances and sufferings) of the victims, survivors and other concerned actors. The alleged perpetrators prioritize cronyism to select or appoint Commissioners in the course of forming Truth Commissions. And such Commissioners defend their respective vested interest institution(s) and individuals rather than pursuing free, fair and independent investigations. In such cases, the people in general, severely criticize to the Commissioners as the past crimes of the alleged perpetrators go unpunished; controversially they are granted amnesty. Even South Africa pursued ‘let’s forget and forgive’ in the name of Christianity. As a corollary, the victims, survivors and people still blame Nelson Mandela for selling out black people’s struggle.
If the Commission initiates ‘rightly investigate the truth’ based on the storytelling, ante-mortem data, public inquiry, public hearings, interrogation, exhumation, DNAs’ test, collection of structural facts, documents, evidences and testimonies from the victims, survivors, witnesses and complainants, it either faces acute financial-resource crises or human capitals. Almost all TRCs together with Liberia, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa and Uganda worked under low budget, lacked officials and experts, faced inadequate laws and regulations, infrastructures, and constraints of moral support. A few Commissions such as in Bolivia, Ecuador, Haiti, former Yugoslavia and Zimbabwe were disbanded (without their reports) before their tenures expired.
In some cases, the forefront leaders of the victims and their organizations who were or are manipulated by the alleged perpetrators try hard to defame the Commissioners calling them incompetent and unqualified. Such leaders often blame that the ‘Commission adopts perpetrator-centric investigation processes’. The victims who reside in the urban centers of the country often look upon self-opportunities including more relief and reparation supports, whereas countryside poor victims seek justice by means of finding out the ‘truth’ (either alive or dead) and whereabouts of their loved ones. Transitional justice has been a long neglected history owing to anarchical-powerful roles of the perpetrators and weak, poor, docile and silent nature of the victims. Moreover, victims and witnesses always feel insecure from the perpetrators if they tell the truth to the Commissions. On the other hand, they undergo uncertainty of how such politically motivated Commissions maintain secrecy of their statements and testimonies.
Thus, perpetrators influence all the mechanisms of concerned Government for ‘forgetting the victims to forgive the perpetrators’. Ironically, the perpetrators have received freedom, but the victims and survivors have been further victimized limiting their access to justice. As a counter effect, such trends generally propel the country to increase the culture of impunity.
Most of the Truth Commissions formed around the world did not follow proper Census Method of investigation. And no such Commissions reached all poor victims in the countryside. However, the Commission of Investigation on Enforced Disappeared Persons (CIEDP), Nepal tries hard to deliver World’s Best Model on transitional justice mechanism. Here are some reasons how the CIEDP is ensuring one of the best models. First, the CIEDP has collected complaints on enforced disappearances from 76 places including 75 district-based Local Peace Committees and one from its own Head Office. The complaint registration was opened in three phases (i) April 14 to August 10, 2016, (ii) March 24 to April 28, 2017, and (iii) February 13 to March 14, 2018. Second, it has already completed preliminary action and preliminary investigation of all creating individual file of each complaint registration.
Third, the CIEDP is, now leading the detailed investigation following networking tracking method or snow-ball techniques. The detailed investigation heads to several steps: (i) collecting additional information (wh-questions: what, where, when, why, how and by whom happened) on disappeared ‘loved-one’ as Storytelling from the complainant or key informant, filling the form of Ante-Mortem Data Collection and Reparation, and endowing the Statements from the concerned witness following Participant Observation. For these specific tasks, the Research Team from the CIEDP Headquarters is deployed to district headquarters and then complainant houses in the remote villages. The CIEDP is ensuring Census Method for all complaints registration. Fourth, it provides an ample opportunity of interrogation of all alleged perpetrators: ‘right to know’ and ‘right to defend’ purposes. Fifth, closed-opened and issue-wise public hearings will be held in near future. Sixth, emblematic exhumation including excavation will also be conducted. DNAs matching will also be carried out conducting DNA test of the degenerated remains and collecting reference samples from the concerned family members. Lastly, the final report with full recommendations for reparation and non-recurrence will be submitted to the Prime Minister of Nepal. And the complete name lists of the perpetrators will be handed down to the Attorney General to file the case at the Special Court to ensure accountability.
There are certain victim-centric norms to be an autonomous Commission. The principles of such Commission tend to be humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence. Such Commission needs to have more power to summon the alleged perpetrators, as well as high-ranking Government officials and leaders, to appear before the Commission for interrogation, to get inspection permission at the police custody or prisons, military barracks, to have lawful authority to confiscate structural facts and testimonies from the inspected houses or areas, to conduct exhumation without prior notice, to obtain official cooperation during the course to ensure security of entire proceedings including offices and officials, victims, survivors and witnesses (For the complete papers, please follow the link http://www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/wjssr/article/view/990/1142 or http://www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/wjssr/article/view/604 for English and language in https://nagariknews.com/news/46328/ for Nepali).
References:
A/HRC/17/48. June 6, 2011. Report of the independent, international commission of inquiry on Côte d’Ivoire. New York
A/RES/57/228 B. March 22, 2003. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly: 57/228. Khmer Rouge trials. United Nations
Abou-Zahr, Sawssan. July 10, 2017. The disappeared of Lebanon: the unfinished story of a finished war. Transconflict
Acirokop, Prudenc. 2012. “A truth commission for Uganda? Opportunities and challenges”. African Human Rights Law Journal, 12
Adams, Brad. November 23, 2011. “Khmer Rouge trial is failing Cambodian victims of Pol Pot’s regime”. The Guardian. London
Africa: Quest to Extradite Ethiopia’s Dictator Mengistu as Mugabe departs. Online Available in http://www.dw.com/en/quest-to-extradite-ethiopias-dictator-mengistu-as-mugabe-departs/a-41719005 (Accessed on March 15, 2018)
Ainley, Kirsten. 2014. “Transitional justice in Cambodia: the coincidence of power and principle”. Transitional justice in the Asia-Pacific. Cambridge University Press
Allier, E. October 2006. “The Peace Commission: A Consensus on the Recent Past in Uruguay?” European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 81
Amnesty International. May 1992. “DISAPPEARANCES” IN HONDURAS: A wall of silence and indifference. London
Aning, K. and Jaye, T. April 2011. “Liberia: A Briefing Paper on the TRC Report”. Occasional Paper (NO. 33). Kofi Annan International Peace Peacekeeping Training Center
Balkan Transitional Justice. January 29, 2018. Balkan States expected to sign Truth Commission Agreement. Online Available in http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/recom-announces-state-forming-agreement-soon-01-29-2018 (Accessed on July 21, 2018)
Bandi, Govinda P. Sharma. 2013. “Sangkramankalin Nyaya: AbaDharana, Upaya, Samrachana Tatha Nepalma Yesko Prayog (Transitional Justice: Concept, Solution, Stracture and Practice in Nepal)”. Transitional Justice in Nepal. Transitional Justice Law Committee and Nepal Bar Association
Bangladesh. July 20, 1973. International Crimes (Tribunals) Act, 1973. Dhaka
Basudev Dhungana, Dr. Sachche Kumar Pahadi, Prakash Kafle headed by Surya Bahadur Shakya
Beigbeder, Yves. 2011. Special Panels for Serious Crimes in East Timor – Now Timor- Leste. International Crimina. Tribunal, pp 109-124
Bobowik, Magdalena, Maitane Arnoso and Carlos Beristain. January 2015. The Commission of Truth and Justice in Paraguay: emotional experience in commemoration rituals and the perceived efficacy of the commission. ResearchGate
Buergenthal, T. October 1994. “The United Nations Truth Commission for El Salvador”. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 27(3)
Burgen, Stephen. July 12, 2018. Spain launches truth commission to probe Franco-era crimes. Barcelona: The Guardian
Case Information Sheet. August 17, 2017. Situation in the Republic of Mali: The Prosecutor v. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi. Hague: International Criminal Court
CAVR Chega! Report. 2015. The Report of the Timor-Leste Commission for Reception, Truth, and Reconciliation. KPG Gramedia
Coalition for RECOM. Online Available in http://recom.link/ (Accessed on February 2, 2018)
COHA. November 1, 2011. Forced Disappearances in Colombia. Washington
Commission of Inquiry into the Disappearance of People I. Online Available in www.usip.org/publications/1974/06/truth-commission-uganda-74 (Accessed on July 13, 2018)
Commission of Inquiry on Burundi. Online Available in http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIBurundi/Pages/CoIBurundi.aspx (Accessed on November 17, 2017)
Commission of Inquiry: Burundi. Online Available in https://www.usip.org/publications/1995/09/commission-inquiry-burundi (Accessed on July 23, 2017)
Commissions of Inquiry: Sri Lanka. Online Available in https://www.usip.org/publications/1995/01/commissions-inquiry-sri-lanka (November 21, 2017)
Country: Ivory Coast. Online Available in http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/un/commissionsofinquiries/countries/Ivory-coast-Commission-of-Inquiries1.pdf (Accessed on June 31, 2017)
Country: Ivory Coast. Online Available in http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/un/commissionsofinquiries/countries/Ivory-coast-Commission-of-Inquiries1.pdf (Accessed on June 31, 2017)
Crenzel, E. July 2008. “Argentina’s National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons: Contributions to Transitional Justice”. International Journal of Transitional Justice, Oxford Journals, 2(2)
Crenzel, E. July 2008. “Argentina’s National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons: Contributions to Transitional Justice”. International Journal of Transitional Justice, Oxford Journals, 2(2)
Cueva, Eduardo G. 2004. “The Contribution of the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission to Prosecutions”. Truth Commissions And Courts. Dordrecht: Springer
Custódio, R. April 2015. Final Report of the National Truth Commission: Wha now, Brazil? CONECTA
Czitrom, C. G. January 2002. Truth Commissions: An Uncertain Paths. CODEPU-Chile and APT-Switzerland
Czyzewski, K. 2011. “The truth and reconciliation commission of Canada: Insights into the goal of transformative education”. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 2(3), 4।
Daly, Kathleen. February 1, 2011. Reparation and Restoration. School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Griffith University
Denisa Kostovicova. July 20, 2018. Sitting on the fence: How the London summit exposed the inertia in the EU’s reconciliation policy for the Western Balkans. Department of Government at London School of Economics
Dibbert, Taylor. September 19, 2017. ‘Putting Sri Lanka’s Office of Missing Persons in Perspective’. The Diplomat
Dragovic-Soso, J. 2016. “History of a Failure: Attempts to Create a National Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1997-2006”. The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 10(2)
EAAF. 2002. Annual Report. Uruguay
Eckel, Mike. May 18, 2011. “Judges Rap Prosecutor at Khmer Rouge Trial”. Associated Press. Yahoo! News.
EWN. September 27, 2017. ICC: Former Ivory Coast President Gbagbo to Remain in Detention for Trial. Online Available in http://ewn.co.za/2017/09/27/icc-former-ivory-coast-president-gbagbo-to-remain-in-detention-for-trial (Accessed on December 11, 2017)
Farah, D. November 27, 2000. “Chad’s Torture Victims Pursue Habre in Court”. The Washington Post.
Final Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Involuntary Removal or Disappearance of Persons in the Western, Southern and Sabaragamuwa Provinces. September 1997. Seasonal Paper No. V – 1997
Flores, Chantal. September 3, 2017. Searching DNA: Identifying the Disappeared in Colombia. Al jazeera
Ghana National Reconciliation Commission. 2004. Final Report. Accra: Ghana Publishing Corporation
Government of Sri Lanka. November 17, 2017. Final Report on the Consultation Task Force on Reconciliation Mechanisms: Executive Summary and Recommendations. Colombo.
Grange, Jason le. July 2014. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Did it Failed to Resolve Conflict Between South Africans? California State University
Greiff, Pablo de. May 1, 2012. Special Rapporteur on the promotion of truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence. UNOHCHR
Greiff, Pablo de. Undated. Observations by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion of truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence: Sri Lanka continues to deprive itself of the benefits of Transitional Justice. Colombo
Hayner, P. 2011. Unspeakable truths, Transitional Justice and the Challenge of Truth Commissions. New York: Routledge
Hayner, Priscilla B. 2002. Unspeakable Truths: Facing the Challenge of Truth Commissions. New York: Routledge
Hayner, Priscilla B. 2011. Unspeakable Truths: Transitional Justice and Challenge of Truth Commissions. New York and London: Routledge
Hayner, Priscilla B. 2002. Unspeakable Truths: Facing the Challenge of Truth Commissions. New York: Routledge
Hazan, Pierre. 2004. Justice in a Time of War: The True Story Behind the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Texas: A and M University Press
Hibbitts, B. May 6, 2007. “Ecuador Launches Truth Commission to Investigate Past Rights Abuses”. Jurist
http://news.videonews.us/cambodian-judges-against-arresting-war-crimes-suspect-2633485.html (Accessed on Devember 10, 2017)
Human Rights Council 36th Session. September 11, 2017. Opening Statement by Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein: United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Geneva
Human Rights Watch. 2000. Sierra Leone Rebels Forcefully Recruit Child Soldiers. New York: Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch. 2018. Sri Lanka: Events of 2017. Washington
Human Rights Watch. April 1995. “Germany for Germans”: Xenophobia and Racist Violence in Germany. USA
Human Rights Watch. December, 1992. Bolivia: Almost Nine Years and Still No Verdict in the “Trials of Responsibility“. Washington
Human Rights Watch. November 2005. Equity and Reconciliation Commission. Washington
IACHR Hails El Salvador for Creating the National Commission on the Search for Disappeared Persons. Online Available in http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2017/150.asp (Accessed on May 18, 2018)
ICC‐01/11‐01/11. November 15, 2011. Pre-Trial Chamber I: Hague: International Criminal Court
ICC-OTP-BN-20070522-220-A_EN. May 22, 2007. Background: Situation in the Central African Republican. Hague: International Criminal Court
ICRC. July 1, 2016. Lebanon: Collection of biological samples renews hope for families of the missing. Beirut
ICTJ. 2010. Sierra Leone, UN Human Rights Council. New York
ICTJ. April 7, 2016. Mali’s Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission: Opening the War towards Suistainable Peace? New York
ICTJ. November 17, 2016. Revolutionary Truth: Tunisian Victims Make History of First Night on Public Hearings for TDC. New York
Ilic, Dejan. April 23, 2004. The Yugoslav Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Overcoming Cognative Blocks. Eurozone
Imtiaz, Zahrah. March 1, 2018. Saliya Peiris to head OMP Office. Telegraph News
Inheriting the Struggle for Truth. Online Available in https://www.ictj.org/gallery-items/lebanon-elsa (Accessed on March 20, 2018)
INSEC. August 2011. Enforced Disappearances in Nepal: A Brief Analysis. Kathmandu
Inside Justice. 2016. Maoist Shining Path Leader Abimael Guzmán Sentenced Again to Life. Online Available in http://www.insidejustice.com/intl/2006/10/20/peru_guzman/ (Accessed on September 21, 2017)
Institute for Security Studies. February 2015. The 2013 general elections in Kenya The integrity of the electoral process. Policy Brief 74
International Bar Association. 2005. Comments on Fiji’s Promotion of Reconciliation Tolerance and Unity Bill. London
International Center for Transitional Justice. August 2005. Accountability in Argentina: 20 Years Later, Transitional Justice Maintains Momentum. Case Study Series. New York
International Center for Transitional Justice. August 2005. Accountability in Argentina: 20 Years Later, Transitional Justice Maintains Momentum. New York
International Criminal Court. September 24, 2014. Situation in the Central African Republic II Article 53(1) Report: Executive Summary. Hague
International Criminal Court. Situation in Georgia. Online Available in https://www.icc-cpi.int/georgia (Accessed on March 17, 2018)
International Criminal Court. Undated. Situation in Darfur, the Sudan: Summary of the Case. Hague
International Criminal Court. Undated. Understanding the International Criminal Court. Hague
International Military Tribunal for the Far East. January 19, 1946. Special proclamation by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. Japan: Tokyo
IRIN, October 6, 2003. Central African Republic: Reconciliation commission recommends government shakeup. reliefweb
IRIN, October 6, 2003. Central African Republic: Reconciliation commission recommends government shakeup. reliefweb
Jeffery, R. 2017, January 7. “The Solomon Islands Truth and Reconciliation Commission Report: Forgiving the Perpetrators, Forgetting the Victims?” Transitional Justice in Practice. School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University
Kenya Transitional Justice Network. August 2013. Summary: Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission Report. Nairobi: Kenya Human Rights Commission and ICTJ
Kenya. 2013. Report of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission. Nairobi: Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission
Kirubaharan, S. V. May 6, 2017. “Is International Criminal Court Action Possible on Sri Lanka?” “The Sunday Leader“. Sri Lanka
Korbaria, Daniel Wedi. March 19, 2016.The Grand Inquisition of UN’s Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea. TesfaNews.
Laurea Tesi di. 2011-2012. Libya Before and After Gaddafi: An International Law Analysis. Universita Ca’Foscari Venezia
López, José Eduardo. April 2001. Honduras 20 years later: It is time for justice. London: Amnesty International.
Maccarty, Charles. September 25, 2015. Cambodian judges against arresting war crimes suspect. Online Available in
Martin, Bridgette. Occtober 2008. Secession and Statehood: The International Legal Status of Kosovo. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Laws (Honours) at the University of Otago, Dunedin
Martínez, M.M. Martín. 1996. National sovereignty and international organizations. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Mejia, Martin. December 25, 2017. “Thousands protest pardoning of Peru’s former President Alberto Fujimori”. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles
Migyirka, E. N. 2008. Truth and Reconciliation Commissions: A Comparative Study of South Africa, Ghana and Sierra Leone. Burg: European University
Migyirka, E. N. 2008. Truth and Reconciliation Commissions: A Comparative Study of South Africa, Ghana and Sierra Leone. Burg: European University
Mokhef, Mansouria. March 20, 2011. Gaddafi’s regime in relation to the Libyan tribes. Aljazeera Network
MPILux Working Paper 11. 2017. International Criminal Tribunal in Bangladesh. Luxembourg: Max Planck Institute
Nain, Yashasvi. March 24, 2018. Transitional Justice in Sri Lanka: From Denial to Delay. The Diplomat.
Naughton, E. 2014. Challenging the Conventional: Can Truth Commissions Strengthen Peace Processes? Finland: ICTJ, Kofi Annan Foundation and Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Ndungú, C. G. May 2014. Lessons to Be Learned: An Analysis of the Final Report of Kenya’s Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission. New York: International Center for Transitional Justice
News24. June 13, 2012. Should Mandela “apologize” before he dies? Online Available in http://www.news24.com/MyNews24/Should-Mandela-apologize-before-he-dies-20120613 (Accessed on April 16, 2017).
Ngarm, S.P. 2017. Cambodia Reconciliation: A Reflection on Justice and Reconciliation Issues and Challenges for the past 25 Years Post War – Peace and Reconciliation. Siem Reap: Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies
OAS. September 29, 2017. A Press Release on IACHR Hails El Salvador for Creating the National Commission on the Search for Disappeared Persons. Online Available in http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2017/150.asp (Accessed on July 21, 2018)
Omaha World Herald. November 21, 2017. Robert Mugabe resigns as Zimbabwe’s President after 37 years. Online Available in http://www.omaha.com/townnews/politics/robert-mugabe-resigns-as-zimbabwe-s-president-after-years/article_2b5b1afc-cedc-11e7-8746-97610b86341b.html (Accessed on March 15, 2018)
Outreach Programme on the Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations. March 12. The Justice and Reconciliation Process in Rwanda. Department of Public Information
Outreach Programme on the Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations. March 12. The Justice and Reconciliation Process in Rwanda. Department of Public Information
Outreach Programme on the Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations. March 22, 2012. The Truth and Reconciliation Process in Rwanda. United Nations
Panama: Truth Commission Delivers its Final Report on Victims of the 1968-1988 Military Regime. May 2, 2002. NotiCen: Central American and Caribbean Affairs
Paterson, Pat. January 2016. Transitional Justice in Colombia: Amnesty, Accountability, and the Truth Commission. William J. Perry Center for Hemespheric Defense Studies. National Defense University
Pathak, Bishnu. 2016. “World’s Disappearance Commissions: An Inhumanious Quest for Truth”. World Journal of Social Science Research. Vol. 3, No. 3
Pathak, Bishnu. 2017. “A Comparative Study of World’s Truth Commissions: From Madness to Hope”. World Journal of Social Science Research. Vol. 4, No. 3
Pathak, Bishnu. 2017. “A Comparative Study of World’s Truth Commissions: From Madness to Hope”. World Journal of Social Science Research. Vol. 4, No. 3
Pathak, Bishnu. August 29, 2015. Enforced Disappearance Commission: Truth, Justice and Reparation for Dignity. TRANSCEND Media Service
Pathak, Bishnu. May 18, 2015. Nepal’ Enforced Disappearance Commission: Roles of International Community. TRANSCEND Media Service
Pathak, Bishnu. October 1, 2013. “Origin and Development of Human Security”. International Journal of Social and Behavioural Sciences. Vol. 1(9), pp. 168-187
Perera, Jehan. March 14, 2018. Unofficial Truth Commission Shows Way For Government. Colombo Telegraph
Peru: Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Online Available in http://www.justiceinperspective.org.za/south-a-central-america/peru/truth-and-reconciliation-commission.html (Accessed on April 21, 2015)
Preshtina Insight. December 14, 2017. Kosovo President establishes Truth and Reconciliation Commission Preparatory Team. Kosovo
Qamili, Amire. December 14, 2017. Kosovo President Established Truth and Reconciliation Commission Preparatory Team. Prishtina Insight
QC, Steven Kay. October 13, 2010. Bangladesh War Crimes Tribunal A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing? London.
Quinn, J. (2009, August 18). “Haiti’s Failed Truth Commission: Lessons in Transitional Justice”. Journal of Human Rights, 8(3)
Reliwfweb. May 3, 2016. Victim’s Organizations urge to implement measures for the Disappeared. ABColombia.
Report of the Commission for Historical Clarification: Conclusions and Recommendations. 2017. Online Available in https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/357870/guatemala-memory-of-silence-the-commissio n-for.pdf (Accessed on May 27, 2017)
Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General. January 25, 2005. Geneva
Report of Conadep (National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons). 1984. Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires. Online Available in http://web.archive.org/web/20031004074316/nuncamas.org/english/library/nevagain/nevagain_001.htm
Reuters. December 4, 2009. First soldier convicted in Guatemala disappearances. Online Available in https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE5B30MT20091204 (Accessed on March 20, 2017)
Romeike, Sanya. Undated. Transitional Justice in Germany after 1945 and after 1990. International Nuremberg Principles Academy. 90403 Nuremberg
Samad, Abdus. April 29, 2016. “The International Crimes Tribunal in Bangladesh and International Law”. Criminal Law Forum, 27
Sarkin, J. August, 1999. “The Necessity and Challenges of Establishing a Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Rwanda”. Human Rights Quarterly, 21(3)
Sarkin, J. J., and Tetevi, D. April 4, 2017. The Togolese Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission: Lessons for Transitional Justice Processes Elsewhere. Peace and Conflict Studies, 24(1)
SC/8209. October 6, 2004. Security Council Stresses Importance, Urgency of Restoring Rule of Law in Post-Conflict Societies. New York: United Nations
Schabas, W. 2006. The UN International Criminal Tribunals: The Former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Sierra Leone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Searcey, D. May 30, 2016. “Hissène Habré, Ex-President of Chad, Convicted of War Crimes”. The New York Times. New York
Sierra Leone and The Truth and Reconciliation Commission for Liberia. Undated. New York: International Center for Transitional Justice. New York
Simons, Marlise and J. David Goodman. May 30, 2012. “Ex-Liberian Leader Gets 50 Years for War Crimes”. The New York Times
Sirleaf, M. (Undated). Regional Approach to Transitional Justice?: Examining the Special Court for Sierra Leone and The Truth and Reconciliation Commission for Liberia. New York: International Center for Transitional Justice.
Soendergaard, Maren. December 16, 2013. Colombia Reports: 45,000 missing persons in Colombia thought to be in mass graves. Online Available in https://colombiareports.com/38-child-bodies-found-mass-grave/ (Accessed on December 17, 2017)
Sothanarith, Kong. June 1, 2012. “Surprise Resignation of Judge Adds to Tribunal Woes”. Voice of America.
Special Court for Sierra Leone. Online Available in http://www.rscsl.org/ (Accessed on March 20, 2018)
Sri Lanka Monitoring and Accountability Panel. November 9, 2017. Thematic Report: An Alternative Roadmap to Victims’ Justice. MAP
Stappers Marlies and Thomas Unger Utrecht. July 16, 2018. How the Balkan Summit failed on Truth and Justice. Online Available in http://recom.link/how-the-balkans-summit-failed-on-truth-and-justice/ (Accessed on July 21, 2018)
Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools. 2008, June 11. Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. Ottawa, Ontario: Government of Canada.
Sverrisson, H. B. (2006, January). “Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Kosovo: A Window of Opportunity?” Peace, Conflict and Development, 8
Teitel, Ruti G. 2000. Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press
Thapa, S. 2017. A Dissertation for Master of Philosophy on the Peace Process and the TRC (Truth and Reconciliation Commission) in Nepal: A Comparative Study. Western Sydney University
Thapa, Tejshree. July 13, 2017. Sri Lank’s Difficult with Trust. Daily FT
The Balkans. Online Available in https://cmes.arizona.edu/sites/cmes.arizona.edu/files/1.%20The%20Balkans%20-%20PowerPoint%20overview.pdf (Accessed on February 2, 2018)
The Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe and The Legal Resource Foundation. October 2001. Breaking the Silence: Building the True Peace. Harare
The Center for Justice and Accoutability. Undated. Timor-Leste (East Timor): Crimes against Humanity Under Indonesian Occupasion. Online Available in http://cja.org/where-we-work/timor-leste-east-timor/ (Accessed on March 8, 2018)
The Colonels on Trial. August 11, 1975. Time Magazine. Online Available in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974 (Accessed on March 6, 2018)
The Conversion. March 1, 2017. Dealing with Hate: Can America’s Truth and Reconciliation Help? Online Available in http://theconversation.com/dealing-with-hate-can-americas-truth-and-reconciliation-commissions-help-73170 (Accessed on March 7, 2018)
The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. December 31, 1999. https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/SriLanka-Charter/S riLanka-Charter_AP-6-N-214-97.pdf (Accessed on May 21, 2017)
The Guardian. March 6, 2018. Sri Lanka declares state of emergency after communal violence. Online Available in https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/06/sri-lanka-declares-state-of-emergency-after-communal-violence (Accessed on July 22, 2018)
The Hindu. March 1, 2018. Sri Lanka appoints members to special office on missing persons India
The International Military Tribunal. 1947. Trial of the Major War Criminals. Germany: Nuremberg
The Japanese Times. January 9, 2015. Peru’s Fujimori convicted of corruption in fifth trial. Online Available in http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/01/09/world/crime-legal-world/perus-fujimori-convicted-corruption-fifth-trial/#.VTXDgCGqqko (Accessed on April 21, 2015)
The Missing in Colombia. Online Available in https://www.usip.org/publications/2016/07/colombias-peace-accord-missing (Accessed on March 2, 2018)
The Special Prosecution Process by the Office of the Special Prosecutor. Online Available in https://www.usip.org/publications/1993/01/special-prosecutors-office-ethiopia
The Telegraph. October 20, 2011. Follow our live blog on developments in Libya. Online Available in https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/libya-video/8716026/The-rise-and-fall-of-Colonel-Gaddafi-42-years-of-the-mad-dog-dictator.html (Accessed on March 1, 2018)
Theidon, K. S., and Laplante, L. J. 2007. “Truth with Consequences: Justice and Reparations in Post-Truth Commission Peru”. Human Rights Quarterly, 29
Tomuschat, Christian, Cotf, O. L. De., and Tala, A. B. February 1999. Guatemala: Memory of Silence
TRC Category 3: Amnesty. Online Available in http://truth.wwl.wits.ac.za/cat_descr.php?cat=3 (Accessed on May 1, 2017)
TRIAL. 2016. Truth Commission of El Salvador. Geneva.
TRIAL. February 12, 2016. Truth Commission in Uganda. Geneva
Truth and Justice Commission. Online Available in https://www.usip.org/publications/1996/09/truth-commission-ecuador-96 (Accessed on July 2, 2017)
Truth and Reconciliation Commission. 1998. A South African Report on Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Vol. 5., p. 304
Truth and Reconciliation Commission. 2005. Truth and Reconciliation: Activities of the Past Three Years. Seoul
Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Online Available in http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/un/commissionsofinquiries/countries/CAR-Commission-of-Inquiries.pdf (Accessed on March 1, 2018)
Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Online Available in reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/global-and-inclusive-agreement-transition-dr-congo-int er-congolese (March 1, 2018)
Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Activities of the Past Three Years. March 2009. Republic of Korea
Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Republic of Burundi. Online Availale in https://cvrburundi.bi/en/presentation/ (Accessed on November 17, 2017)
Truth Commission: Activities of the Past Three Years. March 2009. Republic of Korea
Truth Commission: Argentina. Online Available in https://www.usip.org/publications/1983/12/truth-commission-argentina
Truth Commission: Peru. Online Available in http://www.usip.org/publications/truth-commission-peru-01 (March 9, 2015)
Truth for Fiji. Online Available in https://www.truthforfiji.com/2017-jan-march.html (September 3, 2017)
UNDP. June 9, 2014. Tunisia launches Truth and Dignity Commission. New York
UNHR. 2014. Transitional Justice and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York and Geneva
United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. October 19, 2017. ICTY President Agius delivers final address to United Nations General Assembly. Hague
United Nations Mission in Kosovo. Online Available in https://unmik.unmissions.org/ (Accessed on December 13, 2018)
United States Institute for Peace. February 1, 1999. Truth Commission: Guatemala. Washington
United States Institute for Peace. February 1994. Ethiopia: Report of the Office of the Special Prosecutors. New York
United States Institute for Peace. November 20, 1998. Agreement on the establishment of the Commission to clarify past human rights violations and acts of violence that have caused the Guatemalan population to suffer. Washington
United States Institute of Peace. 1974. Commission of Inquiry into the Disappearances of People in Uganda. Washington
United States Institute of Peace. February 1, 2002. Truth Commission: Serbia and Montenegro. Washington
United States Institute of Peace. February 20, 2006. Truth Commission: Liberia. Washington
United States Institute of Peace. February 9, 2012. Mauritius: Truth and Justice Commission. Washington
United States Institute of Peace. February 9, 2012. Mauritius: Truth and Justice Commission. Washington
United States Institute of Peace. February, 2007. Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East-Timor. Washington
United States Institute of Peace. January 1, 1993. Special Prosecutors’ Office: Ethiopia. Washington
United States Institute of Peace. January 1, 1995. Commission of Inquiry: Sri Lanka. Washington
United States Institute of Peace. January 13, 2004. International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi: Final Report. Washington
United States Institute of Peace. January 13, 2004. International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi: Final Report. New York
United States Institute of Peace. July 1, 1995. Truth Commission: Germany 95. Washington
United States Institute of Peace. July 1, 2003. Truth Commission: Democratic Republic of Congo. Washington
United States Institute of Peace. June 30, 2974. Truth Commission: Uganda. Washington
United States Institute of Peace. May 1992. Truth Commission: Germany. Washington
United States Institute of Peace. October 1, 2000. Truth Commission: South Korea 2000. Washington
United States Institute of Peace. October 1982. Truth Commission. Washington
United States Institute of Peace. October 4, 2002. Report of the Chilean National Commission of Truth and Reconciliation. Washington
United States Institute of Peace. Posted on October 4, 2002. Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliatio. Washington
UNOHCHR. 2015. Commissions of Inquiry and Fact-Finding Missions on International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: Guidance and Practice. Geneva and New York
US Department of State. 2007. 2007 Country Report on Human Rights Practices of Paraguay. Washington
VOA. January 5, 2017. Sri Lankan Panel Backs Hybrid Courts for War Crimes. Asia: Associated Press
Voice of Eritrean Woman. October 30, 2016. Eritrea: Deconstructing the Commission of Inquiry’s Report. Online Available in https://stesfamariam.com/2016/10/30/eritrea-deconstructing-the-commission-of-inquirys-report/ (Accessed on March 9, 2018)
War Crimes Tribunals or Truth Commissions: Commissions of Inquiry. Online Available in https://extranet. creativeworldwide.com/CAIIStaff/Dashboard_GIROAdminCAIIStaff/Dashboard_CAIIAdminDatabase/resources/ghai/toolbox23.htm
Wielenga, Cori. February 2015. Peacebuilding in Burundi: Is a Truth and Reconciliation Commission the Answers? University of Pretoria
Yusuf, H. O. August 10, 2007. “Travails of Truth: Achieving Justice for Victims of Impunity in Nigeria”. The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1(2)
Yusuf, H. O. August 10, 2007. “Travails of Truth: Achieving Justice for Victims of Impunity in Nigeria”. The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1(2)
Zupan, N. 2006. Facing the Past and Transitional Justice in Countries of the Former Yugoslavia. Peacebuilding and Civil Society in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Zupan, N. 2006. Facing the Past and Transitional Justice in Countries of the Former Yugoslavia. Bosnia-Herzegovina: Peacebuilding and Civil Society
NOTES:[4]
[1] Comprising Saliya Peiris (head), Jayatheepa Punniyamoorthy, Major General Mohanti Antonette Peiris, Dr Sriyani Nimalka Fernando, Mirak Raheem, Sumanasiri Liyanage and Kanapathipillai Venthan as members
[2] two from the Office of the President, one from the Government, one from the Assembly, and five from civil society
[3] a contemporary of Hitler and Mussolini
[4] http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIEritrea/Pages/commissioninquiryonhrinEritrea.aspx
________________________________________________________
Bishnu Pathak is a Senior Commissioner, Commission of Investigation on Enforced Disappeared Persons, Kathmandu, Nepal. Pathak is a Ph.D. holder in conflict management and human rights, president and director of the Conflict Study Center. He is a Board Member of TRANSCEND International for Nepal and also a BM of the TRANSCEND Peace University. Besides writing the book Politics of People’s War and Human Rights in Nepal, he has published a number of research articles on issues related to Human Rights, UN, Security, Peace, Civil-Military Relations, Community Policing, and Federalism. E-mail: pathakbishnu@gmail.com
This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 30 Jul 2018.
Anticopyright: Editorials and articles originated on TMS may be freely reprinted, disseminated, translated and used as background material, provided an acknowledgement and link to the source, TMS: World’s Transitional Justice Ironically Ensures Freedom to the Perpetrators Further Limiting Justice to the Victims, is included. Thank you.
If you enjoyed this article, please donate to TMS to join the growing list of TMS Supporters.
This work is licensed under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License.
Thank you for sharing Professor Pathak
I have copied your valuable Executive Summary and gone through. I have learned and noted properly.
Thanks.
Thank you for sharing this paper. Do keep us informed about your work too as always.
All the best.
Glad to see your article appear on Transcend Media Service. Congratulations!
Thanks very much dear Bishnu !
Thank you for sharing your article.
Congratulations for the 125th publication.
I will circulate it to the relevant recipients.
Thank you, Prof Pathak for kindly sharing your Transcend article on transitional justice. While you mention that the Nepal approach to the issue of disappeared would be a model one by world standard, the problem is that the whole process is taking too long a time. It would make less sense if Prachanda and co. were to be tried when they are at their deathbed due to oldage like Cambodia’s Pol Pot. It is so painful to see that he is living such a life in luxury that came his way from the blood of 18,000 innocent human being whom they slaughtered on their way to power. Besides, they have had Indian enablers. Without the latter they would never have been able to perpetrate that atrocity.The scope of our TJ approach does not seem to extend that far. If this deficiency is the rest of the international template of TJ prescribed to Nepal, steps should be taken at the international level to get it further enriched. The known Indians, SD Muni, Gen Mehta, Yechury, Shaym Saran,and of course, the then PM Bajpai should all be drawn to stand trail. That alone would befit the essence of the term, Justice.
Thank you for sharing!
Enjoyed it!
Congratulations on such a fine written articulation!
Many thanks for another fine paper.
I continue to appreciate your research and efforts.
Warmest regards my friend
Thanks . Received your article and read with interest. However, the problem is that the references are more than one full article. Can you ignore it and send me a photo of yours so that we can be of some help to you if you so desire?
And let me have a chance to , if you can, know about you and your expertise sir?
Satya stands for benevolent truth when words do not camouflage or shroud truth and justice for vested interests. We live in the age of disclosure to bring about a new governance of benevolent leadership… one has to adopt the old/ false/imperialistic or the real/benevolent/new thing not to stand as a hypocrite serving with self interest… The field of politics has not yet demonstrated justice and benevolence… humanity is getting impatient…
Thank you so much to you ALL