This Week in History
HISTORY, 9 Oct 2023
Satoshi Ashikaga - TRANSCEND Media Service
9-15 October 2023
Quote of the Week:
“Once you make a decision, the universe conspires to make it happen.”
— Ralph Waldo Emerson
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9 October
1446 The Hangul alphabet is published in Korea.
1594 Troops of the Portuguese Empire are defeated on Sri Lanka, bringing an end to the Campaign of Danture.
1604 Kepler’s Supernova is the most recent supernova to be observed within the Milky Way.
1740 Dutch colonists and Javanese natives begin a massacre of the ethnic Chinese population in Batavia, eventually killing at least 10,000.
1760 Seven Years’ War: Russian and Austrian troops briefly occupy Berlin.
1806 Prussia begins the War of the Fourth Coalition against France.
1802 Guayaquil declares independence from Spain.
1874 The Universal Postal Union is created by the Treaty of Bern.
1900 The Cook Islands become a territory of the United Kingdom.
1914 World War I: The Siege of Antwerp comes to an end.
1941 A coup in Panama declares Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango the new president.
1950 The Goyang Geumjeong Cave massacre in Korea begins.
1962 Uganda becomes an independent Commonwealth realm.
1966 Vietnam War: the Republic of Korea Army commits the Binh Tai Massacre.
1967 A day after his capture, Ernesto “Che” Guevara is executed for attempting to incite a revolution in Bolivia. Che Guevara Executed
- The Death of Che Guevara: U.S. declassified documents
- The Execution of Ernesto “Che” Chevara – YouTube
- Legacy of Che Guevara
1980 Pope John Paul II greets the Dalai Lama during a private audience in Vatican City.
1981 President François Mitterrand abolishes capital punishment in France.
2006 North Korea conducts its first nuclear test.
[1] North Korean Nuclear Program:
- Timeline of the North Korean nuclear program
- North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
- North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons and Missile Programs
- Wh Korea went nuclear
- Chronology of U.S.-North Korean Nuclear and Missile Diplomacy, 1985-2022
[2] Rumsfeld and North Korea:
[3] Investment to Natural Resource Rich North Korea:
- North Korea: Oil and Gas Superpower? (Wha?)
- Investing in resource-rich North Korea seems like a good idea
- I’d “Definitely” Invest in North Korea
- Foreign Investment | North Korea in the World
- Kim Jong Un pursues this energy strategy to keep North Korea afloat
- Mining in North Korea
- North Korea is sitting on $6 trillion in mineral resources
- North Korea: Oil and Gas Superpower? (Wha?)
- NORTH KOREA AND SEABED PETROLEUM
- North-Koreas-Exploration-for-Oil-and-Gas.
2007 The Dow Jones Industrial Average reaches its all-time high of 14,164 points before rapidly declining due to the 2007-2008 financial crises.
[1] Financial/Economic Crisis:
- Financial Crisis of 2007–2009: Why Did It Happen and What Did We Learn? | The Review of Corporate Finance Studies
- The Global Consequences of a Financial Crisis
[2] Financial Crisis and War/Conflict:
- Financial Crisis and War by Harold James
- Ukraine war’s surprising links to the 2008 financial crisis – and the parallels with 1939
- Here’s why the Iraq War may have helped trigger the financial crisis
- “Evidence outlined in a Pentagon contractor report suggests that financial subversion carried out by unknown parties, such as terrorists or hostile nations, contributed to the 2008 economic crash…”
- THE ECONOMIC CRISIS, VIOLENT CONFLICT, AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
- “When the world economy is in turmoil, the multilateral trading system can contribute to stability. Some would argue that this can even contribute to international peace. History is littered with examples of trade disputes escalating into armed conflict.”
- A Recession Won’t Stop America’s Reckless Military Spending
- The next economic crisis could cause a global conflict. Here’s why
2012 Pakistani Taliban attempt to assassinate outspoken schoolgirl Malala Yousafzai.
2016 The Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army launches its first attack on Myanmar security forces along the Bangladesh–Myanmar border.
2019 Turkey begins its military offensive in north-eastern Syria.
[1] Turkey and North-Eastern Syria:
- Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
- Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)
- Order of battle for the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
[2] Turkish Invasion and Kurds:
- Turkish occupation of northern Syria
- Notes and quotes on the eve of the invasion: Turkey, eastern Syria, the SDF and the US | Seth J. Frantzman – author – analyst
- Why Turkey wants to invade the Kurdish region in north-eastern Syria
- Turkey’s Syria offensive explained in four maps
- Turkey unleashes airstrikes against Kurds in north-east Syria
- Turkey’s relationship with NATO tested over Syria operation
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10 October
1631 Thirty Years’ War: An army of the Electorate of Saxony seizes Prague.
1868 The Ten Years’ War begins against Spanish rule in Cuba.
1903 The Women’s Social and Political Union is founded in support of the enfranchisement of British women.
1938 Abiding by the Munich Agreement, Czechoslovakia completes its withdrawal from the Sudetenland.
1963 The Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty comes into effect.
1967 The Outer Space Treaty comes into force.
- Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies
- Full Text of the Treaty:
- UNITED NATIONS TREATIES AND PRINCIPLES ON OUTER SPACE
1980 The Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front is founded in El Salvador.
2002 Iraq War: The United States Congress approves the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002.
[1] Iraq War of 2002:
- Timeline of the Iraq War
- Timeline 2002-2011: Notable events in Iraq
- The 2002 Iraq AUMF: What It Is and Why Congress Should Repeal It | Friends Committee On National Legislation
[2] Iraq War and Its Justification:
- “What is the 2001 AUMF and what does it have to do with 9/11? From the invasion of Afghanistan, to the Iraq War, and more, learn how the United States justified U.S. counterterrorism policy for over two decades.”
- House repeals 2002 Iraq War authorization
- 2003 invasion of Iraq
- United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War
- Rationale for the Iraq War
- Congress Members Who Voted Against the 2002 Iraq War
- International reactions to the prelude to the Iraq War – Wikipedia
[3] Protests Against the Iraq War:
[4] Behind the Iraq War:
- The Uranium Hoax that Triggered the Iraq War (spyscape.com)
- Plame affair
- “The Niger uranium forgeries were forged documents initially released in 2001 by SISMI(the former military intelligence agency of Italy), which seem to depict an attempt made by Saddam Hussein in Iraq to purchase yellowcake uranium powder from Niger.”
- The Senate Has Finally Voted to End the Iraq War
2009 Armenia and Turkey sign the Zurich Protocols, intended to normalize relations. However, they are never ratified by either side.
2010 The Netherlands Antilles are dissolved as a country.
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11 October
1142 A peace treaty ends the Jin–Song wars.
1899 The Second Boer War erupts in South Africa between the British-ruled Cape Colony, and the Boer-ruled Transvaal and Orange Free State.
1906 San Francisco sparks a diplomatic crisis between the United States and Japan by ordering segregated schools for Japanese students.
1912 First Balkan War: The day after the Battle of Sarantaporo, Greek troops liberate the city of Kozani.
1942 World War II: Off Guadalcanal, United States Navy ships intercept and defeat a Japanese force.
1944 The Tuvan People’s Republic is annexed by the Soviet Union.
1954 In accord with the 1954 Geneva Conference, French troops complete their withdrawal from North Vietnam.
1961 The 1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement is held in Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia, resulting in the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement.
1962 The Second Vatican Council (Vatican II) becomes the first ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church in 92 years.
[1] Vatican II: Its Significance and Summary:
- Why Is Vatican II So Important?
- What Is The Second Vatican Council? And, Why Did It Create Controversy?
- Second Vatican Council summary
- Library : A Summary and Guide to the Documents of the Second Vatican Council
[2] Vatican II in the Cold War Era:
- Espionage and the Catholic Church from the Cold War to the Present
- Religion and the Cold War
- The Vatican, Italy and the Cold War
- DISPLACED PERSONS AND THE VATICAN. A COLD WAR HISTORY
[3] Vatican II and Unpublished Condemnations of Communism:
- Why Did Vatican II Ignore Communism?
- Vatican II’s lost condemnations of communism revealed to public for first time
- Vatican II’s Unpublished Condemnations of Communism
[4] CIA Behind Vatican II:
- The CIA Plan for the Destruction of the Church, June 29, 1953.
- How the CIA ideologically outmaneuvered the Catholic Church at the Second Vatican Council
- CIA: The Power Behind the Vatican II Revolution in the Catholic Church. Declassified Document Tells of Plan to “Break down DOCTRINAL THOUGHT PATTERNS, which have provided an intellectual basis for Communism and OTHER DOCTRINES HOSTILE TO AMERICAN AND FREE WORLD OBJECTIVES.” This, along with the two other declassified documents we have provided, demonstrate who was interested in a NewChurch with NewReligion Americanist Doctrines.
- Vatican II and CIA Propaganda with David A. Wemhoff – YouTube
- What the CIA targeted for destruction at Vatican II
- Doctrinal Warfare, the CIA, and the Colonizing of the Catholic Mind
- Vatican 2, Geopolitics, the CIA & the Jesuits
[5] CIA, Sister Lucy and Vatican II:
- Did the CIA replace Sister Lucy, to enable their Vatican II take-down of the Church?
- THE VATICAN’S TOP SECRET: The substitution of Sr. Lucy at the Request of the CIA
- The Vatican’s Top Secret: The Disappearance and Replacement of Sister Lucia of Fatima
- Lucy of Fatima and the Woman who Replaced Her: The ‘Sister Lucy Truth’ Project Explained
[6] Vatican II, CIA, Liberation Theology, and KGB:
- Liberation Theology, the CIA, and the Vatican: A New Direction for Latin America?
- Liberation Theology and Vatican II – Shalom/Salaam/Peace
- LIBERATION THEOLOGY: A PRODUCT OF THE COLD WAR
- Liberation Theology: Soviet Plant or Native Weed, It’s Poisonous
- Communist Defector Says KGB Created “Liberation Theology”
- Former Soviet spy: We created Liberation Theology
- LIBERATION THEOLOGY AND THE SOVIET UNION
1986 Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Iceland to continue discussions about scaling back IRBM arsenals in Europe.
- Reagan and Gorbachev: The Reykjavik Summit – Nuclear Museum
- The Reykjavik File: Previously Secret U.S. and Soviet Documents on the 1986 Reagan-Gorbachev Summit
- “A subsequent meeting in 1986 started with high hopes for an agreement, but the discussions broke down…when Gorbachev linked the issue of the elimination of U.S. and Soviet INF…”
- Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
- Gorbachev did not end the Cold War alone — the West won
1987 Start of Operation Pawan by Indian forces in Sri Lanka. Thousands of civilians, insurgents, soldiers die.
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12 October
539BC The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon, ending the Babylonian empire. (Julian calendar)
1848 War of Jenkins’ Ear: A British squadron wins a tactical victory over a Spanish squadron off Havana.
1798 Flemish and Luxembourgish peasants launch the rebellion against French rule known as the Peasants’ War.
1822 Pedro I of Brazil is proclaimed the emperor.
1917 World War I: The First Battle of Passchendaele takes place resulting in the largest single-day loss of life in New Zealand history.
1944 World War II: The Axis occupation of Athens comes to an end.
1960 Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev pounds his shoe on a desk at the United Nations to protest a Philippine assertion.
1970 Vietnam War: Vietnamization continues as President Richard Nixon announces that the United States will withdraw 40,000 more troops before Christmas.
- Vietnam War Timeline – Lead-Up, Battles & Deaths
- 1970 in the Vietnam War
- THE U.S. ARMY IN VIETNAM FROM TET TO THE FINAL WITHDRAWAL, 1968-1975
- S. Withdraws From Vietnam
1971 The 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire begins.
1977 Hua Guofeng succeeds Mao Zedong as paramount leader of China.
1983 Japan’s former Prime Minister Tanaka Kakuei is found guilty of taking a $2 million bribe from the Lockheed Corporation, and is sentenced to four years in jail.
1984 The Provisional Irish Republican Army fail to assassinate Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her cabinet. The bomb kills five people and wounds 31.
1999 Pervez Musharraf takes power in Pakistan from Nawaz Sharif through a bloodless coup.
2002 Terrorists detonate bombs in two nightclubs in Kuta, Bali, Indonesia, killing 202 and wounding over 300.
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13 October
1307 Hundreds of the Knights Templar in France are arrested at dawn by King Philip the Fair, and later confess under torture to heresy.
1793 French Revolutionary Wars: Austro-Prussian victory over Republican France at the First Battle of Wissembourg.
1812 War of 1812: Sir Isaac Brock’s British and native forces repel an invasion of Canada by General Rensselaer‘s United States forces.
1821 The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire is publicly proclaimed.
1843 In New York City, B’nai B’rith, the oldest Jewish service organization in the world, is founded.
1881 First known conversation in modern Hebrew by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda and friends.
1915 First World War: The Battle of the Hohenzollern Redoubt marks the end of the Battle of Loos.
1917 The “Miracle of the Sun” is witnessed by an estimated 70,000 people in the Cova da Iria in Portugal.
1921 Soviet republics sign the Treaty of Kars to formalize the borders between Turkey and the South Caucasus states.
1943 World War II: Marshal Pietro Badoglio announces that Italy has officially declared war on Germany.
1990 Syrian forces attack free areas of Lebanon, removing General Michel Aoun from the presidential palace.
- War of Elimination (1990, Lebanon)
- Timeline of the Lebanese Civil War From 1975-1990
- Lebanese Civil War
- “The conflict culminated on 13 October 1990, when the Syrian Armystormed Baabda Palace and other strongholds of Aoun, killing hundreds of Lebanese soldiers and civilians and ousting Aoun, marking the end of the Lebanese Civil War.”
2016 The Maldives announces its decision to withdraw from the Commonwealth of Nations.
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14 October
1322 Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at the Battle of Old Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland’s independence
1758 Seven Years’ War: Frederick the Great suffers a rare defeat at the Battle of Hochkirch.
1805 War of the Third Coalition: A French corps defeats an Austrian attempt to escape encirclement at Ulm.
1806 War of the Fourth Coalition: Napoleon decisively defeats Prussia at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt.
1915 World War I: Bulgaria joins the Central Powers.
1920 Finland and Soviet Russia sign the Treaty of Tartu, exchanging some territories.
1933 Germany withdraws from the League of Nations and World Disarmament Conference.
1943 World War II: The Second Philippine Republic, a puppet state of Japan, is inaugurated with José P. Laurel as its president.
1952 Korean War: The Battle of Triangle Hill is the biggest and bloodiest battle of 1952.
- Korean War – Causes, Timeline & Veterans
- Korean War | Combatants, Summary, Years, Map, Casualties, & Facts
1962 The Cuban Missile Crisis begins when an American reconnaissance aircraft takes photographs of Soviet ballistic missiles being installed in Cuba.
[1] Cuban Missile Crisis:
- Cuban Missile Crisis – Causes, Timeline & Significance
- Key Moments in the Cuban Missile Crisis
- Cuban missile crisis: 3 key facts you may have missed in history class
- JFK’s Address on Cuban Missile Crisis Shocks Nation
- The Cuban Missile Crisis in pictures, 1962 – Rare Historical Photos
[2] Heroes in the Cuban Missile Crisis:
1981 Vice President Hosni Mubarak is elected as the President of Egypt, one week after the assassination of Anwar Sadat.
1982 U.S. President Ronald Reagan proclaims a War on Drugs.
[1] Reagan’s War on Drugs:
[2] War on Drugs in the Structural Racism:
- The war on drugs is built on racism. It’s time to decolonise drug policies.
- The War on Drugs, Racial Meanings, and Structural Racism: A Holistic and Reproductive Approach
- Racist Roots of the War on Drugs – The War on Drugs: History, Policy, and Therapeutics – Research Guides and Class Pages at Dominican University
- Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference: Suppressing the Black Male Vote: Ronald Reagan and the War on Drugs
- The War on Drugs as Structural Racism
- Michelle Alexander: “A System of Racial and Social Control”
- Racism in the War on Drugs
- Race, Mass Incarceration, and the Disastrous War on Drugs
2015 A suicide bomb attack in Pakistan kills at least seven people and injures 13 others.
2017 A massive truck bombing in Somalia kills 358 people and injures more than 400 others.
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15 October
1529 The Siege of Vienna ends when Austria routs the invading Ottoman forces, ending its European expansion.
1582 Adoption of the Gregorian calendar begins, eventually leading to near-universal adoption.
1783 The Montgolfier brothers‘ hot air balloon makes the first human ascent, piloted by Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier.
1793 Queen Marie Antoinette of France is tried and convicted of treason.
1815 Napoleon begins his exile on Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.
1944 World War II: Germany replaces the Hungarian government after Hungary announces an armistice with the Soviet Union
1965 Vietnam War: A draft card is burned during an anti-war rally by the Catholic Worker Movement, resulting in the first arrest under a new law.
[1] U.S. Conscription During the Vietnam War Era:
- The Military Draft During the Vietnam War
- Vietnam: Draft Resistance
- Statement on Registration and Conscription for Military Service
- The Military Draft During the Vietnam War · Exhibit · Resistance and Revolution: The Anti-Vietnam War Movement at the University of Michigan, 1965-1972
- Draft evasion in the Vietnam War
[2] Protest Against the Vietnam War:
- The US Anti-Vietnam War Movement (1964-1973)
- Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
- The Vietnam War Protests and the Antiwar Movement
- “Fearful of being labeled a Communist, which would diminish the impact of his civil rights work, [Martin Luther] King tempered his criticism of U.S. policy in Vietnam through late 1965 and 1966.”
- What were the origins of the Vietnam anti-war movement? – YouTube
- List of protests against the Vietnam War
- Protest Music of the Vietnam War
- The Cruel War – Vietnam War Mantage – Peter, Paul & Mary (3:26) YouTube
1979 A coup d’état in El Salvador overthrows President Carlos Humberto Romero and begins the 12 year-long Salvadoran Civil War
1987 A coup d’état in Burkina Faso overthrows and kills then President Thomas Sankara.
1991 The leaders of the Baltic States, Arnold Rüütel of Estonia, Anatolijs Gorbunovs of Latvia and Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania, signed the OSCE Final Act in Helsinki, Finland.
1994 The United States, under the Clinton administration, returns Haiti’s first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, to the island.
[1] Clinton Administration and Haiti in 1994:
- HAITI 1994: THE FORGOTTEN INTERVENTION
- BILL CLINTON’S INVASION OF HAITI IN 1994
- “The World Was Tired of Haiti”: The 1994 U.S. Intervention
- “Operation Uphold Democracy was a military intervention designed to remove the military regime installed by the 1991 Haitian coup d’état that overthrew the elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide.”
[2] Haiti After 1994:
- Why Haiti’s Such a Mess (And Why Bill Clinton Was So Wrong to Prop Up Aristide)
- Bill Clinton Once Enjoyed a Bright Legacy in Haiti. Then the 2010 Earthquake Struck
2016 One hundred and ninety-seven nations amend the Montreal Protocol to include a phase-out of hydrofluorocarbons.
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Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment. Having worked as researcher, development program/project officer, legal protection/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life. His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, constantly remind him of the invaluableness of peace.
Tags: History
This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 9 Oct 2023.
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