This Week in History

HISTORY, 2 Oct 2017

Satoshi Ashikaga – TRANSCEND Media Service

Oct 2-8, 2017

QUOTE OF THE WEEK:

”The eternal destiny of human beings will be measured by how much or how little solidarity we have displayed with the hungry, the thirsty, the naked, and the oppressed. In the end we will be judged in terms of love.” — Leonardo Boff

OCTOBER 02

Today is the INTERNATIONAL DAY OF NON-VIOLENCE:

2007 President Roh Moo-hyun of South Korea walks across the Military Demarcation Line into North Korea on his way to the second Inter-Korean Summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il.

2001 NATO backs U.S. military strikes following 9/11.

1997 Amsterdam Treaty on European Union is signed.

1996 The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments are signed by US President Bill Clinton.

1992 The Carandiru massacre takes place after a riot in the Carandiru Penitentiary in São Paulo, Brazil.

1980 Michael Myers becomes the first member of either chamber of Congress to be expelled since the Civil War.

1979 Pope John Paul II denounces all forms of concentration camps and torture while speaking at the U.N. in New York City.

1969 US performs underground nuclear test at Amchitka Island Aleutians.

Underground Nuclear Weapons Testing:

Nuclear Weapons Testing at Amchitka Island:

1968 A peaceful student demonstration in Mexico City culminates in the Tlatelolco massacre by the order of the president, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, to the soldiers of killing unarmed students, hiding the event from the public eye. The 1968 Summer Olympics, hosted in Mexico City, started ten days after the massacre.

1967 Thurgood Marshall is sworn in as the first African-American justice of United States Supreme Court.

1961 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1958 Guinea declares its independence from France.

Guinea:

Independence of Guinea:

Foreign Relations of Guinea:

History of Guinea:

Economy of Guinea:

Human Rights Issues of Guinea:

1958 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

For some more relevant information, see “1961 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR”, mentioned above.

1944 World War II: German troops end the Warsaw Uprising, by killing 250,000 people.

Warsaw Uprising:

1942 World War II: Ocean Liner RMS Queen Mary accidentally rams and sinks her own escort ship, HMS Curacoa, off the coast of Ireland.

1941 World War II: In Operation Typhoon, Germany begins an all-out offensive against Moscow.

1937 Dominican Republic strongman Rafael Trujillo orders the execution of the Haitian population living within the borderlands; approximately 20,000 are killed over the next five days.

1928 The “Prelature of the Holy Cross and the Work of God”, commonly known as Opus Dei, is founded by Saint Josemaría Escrivá.

1925 John Logie Baird performs the first test of a working television system.

1814 Battle of Rancagua: Spanish Royalists troops under Mariano Osorio defeats rebel Chilean forces of Bernardo O’Higgins and José Miguel Carrera.

OCTOBER 03

2013 The Gambia withdraws from the Commonwealth of Nations.

The Gambia:

Foreign Relations of the Gambia:

History of the Gambia:

Economy of the Gambia:

2013 At least 134 migrants are killed when their boat sinks near the Italian island of Lampedusa.

2009 The presidents of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkey sign the Nakhchivan Agreement on the Establishment of Turkic Council.

2008 The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 for the U.S. financial system is signed by President George W. Bush.

1995 O J Simpson is acquitted of the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman.

1993 Battle of Mogadishu: A firefight occurs during a failed attempt to capture key officials of warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid‘s organisation in Mogadishu, Somalia, costing the lives of 18 American soldiers, and over 350 Somalis.

1990 German reunification: The German Democratic Republic ceases to exist and its territory becomes part of the Federal Republic of Germany. East German citizens became part of the European Community, which later became the European Union. Now celebrated as German Unity Day.

German Reunification:

Germany:

Foreign Relations of Germany:

History of Germany:

Economy of Germany:

1987 USSR performs underground nuclear test.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1987:

1987 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

1986 TASCC, a superconducting cyclotron at the Chalk River Laboratories, is officially opened.

1985 The Space Shuttle Atlantis makes its maiden flight. (Mission STS-51-J).

1981 The hunger strike by Provisional Irish Republican Army and Irish National Liberation Army prisoners at the Maze Prison in Northern Ireland ends after seven months and ten deaths.

Hunger Strike of the IRA in 1981:

Irish Republican Army (IRA)/Provisional Republican Army (PIRA):

IRA’s Terrorism:

History of the IRA:

Sinn Féin:

History of Sinn Féin:

Sinn Féin, IRA and the Catholic Church:

1972 USSR performs nuclear test.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1972:

1972 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia
For some more relevant information, see “1987 USSR performs underground nuclear test”, as mentioned above.

1968 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

1963 A violent coup in Honduras pre-empts the October 13 election, ends a period of reform, and begins two decades of military rule.

1962 Project Mercury: Sigma 7 is launched from Cape Canaveral, with astronaut Wally Schirra aboard, for a six-orbit, nine-hour flight.

1952 The United Kingdom successfully tests a nuclear weapon at the Montebello Islands in Western Australia. The United Kingdom becomes the world’s third nuclear power.

First British Nuclear Test

3 OCTOBER 1952 – FIRST BRITISH NUCLEAR TEST – CTBTO

Nuclear Weapons and the United Kingdom:

1950 Korean War: The First Battle of Maryang San, primarily pitting Australian and British forces against communist China, begins.

First Battle of Maryang San:

First Battle of Maryang San – Wikipedia

Korean War:

Korean War Timelines:

1949 WERD, the first black-owned radio station in the United States, opens in Atlanta.

1942 Spaceflight: The first successful launch of a V-2 /A4-rocket from Test Stand VII at Peenemünde, Germany. It is the first man-made object to reach space.

1935 Second Italo-Abyssinian War: Italy invades Ethiopia under General de Bono.

1932 Iraq gains independence from the United Kingdom.

Independence of Iraq:

Iraq and Its History:

1930 The German Socialist Labour Party in Poland – Left is founded following a split in DSAP in Łódź.

1929 The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is renamed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia, “Land of the South Slavs”.

“State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs” – “Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs” – “Kingdom of Yugoslavia”:

History of Yugoslavia:

1912 US forces defeat Nicaraguan rebels under the command of Benjamín Zeledón at the Battle of Coyotepe Hill.

1873 Captain Jack and companions are hanged for their part in the Modoc War.

1849 American author Edgar Allan Poe is found delirious in a gutter in Baltimore under mysterious circumstances; it is the last time he is seen in public before his death.

1835 The Staedtler company is founded in Nuremberg, Germany.

1778 Captain James Cook anchors in Alaska.

1739 The Treaty of Niš is signed by the Ottoman Empire and Russia at the end of the Russian–Turkish War, 1736–39.

OCTOBER 04

2010 The Ajka plant accident in western Hungary releases about a million cubic metres (35 million cubic feet) of liquid alumina sludge. Nine people are killed and 122 injured, and the Marcal and Danube rivers are severely contaminated.

2004 SpaceShipOne wins Ansari X Prize for private spaceflight, by being the first private craft to fly into space.

2003 Maxim restaurant suicide bombing in Haifa, Israel: Twenty-one Israelis, Jews and Arabs, are killed, and 51 others wounded.

2001 Siberia Airlines Flight 1812: a Sibir Airlines Tupolev Tu-154 crashes into the Black Sea after being struck by an errant Ukrainian S-200 missile. Seventy-eight people are killed.

2001 NATO confirms invocation of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty.

Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty:

Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty: “The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area.”
See Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations on the UN website, or Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations – Wikipedia

NATO:

History of NATO:

Problems of NATO:

The United States and NATO:

1997 The second largest cash robbery in U.S. history occurs at the Charlotte, North Carolina office of Loomis, Fargo and Company. An investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation eventually results in 24 convictions and the recovery of approximately 95% of the $17.3 million stolen cash.

1993 Russian Constitutional Crisis: In Moscow, tanks bombard the White House, a government building that housed the Russian parliament, while demonstrators against President Boris Yeltsin rally outside.

Russian Constitutional Crisis of 1993:

1992 The Rome General Peace Accords ends a 16-year civil war in Mozambique.

Rome General Peace Accords:

Civil War in Mozambique:

1991 The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty is opened for signature.

Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty of 1991:

1985 The Free Software Foundation is founded in Massachusetts, United States.

1983 Richard Noble sets a new land speed record of 633.468 miles per hour (1,019.468 km/h), driving Thrust2 at the Black Rock Desert in Nevada.

1979 USSR performs nuclear test at Sakha, Russia.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1979:

1979 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

1976 Official launch of the InterCity 125 high speed train.

1974 Founding of the New Democracy party in Greece.

Modern History of Greece:

1971 USSR performs underground nuclear test.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1971:

1971 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia
For some more relevant information, see “1979 USSR performs nuclear test”, mentioned above.

1967 Omar Ali Saifuddien III of Brunei abdicates in favour of his son, His Majesty Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah.

1966 Basutoland becomes independent from the United Kingdom and is renamed Lesotho.

1965 Pope Paul VI arrives in New York, the first Pope to visit the United States of America and the Western hemisphere.

1963 Hurricane Flora, kills 6,000 in Cuba and Haiti.

1961 USSR performs nuclear test (atmospheric) at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1961:

Soviet Atmospheric Nuclear Tests:

Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site:

1958 Fifth Republic of France is established.

1957 Avro Arrow roll-out ceremony at Avro Canada plant in Malton, Ontario.

1957 Space Race: Launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth.

1949 United Nations’ permanent NYC headquarters is dedicated.

Headquarters of the United Nations:

1943 World War II: US captures the Solomon Islands from the Japanese.

1940 Meeting between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini at the Brenner Pass.

Hitler and Mussolini:

Adolf Hitler:

History of Nazi Germany:

Benito Mussolini:

Mussolini’s Doctrine:

1936 n the East End of London, marches staged by British fascists and various anti-fascist organizations result in violent clashes between them in what becomes known as the Battle of Cable Street.

1927 Gutzon Borglum begins sculpting Mount Rushmore.

1917 World War I: The Battle of Broodseinde fought between the British and German armies in Flanders.

1883 First run of the Orient Express.

Orient Express:

1853 Crimean War: The Ottoman Empire declares war on Russia.

Crimean War:

Ottoman Empire:

1830 Creation of the Kingdom of Belgium after separation from the Netherlands.

Kingdom of Belgium:

1824 Mexico adopts a new constitution and becomes a federal republic.

1795 Napoleon Bonaparte first rises to national prominence with a “Whiff of Grapeshot”, using cannon to suppress armed counter-revolutionary rioters threatening the French Legislature (National Convention).

OCTOBER 05

Today is the WORLD TEACHERS’ DAY:

2011 In the Mekong River massacre, two Chinese cargo boats are hijacked and 13 crew members murdered in the lawless Golden Triangle region of Southeast Asia.

Mekong River massacre:

2000 Mass demonstrations in Belgrade lead to resignation of Serbian strongman Slobodan Milošević. These demonstrations are often called the Bulldozer Revolution.

Serbia’s Bulldozer Revolution:

1991 The first official version of the Linux kernel, version 0.02, is released.

Linux Kernel:

1991 An Indonesian military transport crashes after takeoff from Jakarta killing 137.

1991 USSR reduces nuclear weapons arsenal.

Reduction of Nuclear Weapon Arsenal:

Cold War and Armed Race:

Nuclear Disarmament Timeline:

Russell-Einstein Manifesto, on 9 July 1955:

1990 After one hundred and fifty years The Herald broadsheet newspaper in Melbourne, Australia, is published for the last time as a separate newspaper.

1988 The Brazilian Constitution is ratified by the Constituent Assembly.

1988 The Chilean opposition coalition Concertación (center-left) defeats Augusto Pinochet in his re-election attempt and a general election is called the following year.

1986 Israeli secret nuclear weapons are revealed. The British newspaper The Sunday Times runs Mordechai Vanunu‘s story on its front page under the headline: “Revealed — the secrets of Israel’s nuclear arsenal”.

Israeli Secret Nuclear Weapons:

1984 Marc Garneau becomes the first Canadian in space, aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger.

1982 Chicago Tylenol murders: Johnson & Johnson initiates a nationwide product recall in the United States for all products in its Tylenol brand after several bottles in Chicago are found to have been laced with cyanide, resulting in seven deaths.

1975 Operation Primicia: terrorist attack against a Military Regiment at Formosa, Argentina.

1975 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalatinsk USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1975:

1975 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Tests at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalatinsk:

List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site:

Health, and Ecological Issues in Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk:

1974 Guildford pub bombings: bombs planted by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) kill four British soldiers and one civilian.

Irish Republican Army (IRA):

Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Provisional Republican Army (PIRA):

IRA’s Terrorism:

History of the IRA:

Sinn Féin:

History of Sinn Féin:

Sinn Féin, IRA and the Catholic Church:

1973 Signature of the European Patent Convention.

Europe Patent Convention:

1970 Montreal: British Trade Commissioner James Cross is kidnapped by members of the FLQ terrorist group, triggering the October Crisis.

1970 The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is founded.

1968 Police baton civil rights demonstrators in Derry, Northern Ireland – considered to mark the beginning of The Troubles.

1966 Near Detroit, Michigan, there is a partial core meltdown at the Enrico Fermi demonstration nuclear breeder reactor.

1962 The Beatles‘ first single, “Love Me Do” backed with “PS I Love You“, is released in the United Kingdom.

The Beatle’s Message in Their Music:

1962 Dr No, the first in the James Bond film series, is released.

James Bond Movies:

British and Other Secret Intelligence Service Agencies:

1958 USSR performs nuclear test (atmospheric) at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1958:

Soviet Atmospheric Nuclear Tests:

Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site:

1958 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

United States Nuclear Tests:

List of the nuclear weapons tests of the United States – Wikipedia

Nevada Test Site:

1953 The first documented recovery meeting of Narcotics Anonymous is held.

Narcotics Anonymous:

1948 The 1948 Ashgabat earthquake kills 110,000.

1947 The first televised White House address is given by U.S. President Harry S Truman.

1945 Hollywood Black Friday: A six-month strike by Hollywood set decorators turns into a bloody riot at the gates of Warner Brothers‘ studios.

1944 Suffrage is extended to women in France.

Suffrage of Woman in France:

Women’s Suffrage and Its History:

Women’s Rights in General:

1943 Ninety-eight American POW’s are executed by Japanese forces on Wake Island.

See also “OCTOBER 7, 1943 Ninety-eight American POW’s are executed by Japanese forces on Wake Island”.
Note that some websites, including Wake Island – Wikipedia and October 5 – Wikipedia indicates that the date of the massacre was October 5, 1943, while other websites, including com and Mansell.com indicate the date, October 7, 1943. TWH here assumes that the exact date of the massacre was October 7, 1943, because of the following description: “On 5 October 1943, American naval aircraft from Yorktown raided Wake. Two days later, fearing an imminent invasion, the Japanese Rear Admiral Shigematsu Sakaibara ordered the execution of the 98 captured American civilian workers who had initially been kept to perform forced labor. The 98 were taken to the northern end of the island, blindfolded and executed with a machine gun.” – Battle of Wake Island – Wikipedia

1938 In Nazi Germany Jews’ passports are invalidated, and those who needed a passport for emigration purposes are given one marked with the letter J (Jude – Jew).

Law on Passports on Jews:

1936 The Jarrow March sets off for London.

1915 Bulgaria enters World War I as one of the Central Powers.

1914 World War I: first aerial combat resulting in an intentional fatality.

1911 The Kowloon–Canton Railway (split into MTR East Rail Line and Guangshen Railway now) commences service between Kowloon and Canton.

1910 In a revolution in Portugal the monarchy is overthrown and a republic is declared.

1905 Wilbur Wright pilots Wright Flyer III in a flight of 24 miles in 39 minutes, a world record that stood until 1908.

1877 Chief Joseph surrenders his Nez Perce band to General Nelson A. Miles.

1864 The Indian city of Calcutta is almost totally destroyed by a cyclone; 60,000 die.

1813 Battle of the Thames in Canada; Americans defeat British and kill Shawnee leader Tecumseh.

1793 French Revolution: Christianity is disestablished in France.

Dechiristianization of France in the French Revolution:

1798 French Revolution: Women of Paris march to Versailles in the March on Versailles to confront Louis XVI of France about his refusal to promulgate the decrees on the abolition of feudalism, demand bread, and have the King and his court moved to Paris.

1582 Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.

OCTOBER 06

2012 Iran’s Ambassador to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Ali Asghar Soltanieh, says Islam should join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty:

Iran’s Nuclear Development:

2007 Jason Lewis completes the first human-powered circumnavigation of the globe.

2002 The French oil tanker Limburg is bombed off Yemen.

2000 Argentine vice president Carlos Álvarez resigns.

2000 Yugoslav president Slobodan Milošević resigns.

Slobodan Milošević

1995 51 Pegasi is discovered to be the second major star apart from the Sun to have a planet orbiting around it.

1987 Fiji becomes a republic.

Fiji:

Foreign Relations of Fiji:

History of Fiji:

Economy of Fiji:

1985 PC Keith Blakelock is murdered as riots erupt in the Broadwater Farm suburb of London.

1983 USSR performs nuclear test (underground) at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalatinsk USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1983:

1983 Soviet union nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site:

Health, and Ecological Issues in Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk:

1979 Pope John Paul II becomes the first pontiff to visit the White House.

1977 The first prototype of the Mikoyan MiG-29, designated 9-01, makes its maiden flight.

1977 In Alicante, Spain, fascists attack a group of MCPV militants and sympathizers, and one MCPV sympathizer is killed.

1976 Massacre of students gathering at Thammasat University in Bangkok, Thailand, to protest the return of ex-dictator Thanom, by a coalition of right-wing paramilitary and government forces, triggering the return of the military to government.

1976 New Premier Hua Guofeng orders the arrest of the Gang of Four and associates and ends the Cultural Revolution in the People’s Republic of China.

1976 Cubana de Aviación Flight 455 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean shortly after taking off from Bridgetown, Barbados, after two bombs, placed on board by terrorists with connections to the CIA, exploded. All 73 people on board are killed.

1973 Egypt launches a coordinated attack with Syria against Israel leading to the Yom Kippur War.

See also, “OCTOBER 8, 1973 Yom Kippur War: Gabi Amir’s armored brigade attacks Egyptian occupied positions on the Israeli side of the Suez Canal, in hope of driving them away. The attack fails, and over 150 Israeli tanks are destroyed.”

Launch of the Yom Kippur War on October 6, 1973:

Yom Kippur War:

Yom Kippur War and the US Policy:

Yom Kippur War and the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs:

Timeline of the Yom Kippur War:

1967 USSR performs nuclear test.

1962 US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Johnston Island.

Nuclear Tests by the United States:

Atmospheric/High-altitude Nuclear Explosion Testing:

Johnston Atoll:

Various Weapons Tests and Storage at Johnston Atoll, and Permanent Contamination:

1961 USSR performs nuclear test (atmospheric) at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1961:

1961 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site:

Soviet Atmospheric Nuclear Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

1957 USSR performs nuclear test (atmospheric) at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1957:

1957 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia
See “1961 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR”, mentioned above.

1942 World War II: The October Matanikau action on Guadalcanal begins as United States Marine Corps forces attack Imperial Japanese Army units along the Matanikau River.

1939 World War II: Germany’s invasion of Poland ends with the surrender of Polesia army after the Battle of Kock

Battle of Kock of 1939:

Nazi’s Invasion and Occupation of Poland 1939-1945:

Holocaust and the Invasion of Poland in 1939:

1923 The great powers of World War I withdraw from Istanbul.

1910 Eleftherios Venizelos is elected Prime Minister of Greece for the first time (seven times in total).

1908 Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, sparking a crisis.

1889 American inventor Thomas Edison shows his first motion picture.

1884 The Naval War College of the United States Navy is founded in Newport, Rhode Island.

1876 The American Library Association was founded.

1854 In England the Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead starts shortly after midnight, leading to 53 deaths and hundreds injured.

1849 The execution of the 13 Martyrs of Arad after the Hungarian war of independence.

1789 French Revolution: Louis XVI returns to Paris from Versailles after being confronted by the Parisian women on 5 October

1777 American Revolutionary War: General Sir Henry Clinton leads British forces in the capture of Continental Army Hudson River defenses in the Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery.

1762 Seven Years’ War: conclusion of the Battle of Manila between Britain and Spain, which resulted in the British occupation of Manila for the rest of the war.

1582 Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar, this day is skipped in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.

OCTOBER 07

2001 The Global War on Terrorism begins as a result of the September 11 attacks. The US invasion of Afghanistan initiates with an air assault and covert operations on the ground.

War on Terrorism:

1998 Matthew Shepard, a gay student at the University of Wyoming, is found tied to a fence after being savagely beaten by two young adults in Laramie, Wyoming.

1991 War in Croatia: Bombing of Banski dvori in Zagreb kills one civilian.

1988 An Inupiaq hunter discovers three gray whales trapped under the ice in Barrow, Alaska, US; the situation becomes a multinational effort to free the whales.

1987 Sikh nationalists declares the independence of Khalistan from India; it is not internationally recognized.

1985 The Mameyes landslide kills close to 300 in the worst landslide in North American history.

1985 The Achille Lauro is hijacked by Palestine Liberation Front.

Palestine Liberation Front:

1977 The adoption of the Fourth Soviet Constitution.

1976 Hua Guofeng becomes Mao Zedong‘s successor as chairman of Communist Party of China, following the latter’s death barely a month earlier.

Hua Guofeng:

1971 Oman joins the United Nations.

Oman and the United Nations:

Oman:

Foreign Relations of Oman:

History of Oman:

Economy of Oman:

1963 John F Kennedy signs the ratification of the Partial Test Ban Treaty.

1960 Nigeria joins the United Nations.

Nigeria:

Foreign Relations of Nigeria:

Nigeria and the United Nations:

History of Nigeria:

Economy of Nigeria:

1959 USSR probe Luna 3 transmits the first ever photographs of the far side of the Moon.

1958 President of Pakistan Iskander Mirza, with the support of General Ayub Khan and the army, suspends the 1956 constitution, imposes martial law, and cancels the elections scheduled for January 1959.

1950 Mother Teresa build an order called Missionary of Charity

Missionaries of Charity:

Mother Teresa and Her Biography:

Controversies:

Miracles and Mother Teresa:

1949 The communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany) is formed.

History of German Democratic Republic (East Germany):

1944 World War II: During an uprising at Birkenau concentration camp, Jewish prisoners burn down the crematoria.

The Uprising at Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp:

Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp:

Gas Chambers at the Auschwitz and Birkenau Camps:

The Holocaust and the Auschwitz and Birkenau Camps:

1943 Ninety-eight American POW’s are executed by Japanese forces on Wake Island.

See also “OCTOBER 5, 1943 Ninety-eight American POW’s are executed by Japanese forces on Wake Island”, as previously mentioned.
Note that some websites, including Wake Island – Wikipedia and October 5 – Wikipedia indicates that the date of the massacre was October 5, 1943, while other websites, including com and Mansell.com indicate the date, October 7, 1943.
This Week in History (TWH) here assumes that the exact date of the massacre was October 7, 1943, because of the following description: “On 5 October 1943, American naval aircraft from Yorktown raided Wake. Two days later, fearing an imminent invasion, the Japanese Rear Admiral Shigematsu Sakaibara ordered the execution of the 98 captured American civilian workers who had initially been kept to perform forced labor. The 98 were taken to the northern end of the island, blindfolded and executed with a machine gun.” – Battle of Wake Island – Wikipedia

Massacre in Wake Island:

The Laws of War:

1942 World War II: The October Matanikau action on Guadalcanal begins as United States Marine Corps forces attack Imperial Japanese Army units along the Matanikau River.

1940 World War II: The McCollum memo proposes bringing the United States into the war in Europe by provoking the Japanese to attack the United States.

1933 Air France is inaugurated, after being formed by a merger of 5 French airlines.

1929 Photios II becomes Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.

1919 KLM, the flag carrier of the Netherlands, is founded. It is the oldest airline still operating under its original name.

1879 Germany and Austria-Hungary sign the “Twofold Covenant” and create the Dual Alliance.

1870 Franco-Prussian War: Siege of Paris: Léon Gambetta flees Paris in a hot-air balloon.

1864 American Civil War: Bahia incident: USS Wachusett illegally captures the CSS Florida Confederate raider while in port in Bahia, Brazil in violation of Brazilian neutrality.

1828 Morea expedition: The city of Patras, Greece, is liberated by the French expeditionary force in the Peloponnese under General Maison.

1800 French corsair Robert Surcouf, commander of the 18-gun ship La Confiance, captures the British 38-gun Kent inspiring the traditional French song Le Trente-et-un du mois d’août.

1763 King George III of the United Kingdom issues the Royal Proclamation of 1763, closing aboriginal lands in North America north and west of Alleghenies to white settlements.

OCTOBER 08

2005 2005 Kashmir earthquake: Thousands of people are killed by a magnitude 7.6 earthquake in parts of Pakistan, India and Afghanistan.

2001 US President George W. Bush announces the establishment of the Office of Homeland Security.

Office of Homeland Security:

2001 A twin engine Cessna and Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) jetliner collide in heavy fog during takeoff from Milan, Italy, killing 118 people.

1991 Croatia votes to sever constitutional relations with Yugoslavia, rendering the country fully independent.

Croatian Independence Referendum of 1991:

Independence Movement, Croatian Nationalism, and Ethnic Cleansing against Local Ethnic Minorities 1991-1995:

History of Croatia:

Croatia:

Foreign Relations of Croatia:

Economy of Croatia:

1990 Israeli–Palestinian conflict: In Jerusalem, Israeli police kill 17 Palestinians and wound over 100 near the Dome of the Rock mosque on the Temple Mount.

Israeli-Palestine Conflict of 1990:

1982 Poland bans Solidarity and all trade unions.

Solidarity:

History of Solidarity:

History of Poland during World War II and the Cold War:

1980 USSR performs nuclear test (underground) at Astrakhan, Russia.

USSR Nuclear Test in 1980:

1980 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

1974 Franklin National Bank collapses due to fraud and mismanagement; at the time it is the largest bank failure in the history of the United States.

1973 Greek military junta of 1967–74: Junta strongman George Papadopoulos appoints Spyros Markezinis as Prime Minister of Greece with the task to lead Greece to parliamentary rule.

1973 Yom Kippur War: Gabi Amir’s armored brigade attacks Egyptian occupied positions on the Israeli side of the Suez Canal, in hope of driving them away. The attack fails, and over 150 Israeli tanks are destroyed.

October 8, 1973 – Yom Kippur War Day by Day – ISRAEL DEFENSE FORCES
See also, “OCOTBR 6, 1973 Egypt launches a coordinated attack with Syria against Israel leading to the Yom Kippur War”, and “OCT 06, 1973: ON THIS DAY: The Yom Kippur War brings the United States and USSR to brink of conflict – History.com”

Yom Kippur War:

1971 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

US Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

Nevada Test Site:

Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:

1970 Vietnam War: In Paris, a North Vietnam delegation rejects US President Richard Nixon‘s “October 7 peace proposal” as “a manoeuvre to deceive world opinion”.

Ending the Vietnam War:

Vietnam War in 1970:

1968 Vietnam War: Operation Sealords: United States and South Vietnamese forces launch a new operation in the Mekong Delta.

Vietnam War in 1968:

1968 in the Vietnam War – Wikipedia

Operation Sealords:

1967 Guerrilla leader Che Guevara and his men are captured in Bolivia.

1965 USSR performs nuclear test (underground) at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalatinsk USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1965:

1965 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site:

Health, and Ecological Issues in Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk:

1961 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

USSR Nuclear Tests in 1961:

1961 Soviet nuclear tests – Wikipedia

Novaya Zemlya Test Site:

1962 Algeria joins the United Nations.

Algeria:

Foreign Relations of Algeria:

Algeria and the United Nations:

History of Algeria:

Economy of Algeria:

1962 Spiegel scandal: Der Spiegel publishes the article “Bedingt abwehrbereit” (“Conditionally prepared for defense”) about a NATO manoeuvre called “Fallex 62“, which uncovered the sorry state of the Bundeswehr (Germany’s army) facing the communist threat from the east at the time. The magazine is soon accused of treason.

Fallex 62:

1958 US performs nuclear test (atmospheric) at Nevada Test Site.

Atmospheric Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site:

Atmospheric Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site – onlinenevada.org

Atmospheric/High-altitude Nuclear Explosion Testing:

Atmospheric Nuclear Tests of the United States and Radioactive Fallout:

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

US Nuclear Tests at Nevada Site:

Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:

1944 World War II: The Battle of Crucifix Hill occurs just outside Aachen. Capt. Bobbie Brown receives a Medal of Honor for his heroics in this battle.

1941 World War II: In their invasion of the Soviet Union, Germany reaches the Sea of Azov with the capture of Mariupol.

1939 World War II: Germany annexes Western Poland.

Annexation of Western Poland in 1939:

1932 The Indian Air Force is established.

1928 Joseph Szigeti gives the first performance of Alfredo Casella‘s Violin Concerto.

1918 World War I: In the Argonne Forest in France, United States Corporal Alvin C. York kills 28 German soldiers and captures 132, for which he is awarded the Medal of Honor.

1912 First Balkan War begins: Montenegro declares war against the Ottoman Empire.

1895 Eulmi incident: Queen Min of Joseon, the last empress of Korea, is assassinated and her corpse burnt by Japanese infiltrators inside Gyeongbok Palace.

1879 War of the Pacific: The Chilean Navy defeats the Peruvian Navy in the Battle of Angamos, Peruvian Admiral Miguel Grau is killed in the encounter.

1856 The Second Opium War between several western powers and China begins with the Arrow Incident on the Pearl River.

1821 The government of general José de San Martín establishes the Peruvian Navy.

1813 The Treaty of Ried is signed between Bavaria and Austria.

1806 Napoleonic Wars: Forces of the British Empire lay siege to the port of Boulogne in France by using Congreve rockets, invented by Sir William Congreve.

1645 Jeanne Mance opened the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, the first lay hospital in North America.

1600 San Marino adopts its written constitution.

1582 Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.

_____________________________________________

(Sources and references: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/october2 to_october_8; http://www.onthisday.com/events/october/2 to october/8; http://www.brainyhistory.com/days/october_2.html. to october_8.html; and other pertinent web sites and/or documents, mentioned above.)

The views expressed in the cited or quoted websites and/or documents in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the author of this article. These websites and/or documents are cited or quoted for academic or educational purposes. Neither the author of this article nor the Transcend Media Service (TMS) is responsible for the contents, information, or whatsoever contained in these websites and/or documents.
One of the primary purposes of this article is to provide the readers with opportunities to think about “peace”, including positive peace and negative peace as well as external/outer peace and internal/inner peace, and more, directly or indirectly, from various angles and/or in the broadest sense, through historical events. It is because this article is prepared specifically for the TMS whose main objective is to address “peace”.

Satoshi Ashikaga, having worked as researcher, development program/project officer, legal protection/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, prefers a peaceful and prudent life, especially that in communion with nature. His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, remind him of the invaluableness of peace. His interest and/or expertise includes international affairs, international law, jurisprudence, economic and business affairs, project/operations or organizational management, geography, history, the environmental/ecological issues, science and technology, visual/audio documentation of nature and culture, and more. Being a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, he is currently compiling This Week in History on TMS.

This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 2 Oct 2017.

Anticopyright: Editorials and articles originated on TMS may be freely reprinted, disseminated, translated and used as background material, provided an acknowledgement and link to the source, TMS: This Week in History, is included. Thank you.

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