This Week in History

HISTORY, 30 Nov 2015

Satoshi Ashikaga - TRANSCEND Media Service

TWH logo history

Nov 30–Dec 6

QUOTE OF THE WEEK:

“The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.” – Mahatma Gandhi

NOVEMBER 30

2012  An Ilyushin Il-76 cargo plane belonging to Aéro-Service, crashes into houses near Maya-Maya Airport during a thunderstorm, killing at least 32 people.

2005  John Sentamu becomes the first black archbishop in the Church of England with his enthronement as the 97th Archbishop of York.

2004  Lion Air Flight 538 crash lands in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia, killing 26.

1999  British Aerospace and Marconi Electronic Systems merge to form BAE Systems, Europe’s largest defense contractor and the fourth largest aerospace firm in the world.

BAE Systems:

Defense Industry:

Military-Industrial Complex or Military -Congressional Complex:

Eisenhower’s Farewell Address on the Military-Industrial Complex:

1999  In Seattle, United States, demonstrations against a World Trade Organization meeting by anti-globalization protesters catch police unprepared and force the cancellation of opening ceremonies.

World Trade Organization:

Globalization:

History of Globalization:

The End of Globalization? :

1998  US President Bill Clinton visits Northern Ireland and speaks in favor of the “Northern Ireland peace process” to a huge rally at Belfast City Hall. He calls terrorists “yesterday’s men”.

1995  US President Bill Clinton visits Northern Ireland and speaks in favor of the “Northern Ireland peace process” to a huge rally at Belfast City Hall. He calls terrorists “yesterday’s men”.

1993  US President Bill Clinton signs the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (the Brady Bill) into law.

1989  Deutsche Bank board member Alfred Herrhausen is killed by a Red Army Faction terrorist bomb.

1988  UN General Assembly (151-2) censures US for refusing PLO’s Arafat visa.

Refusal of Arafat’s Visa by the US Department of State:

Arguments on the Refusal of Arafat’s Visa:

Yasser Arafat:

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO):

History of the PLO:

1982  Michael Jackson‘s second solo album, Thriller is released worldwide. It will become the best-selling record album in history.

1982  USSR performs nuclear test.

[Note that although both OnThisDay.com on November 30 and Brainy History on November 30 indicate this USSR’s nuclear test, 1979 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia does not mention it at all.]

1981  Cold War: In Geneva, representatives from the United States and the Soviet Union begin to negotiate intermediate-range nuclear weapon reductions in Europe. (The meetings end inconclusively on December 17.)

1979  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1972  Vietnam War: White House Press Secretary Ron Ziegler tells the press that there will be no more public announcements concerning American troop withdrawals from Vietnam because troop levels are now down to 27,000.

1972 in the Vietnam War:

1971  Iran seizes the Greater and Lesser Tunbs from the United Arab Emirates.

1969  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

For some more pertinent information, see “1979 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR”, mentioned above.

1967  Pro-Soviet communists in the Philippines establish Malayang Pagkakaisa ng Kabataan Pilipino as its new youth wing.

1967  The Pakistan Peoples Party is founded by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who becomes its first chairman.

1967  The People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen becomes independent from the United Kingdom.

Yemen:

Foreign Relations of Yemen:

History of Yemen:

Economy of Yemen:

1966  Barbados becomes independent from the United Kingdom.

1954  In Sylacauga, Alabama, United States, the Hodges meteorite crashes through a roof and hits a woman taking an afternoon nap. This is the only documented case in the Western Hemisphere of a human being hit by a rock from space.

1953  Edward Mutesa II, the kabaka (king) of Buganda is deposed and exiled to London by Sir Andrew Cohen, Governor of Uganda.

1947  1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine begins, leading up to the creation of the state of Israel.

1942  World War II: Battle of Tassafaronga; A smaller squadron of Japanese destroyers led by Raizō Tanaka defeats a US cruiser force under Carleton H. Wright.

1936  Winter War: Soviet forces cross the Finnish border in several places and bomb Helsinki and several other Finnish cities, starting the war.

1916  Costa Rica signs the Buenos Aires Convention, a copyright treaty.

1853  Crimean War: Battle of Sinop – The Imperial Russian Navy under Pavel Nakhimov destroys the Ottoman fleet under Osman Pasha at Sinop, a sea port in northern Turkey.

Battle of Sinop:

Crimean War:

Timeline of Crimean War:

History of Crimea:

1803  In New Orleans, Spanish representatives officially transfer the Louisiana Territory to a French representative. Just 20 days later, France transfers the same land to the United States as the Louisiana Purchase.

1786  The Grand Duchy of Tuscany, under Pietro Leopoldo I, becomes the first modern state to abolish the death penalty (later commemorated as Cities for Life Day).

 

 

DECEMBER 1

Today is the WORLD AIDS DAY

2013  China launches Yutu or Jade Rabbit, its first lunar rover, as part of the Chang’e 3 lunar exploration mission.

2009  The Treaty of Lisbon, which amends the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, which together comprise the constitutional basis of European Union, comes into effect.

2001  Captain Bill Compton brings Trans World Airlines Flight 220, an MD-83, into St Louis International Airport bringing to an end 76 years of TWA operations following TWA’s purchase by American Airlines.

1997  In the Indian state of Bihar, Ranvir Sena attacked the CPI(ML) Party Unity stronghold Lakshmanpur-Bathe, killing 63 lower caste people.

1991  Cold War: Ukrainian voters overwhelmingly approve a referendum for independence from the Soviet Union.

1990  Channel Tunnel sections started from the United Kingdom and France meet 40 metres beneath the seabed.

1989  Cold War: East Germany‘s parliament abolishes the constitutional provision granting the Communist Party the leading role in the state.

1989  USSR Pres Mikhail S Gorbachev meets Pope John Paul II at the Vatican.

1989  Philippine coup attempt: The right-wing military rebel Reform the Armed Forces Movement attempts to oust Philippine President Corazon Aquino in a failed bloody coup d’état.

1988  Benazir Bhutto is appointed Prime Minister of Pakistan.

1984  NASA conducts the Controlled Impact Demonstration, wherein an airliner is deliberately crashed in order to test technologies and gather data to help improve survivability of crashes.

1981  Inex-Adria Aviopromet Flight 1308, a McDonnell Douglas MD-80, crashes in Corsica, killing all 180 people on board.

1978  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

1976  Angola joins the United Nations.

Independence of Angola:

Angola:

Foreign Relations of Angola:

Angola and the United Nations:

History of Angola:

Economy of Angola:

1974  TWA Flight 514, a Boeing 727, crashes northwest of Dulles International Airport, killing all 92 people on board.

1973  Papua New Guinea gains self-governance from Australia.

1971  Cambodian Civil War: Khmer Rouge rebels intensify assaults on Cambodian government positions, forcing their retreat from Kompong Thmar and nearby Ba Ray.

1969  Vietnam War: The first draft lottery in the United States is held since World War II.

1965  India’s Border Security Force is established.

1964  Malawi, Malta and Zambia join the United Nations.

1964  Vietnam War: US President Lyndon B Johnson and his top-ranking advisers meet to discuss plans to bomb North Vietnam.

1959  Cold War: Opening date for signature of the Antarctic Treaty, which sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and bans military activity on the continent.

1958  The Our Lady of the Angels School fire in Chicago kills 92 children and three nuns.

1958  The Central African Republic attains self-rule within the French Union.

1955  American Civil Rights Movement: In Montgomery, Alabama, seamstress Rosa Parks refuses to give up her bus seat to a white man and is arrested for violating the city’s racial segregation laws, an incident which leads to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

1941  World War II: Fiorello La Guardia, Mayor of New York City and Director of the Office of Civilian Defense, signs Administrative Order 9, creating the Civil Air Patrol.

1941  World War II: Emperor Hirohito of Japan gives the final approval to initiate war against the United States.

1934  In the Soviet Union, Politburo member Sergey Kirov is shot dead by Leonid Nikolaev at the Communist Party headquarters in Leningrad.

1919  The first issue of Diário de Noite is published from Goa.

1919  Lady Astor becomes the first female Member of Parliament to take her seat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. (She had been elected to that position on November 28.)

1918  The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is proclaimed.

1918  The Kingdom of Iceland becomes a sovereign state, yet remains a part of the Danish kingdom.

1918  Transylvania unites with the Kingdom of Romania, following the incorporation of Bessarabia (March 27) and Bukovina (November 28), thus concluding the Great Union.

History of Transylvania:

1913  Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the First Balkan War, is annexed by Greece.

Crete Autonomous Government:

History of Crete:

Balkan Wars:

First Balkan War:

1913  The Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line.

1913  The Buenos Aires Metro, the first underground railway system in the Southern Hemisphere and in Latin America, begins operation.

1885  First serving of the soft drink Dr Pepper at a drug store in Waco, Texas.

1865  Shaw University, the first historically black university in the southern United States, is founded in Raleigh, North Carolina.

1864  Great Fire of Brisbane

1862  In his State of the Union Address President Abraham Lincoln reaffirms the necessity of ending slavery as ordered ten weeks earlier in the Emancipation Proclamation.

1834  Slavery is abolished in the Cape Colony in accordance with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.

Slavery in the Cape Colony:

History of the Cape Colony:

1828  Argentine general Juan Lavalle makes a coup against governor Manuel Dorrego, beginning the Decembrist revolution.

1826  French philhellene Charles Nicolas Fabvier forces his way through the Turkish cordon and ascends the Acropolis of Athens, which had been under siege.

 

 

DECEMBER 2

Today is the INTERNATIONAL DAY FOR THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY

2001  Enron files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

1999  The United Kingdom devolves political power in Northern Ireland to the Northern Ireland Executive.

1993  Space Shuttle program: STS-61: NASA launches the Space Shuttle Endeavour on a mission to repair the Hubble Space Telescope.

1993  Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar is shot and killed in Medellín.

1991  Canada and Poland become the first nations on earth to recognize the independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union.

1988  Benazir Bhutto is sworn in as Prime Minister of Pakistan, becoming the first woman to head the government of an Islam-dominated state.

1988  UN votes 151-2 (Israel & US) to move PLO debate to Geneva, Brit abstains.

Refusal of Arafat’s Visa by the US Department of State:

Arguments on the Refusal of Arafat’s Visa:

1987  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

1984  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1982  At the University of Utah, Barney Clark becomes the first person to receive a permanent artificial heart.

1980  Salvadoran Civil War: Four U.S. nuns and churchwomen, Ita Ford, Maura Clarke, Jean Donovan, and Dorothy Kazel, are murdered by a military death squad.

1979  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

For some more pertinent information, see “1984 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR,” mentioned above.

1976  Fidel Castro becomes President of Cuba, replacing Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado.

1975  Laotian Civil War: The Pathet Lao seizes the Laotian capital of Vientiane, forces the abdication of King Sisavang Vatthana, and proclaims the Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

1971  Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Fujairah, Sharjah, Dubai, and Umm al-Quwain form the United Arab Emirates.

1970  The United States Environmental Protection Agency begins operations.

1968  US President Richard Nixon names Henry Kissinger security advisor.

Henry Kissinger:

Kissinger and the Vietnam War:

1962  Vietnam War: After a trip to Vietnam at the request of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, U.S. Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield becomes the first American official to comment adversely on the war’s progress.

1961  In a nationally broadcast speech, Cuban leader Fidel Castro declares that he is a Marxist–Leninist and that Cuba is going to adopt Communism.

1956  The Granma reaches the shores of Cuba‘s Oriente Province. Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and 80 other members of the 26th of July Movement disembark to initiate the Cuban Revolution.

1954  The Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty, between the United States and Taiwan, is signed in Washington, D.C.

1954  Cold War: The United States Senate votes 65 to 22 to censure Joseph McCarthy for “conduct that tends to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute”.

1947  Jerusalem Riots of 1947: Riots break out in Jerusalem in response to the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.

1943  World War II: A Luftwaffe bombing raid on the harbour of Bari, Italy, sinks numerous cargo and transport ships, including the American SS John Harvey, which is carrying a stockpile of World War I-era mustard gas.

1942  World War II: During the Manhattan Project, a team led by Enrico Fermi initiates the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.

1930  Great Depression: In a State of the Union message, U.S. President Herbert Hoover proposes a US$150 million public works program to help generate jobs and stimulate the economy.

1927  Following 19 years of Ford Model T production, the Ford Motor Company unveils the Ford Model A as its new automobile.

1920  Following more than a month of Turkish–Armenian War, the Turkish dictated Treaty of Alexandropol is concluded.

1917  World War I: Russia and the Central Powers sign an armistice at Brest-Litovsk, and peace talks leading to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk begin.

1899  Philippine–American War: The Battle of Tirad Pass, termed “The Filipino Thermopylae”, is fought.

1859 Militant abolitionist leader John Brown is hanged for his October 16 raid on Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.

1852  Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte becomes Emperor of the French as Napoleon III.

1851  French President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte overthrows the Second Republic.

1848  Franz Josef I becomes Emperor of Austria.

 

 

DECEMBER 3

Today is the UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL DAY OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

2014  The Japanese space agency, JAXA, launches the space explorer Hayabusa 2 from the Tanegashima Space Center on a six-year round trip mission to a asteroid to collect rock samples.

2012  In Northern Ireland, 15 police officers are injured during rioting at Belfast City Hall following a vote to change Belfast City Council‘s policy on flying the union flag.

2012  At least 475 people are killed after Typhoon Bopha makes landfall in the Philippines.

2009  A suicide bombing at a hotel in Mogadishu, Somalia, kills 25 people, including three ministers of the Transitional Federal Government.

2005  XCOR Aerospace makes the first manned rocket aircraft delivery of U.S. Mail in Kern County, California.

1999  NASA loses radio contact with the Mars Polar Lander moments before the spacecraft enters the Martian atmosphere.

1997  In Ottawa, Canada, representatives from 121 countries sign the Ottawa Treaty prohibiting manufacture and deployment of anti-personnel landmines. The United States, People’s Republic of China, and Russia do not sign the treaty, however.

1992  UN Security Council votes unanimous for US led forces to enter Somalia.

UN Resolution 794 (1992) of 1992:

1992  A test engineer for Sema Group uses a personal computer to send the world’s first text message via the Vodafone network to the phone of a colleague.

1992  The Greek oil tanker Aegean Sea, carrying 80,000 tonnes of crude oil, runs aground in a storm while approaching A Coruña, Spain, and spills much of its cargo.

1989  Cold War: In a meeting off the coast of Malta, US President George H W Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev release statements indicating that the Cold War between NATO and the Soviet Union may be coming to an end.

The End of the Cold War:

1984  Bhopal disaster: A methyl isocyanate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, kills more than 3,800 people outright and injures 150,000–600,000 others (some 6,000 of whom would later die from their injuries) in one of the worst industrial disasters in history.

1982  A soil sample is taken from Times Beach, Missouri, that will be found to contain 300 times the safe level of dioxin.

Times Beach and Dioxin:

1981  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

1979  Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini becomes the first Supreme Leader of Iran.

Ruhollah Khomeini and the Iranian Revolution:

1973  Pioneer program: Pioneer 10 sends back the first close-up images of Jupiter.

1971  Indo-Pakistani War of 1971: Pakistan launches a pre-emptive strike against India and a full-scale war begins claiming hundreds of lives.

Indo-Pakistan War of 1971:

History of the India-Pakistan Wars:

1970  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

For some more pertinent information, see “1981 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site,” mentioned above.

1967  At Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, a transplant team headed by Christiaan Barnard carries out the first heart transplant on a human (53-year-old Louis Washkansky).

1966  US performs underground nuclear test in Hattiesburg, Mississippi.

Project Sterling:

1964  Free Speech Movement: Police arrest over 800 students at the University of California, Berkeley, following their takeover and sit-in at the administration building in protest of the UC Regents‘ decision to forbid protests on UC property.

1944  Greek Civil War: Fighting breaks out in Athens between the ELAS and government forces supported by the British Army.

Modern History of Greece:

Greek Civil War:

1925  World War I aftermath: The final Locarno Treaty is signed in London, establishing post-war territorial settlements.

The Locarno Treaty:

1919  After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, including two collapses causing 89 deaths, the Quebec Bridge opens to traffic.

1912  Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia (the Balkan League) sign an armistice with the Ottoman Empire, temporarily halting the First Balkan War. (The armistice will expire on February 3, 1913, and hostilities will resume.)

First Balkan War:

1904  The Jovian moon Himalia is discovered by Charles Dillon Perrine at California’s Lick Observatory.

1854  Battle of the Eureka Stockade: More than 20 gold miners at Ballarat, Victoria, are killed by state troopers in an uprising over mining licences.

1834  The Zollverein (German Customs Union) begins the first regular census in Germany.

1800  War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden – French General Moreau decisively defeats the Archduke John of Austria near Munich. Coupled with First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte‘s earlier victory at Marengo, this will force the Austrians to sign an armistice and end the war.

1799  War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Wiesloch – Austrian Lieutenant Field Marshal Anton Sztáray defeats the French at Wiesloch.

 

 

DECEMBER 4

2013  Xavier Bettel becomes Luxembourg‘s first openly gay Prime Minister.

2006  Six black youths assault a white teenager in Jena, Louisiana.

2005  Tens of thousands of people in Hong Kong protest for democracy and call on the government to allow universal and equal suffrage.

1998  The Unity Module, the second module of the International Space Station, is launched.

1993  A truce is concluded between the government of Angola and UNITA rebels.

Angolan Civil War:

UNITA:

History of Angola:

Angola:

Foreign Relations of Angola:

Angola and the United Nations:

Economy of Angola:

1992  Somali Civil War: President George H W Bush orders 28,000 U.S. troops to Somalia in Northeast Africa.

1991  Captain Mark Pyle pilots Clipper Goodwill, a Pan American World Airways Boeing 727-221ADV, to Miami International Airport, ending 64 years of Pan Am operations.

History of the Pan American World Airways/Airlines:

1991  Journalist Terry A. Anderson is released after seven years in captivity as a hostage in Beirut. He is the last and longest-held American hostage in Lebanon.

1988  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1984  Hezbollah militants hijack a Kuwait Airlines plane, killing four passengers.

History of Hezbollah:

1984  Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Army soldiers kill 107–150 civilians in Mannar.

Sri Lankan Civil War:

History of the Sri Lankan Civil War:

History of Sri Lanka:

Sri Lanka:

Foreign Relations of Sri Lanka:

Economy of Sri Lanka:

1982  The People’s Republic of China adopts its current constitution.

CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE’S REUBLIC OF CHINA:

1981  South Africa grants independence to the Ciskei “homeland” (not recognized by any government outside South Africa).

1978  Following the murder of Mayor George Moscone, Dianne Feinstein becomes San Francisco‘s first female mayor. (She will serve until January 8, 1988.)

1977  Malaysian Airline System Flight 653 is hijacked and crashes in Tanjong Kupang, Johor, killing 100.

1977  Jean-Bédel Bokassa, president of the Central African Republic, crowns himself Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire.

1975  Suriname joins the United Nations.

1971  “The Troubles“: The Ulster Volunteer Force bombs a Catholic-owned pub in Belfast, killing 15 civilians and wounding 17. It was the city’s highest death toll from a single incident during the conflict.

1971  The Montreux Casino in Switzerland is set ablaze by someone wielding a flare gun during a Frank Zappa concert; the incident would be noted in the Deep Purple song “Smoke on the Water“.

1971  The Indian Navy attacks the Pakistan Navy and Karachi.

1971  The United Nations Security Council calls an emergency session to consider the deteriorating situation between India and Pakistan.

1969  Black Panther Party members Fred Hampton and Mark Clark are shot and killed in their sleep during a raid by 14 Chicago police officers.

1967  Vietnam War: US and South Vietnamese forces engage Viet Cong troops in the Mekong Delta.

Vietnam War in 1967:

1962  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

1945  By a vote of 65 to 7, the United States Senate approves United States participation in the United Nations. (The UN had been established on October 24, 1945.)

1943  World War II: US President Franklin D. Roosevelt closes down the Works Progress Administration, because of the high levels of wartime employment in the United States.

1943  World War II: In Yugoslavia, resistance leader Marshal Josip Broz Tito proclaims a provisional democratic Yugoslav government in-exile.

1942  World War II: Carlson’s patrol during the Guadalcanal Campaign ends.

1939  World War II: HMS Nelson is struck by a mine (laid by U-31) off the Scottish coast and is laid up for repairs until August 1940.

1921  The first Virginia Rappe manslaughter trial against Roscoe “Fatty” Arbuckle ends in a hung jury.

1918  US President Woodrow Wilson sails for the World War I peace talks in Versailles, becoming the first US president to travel to Europe while in office.

1893  First Matabele War: A patrol of 34 British South Africa Company soldiers is ambushed and annihilated by more than 3,000 Matabele warriors on the Shangani River in Matabeleland.

 

 

DECEMBER 5

Today is the INTERNATIONAL VOLUNTEER DAY

2014  The first flight test of NASA‘s Orion spacecraft launches successfully.

2013  Militants attack a Defense Ministry compound in Sana’a, Yemen, killing at least 56 people and injuring 200 others.

2007  Westroads Mall shooting: A gunman opens fire with a semi-automatic rifle at an Omaha, Nebraska, mall, killing eight people before taking his own life.

2006  Commodore Frank Bainimarama overthrows the government in Fiji.

2005  The Lake Tanganyika earthquake causes significant damage, mostly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

2004  The Civil Partnership Act comes into effect in the United Kingdom, and the first civil partnership is registered there.

1995  Sri Lankan Civil War: The Sri Lankan government announces the conquest of the Tamil stronghold of Jaffna.

1993  The mayor of Vienna, Helmut Zilk, is injured by a letter bomb.

1983  Dissolution of the Military Junta in Argentina.

1982  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1978  The Soviet Union signs a “friendship treaty” with the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Foreign Relations of Afghanistan:

Foreign Relations of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union:

Afghan War (1978-1992):

Afghanistan:

Afghanistan and the United Nations:

History of Afghanistan:

Economy of Afghanistan:

1977  Egypt breaks diplomatic relations with Syria, Libya, Algeria, Iraq and South Yemen. The move is in retaliation for the Declaration of Tripoli against Egypt.

1969  The four node ARPANET network is established.

1969  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

1964  Lloyd J Old discovered the first linkage between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and disease—mouse leukemia—opening the way for the recognition of the importance of the MHC in the immune response.

1964  Vietnam War: For his heroism in battle earlier in the year, Captain Roger Donlon is awarded the first Medal of Honor of the war.

1957  Sukarno expels all Dutch people from Indonesia.

1955  E D Nixon and Rosa Parks lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

1955  The American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merge and form the AFL–CIO.

1952  Great Smog: A cold fog descends upon London, combining with air pollution and killing at least 12,000 in the weeks and months that follow.

1945  Flight 19 is lost in the Bermuda Triangle.

1943  World War II: Allied air forces begin attacking Germany’s secret weapons bases in Operation Crossbow.

1941  World War II: Great Britain declares war on Finland, Hungary and Romania.

1941  World War II: In the Battle of Moscow, Georgy Zhukov launches a massive Soviet counter-attack against the German army, with the biggest offensive launched against Army Group Centre.

1936  The Soviet Union adopts a new constitution and the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic is established as a full Union Republic of the USSR.

1934  Abyssinia Crisis: Italian troops attack Wal Wal in Abyssinia, taking four days to capture the city.

1933  Prohibition in the United States ends: Utah becomes the 36th U.S. state to ratify the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution, thus establishing the required 75% of states needed to enact the amendment. (This overturned the 18th Amendment which had made the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol illegal in the United States.)

1932  German-born Swiss physicist Albert Einstein is granted an American visa.

1931  Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow was destroyed by an order of Joseph Stalin.

1920  Dimitrios Rallis forms a government in Greece.

1865  Chincha Islands War: Peru allies with Chile against Spain.

1848  California Gold Rush: In a message to the United States Congress, U.S. President James K. Polk confirms that large amounts of gold had been discovered in California.

1831  Former US President John Quincy Adams takes his seat in the House of Representatives.

1815  Foundation of Maceió, Brazil.

 

 

DECEMBER 6

2008  The 2008 Greek riots break out upon the killing of a 15-year-old boy, Alexandros Grigoropoulos, by a police officer.

2006  NASA reveals photographs taken by Mars Global Surveyor suggesting the presence of liquid water on Mars.

2005  An Iranian Air Force C-130 military transport aircraft crashes into a ten-floor apartment building in a residential area of Tehran, killing all 84 on board and 44 more on the ground.

2005  Several villagers are shot dead during protests in Dongzhou, China.

1997  A Russian Antonov An-124 cargo plane crashes into an apartment complex near Irkutsk, Siberia, killing 67.

1992  The Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, India, is demolished, leading to widespread riots causing the death of over 1,500 people.

1991  In Croatia, forces of the Yugoslav People’s Army bombard Dubrovnik after laying siege to the city since May.

Siege of Dubrovnik of 1991:

1989  The École Polytechnique massacre (or Montreal Massacre): Marc Lépine, an anti-feminist gunman, murders 14 young women at the École Polytechnique in Montreal.

1988  The Australian Capital Territory is granted self-government.

Australian Capital Territory:

1982  The Troubles: The Irish National Liberation Army bombed a pub frequented by British soldiers in Ballykelly, Northern Ireland. It killed eleven soldiers and six civilians.

1978  Spain approves its latest constitution in a referendum.

1977  South Africa grants independence to Bophuthatswana, although it is not recognized by any other country.

1975  The Troubles: Fleeing from the police, a Provisional IRA unit takes a couple hostage in Balcombe Street, London, beginning a six-day siege.

1973  The Twenty-fifth Amendment: The United States House of Representatives votes 387 to 35 to confirm Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States. (On November 27, the Senate confirmed him 92 to 3.)

1971  Pakistan severs diplomatic relations with India following New Delhi’s recognition of Bangladesh.

1969  USSR performs underground nuclear test at Mangystau, Kazakhstan.

Mangystau:

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

1967  Adrian Kantrowitz performs the first human heart transplant in the United States.

1967  USSR performs nuclear test at Sary Shagan, USSR.

1957  Project Vanguard: A launchpad explosion of Vanguard TV3 thwarts the first United States attempt to launch a satellite into Earth orbit.

1947  The Everglades National Park in Florida is dedicated.

1941  World War II: The United Kingdom and Canada declare war on Finland in support of the Soviet Union during the Continuation War.

1933  US federal judge John M. Woolsey rules that James Joyce‘s novel Ulysses is not obscene.

1928  The government of Colombia sends military forces to suppress a month-long strike by United Fruit Company workers, resulting in an unknown number of deaths.

1922  One year to the day after the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the Irish Free State comes into existence.

1921  The Anglo-Irish Treaty is signed in London by British and Irish representatives.

1917  World War I: USS Jacob Jones is the first American destroyer to be sunk by enemy action when it is torpedoed by German submarine SM U-53.

1917  Halifax Explosion: A munitions explosion near Halifax, Nova Scotia kills more than 1,900 people in the largest artificial explosion up to that time.

1917  Finland declares independence from Russia.

1916  World War I: The Central Powers capture Bucharest.

1907  A coal mine explosion at Monongah, West Virginia, kills 362 workers.

1904  Theodore Roosevelt articulated his “Corollary” to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the U.S. would intervene in the Western Hemisphere should Latin American governments prove incapable or unstable.

1897  London becomes the world’s first city to host licensed taxicabs.

1884  The Washington Monument in Washington, D.C., is completed.

1877  The first edition of The Washington Post is published.

1865  The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, banning slavery.

1768  The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica is published.

1745  Charles Edward Stuart‘s army begins retreat during the second Jacobite Rising.

1704  Battle of Chamkaur: During the Mughal-Sikh Wars, an outnumbered Sikh Khalsa defeats a Mughal army.

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Satoshi Ashikaga, having worked as researcher, development program/project officer, legal protection/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, prefers a peaceful and prudent life, especially that in communion with nature.  His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, remind him of the invaluableness of peace.  His interest and/or expertise includes international affairs, international law, jurisprudence, economic and business affairs, project/operations or organizational management, geography, history, the environmental/ecological issues, visual/audio documentation of nature and culture, and more. Being a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, he is currently compiling This Week in History on TMS.

(Sources and references: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/november_30   to_december_6; http://www.historyorb.com/events/november/30   to december/6; http://www.brainyhistory.com/days/november_30.html   to December_6.html; and other pertinent web sites and/or documents, mentioned above.)

  1. The views expressed in the cited or quoted websites and/or documents in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the author of this article. These websites and/or documents are cited or quoted for academic or educational purposes. Neither the author of this article nor the Transcend Media Service (TMS) is responsible for the contents, information, or whatsoever contained in these websites and/or documents.
  2. One of the primary purposes of this article is to provide the readers with opportunities to think about “peace”, including positive peace and negative peace as well as external/outer peace and internal/inner peace, and more, directly or indirectly, from various angles and/or in the broadest sense, through historical events. It is because this article is prepared specifically for the TMS whose main objective is to address “peace” through peace journalism.

This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 30 Nov 2015.

Anticopyright: Editorials and articles originated on TMS may be freely reprinted, disseminated, translated and used as background material, provided an acknowledgement and link to the source, TMS: This Week in History, is included. Thank you.

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